Each action is to recover damages for an alleged libel and is before the Law Court on a general demurrer to the declaration. In the first action the publication of the alleged libelous matter is stated in this form :
"Said defendant did .... falsely and maliciously compose, print, publish and circulate, or cause to be composed, printed, published and circulated in a certain public newspaper .... a certain scandalous and malicious libel of and concerning the plaintiff.”
In the other action the publication is stated in this form:
"Said defendant did .... falsely and maliciously compose and publish or cause and prepare to be composed and published .... in a certain newspaper .... a certain scandalous and malicious libel of and concerning the plaintiff.”
It is a general rule of pleading, too well settled to need the citation of authorities, that the declaration must allege the gravamen — the grievance complained of with such precision, certainty and definiteness that the defendant may know what to answer by his pleading and proof.
A disjunctive allegation as to the essence of the cause of action is as pure an example of uncertainty and indefiniteness in pleading as can well be found, for it completely conceals from the defendant the ground upon which a recovery is claimed.
*556Such form of allegation has been uniformly regarded as fatally defective.
"A pleading is bad under any system of practice when it states material facts in the alternative, so that it is impossible to determine upon which of several equally substantive averments the pleader relies for the maintenance of his action or defense.” 6 Ency. Pl. & Pr., page 268; Chitty on Pl. 16th Am. Ed., star page 260; Stephen on Pl. 340; State v. Singer, 101 Maine, 299.
In the last case cited this court recently decided that such form of charging, in the disjunctive, in an indictment for libel, violates the rule of certainty in criminal pleading and is fatal on general demurrer. It is there said :
"To be charged with printing and publishing a libel is one thing and to defend against it, evidence of one kind may be required, while to meet the charge of having caused a libel to be printed and published may require evidence of another and entirely different character. This distinction goes to the essence of the charge.”
Applying the same rule of certainty to the declarations in the cases before us, with like discriminating reasoning, and they are found defective because of-the disjunctive form in which the publication is alleged.
But it is suggested by plaintiff that such defect is not reached by a general demurrer. We think it is. It is not a defect in form, but in substance. The question to be answered by the declaration is: What act of defendant is relied upon P The answer is uncertain ; either that he did an act complained of, or caused it to be done. This uncertainty of allegation goes to the very essence of the cause of action — to the act of defendant from which the cause of action springs.
If from the declaration the cause of action does not sufficiently appear the pleading is defective in matter of substance.
Here the plaintiff has alleged in each declaration that the defendant did either one or the other of two substantive acts, but he has not disclosed upon which of those acts he relies as the cause of action.
It is the opinion of the court that the declaration in each case is *557defective because of the disjunctive form of allegation used, and that the defect is reached by general demurrer.
This conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider the other particulars in which it is claimed the declarations are defective. The entry in each case must be,
Exceptions sustained.