RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 21a0243p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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LAKESIDE SURFACES, INC., a Michigan Corporation,
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Plaintiff-Appellant, │
> No. 20-1335
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v. │
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CAMBRIA COMPANY, LLC, a Foreign Limited Liability │
Company, │
Defendant-Appellee. │
│
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Michigan at Grand Rapids.
No. 1:18-cv-00110—Janet T. Neff, District Judge.
Argued: April 20, 2021
Decided and Filed: October 15, 2021
Before: GIBBONS, WHITE, and READLER, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Scott R. Murphy, BARNES & THORNBURG LLP, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for
Appellant. Bryan Freeman, MASLON LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Scott R. Murphy, Anthony Sallah, BARNES & THORNBURG LLP, Grand
Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant. Bryan Freeman, James J. Long, Jevon C. Bindman, MASLON
LLP, Minneapolis, Minnesota, for Appellee.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff Lakeside and Defendant Cambria entered
into a business agreement with a forum-selection clause requiring all lawsuits to be brought in a
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 2
Minnesota state court. Lakeside sued Cambria in a federal district court in Michigan. Cambria
moved to dismiss, invoking the forum-selection clause, and the district court granted the motion.
Lakeside appeals, arguing that the forum-selection clause is unenforceable. We agree and
reverse.
I.
Plaintiff Lakeside Surfaces, Inc., a Michigan corporation, is a large fabricator of stone
countertops in Michigan. Defendant Cambria Company, LLC, a Minnesota company, is a
leading nationwide manufacturer of countertop products—i.e., the stone slabs used to make
countertops. Lakeside buys “solid surface products” from manufacturers like Cambria,
fabricates countertops based on specifications provided by customers, and sells the fabricated
products to retailers, builders, designers, commercial firms, and local kitchen and bath stores.
R. 34 PID 370. Cambria’s countertops are a top seller for many designers and home builders
throughout Michigan and the rest of the country, and they accounted for a large percentage of
Lakeside’s sales. In 2011, Cambria recognized Lakeside’s considerable sales of Cambria
products and made Lakeside Cambria’s fourteenth “Lexus Partner” in North America. R. 34 PID
370. On October 11, 2011, the two sides memorialized their relationship by executing a series of
agreements, collectively titled the “Business Partner Agreements” (BPA). R. 34 PID 370.
The BPA is a fifteen-page document consisting of five separate “agreements”: (1) the
Credit Agreement; (2) the Security Agreement; (3) Order Terms and Conditions; (4) Lifetime
Limited Warranty; and (5) the Business Operating Requirements Manual Acknowledgment Form
(BORM). R. 4-1 PID 53-68. All are part of a single, consecutively numbered document with a
shared cover sheet titled, “Cambria Lexus Partner Program Business Partner Agreements.” Id.
The BPA described twenty-nine requirements for Lakeside to retain Lexus Partner status.
Some focused on infrastructure—e.g., possession of a forklift that can lift at least 7,500 pounds
and capability to fabricate at least 10,000 square feet of Cambria product per month. Others
focused on loyalty to the Cambria brand. Lakeside had to maintain monthly sales of at least two
truckloads of Cambria product, meet yearly sales goals set by Cambria, and make Cambria
products the “lead quartz surfacing product offered (80% of business).” R. 4-1 PID 67.
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 3
Lakeside had to employ at least two full-time Cambria-focused sales reps, have company
personnel attend “Cambria University” in Minnesota for training, “[p]romote[] Cambria brand
only on all vehicle graphics,” and invest “more than $50,000 in Cambria point of sale materials
per year.” Id.
The BPA had a choice-of-law provision and a forum-selection clause. Both are in a
single paragraph:
This agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws
of the State of Minnesota. Any proceeding involving this Agreement and/or any
claims or disputes relating to the agreements and transactions between the parties
shall be in the District Court of Le Sueur County, State of Minnesota, and the
undersigned hereby submits to the jurisdiction and venue of that Court. The
undersigned agrees not to raise and waives any objection or defense based upon
the venue of such Court and any objection or defense based on forum non
conveniens. The Customer also agrees to the terms and conditions of the other
agreements included herein, Cambria Order Terms and Conditions, the Cambria
Natural Quartz Lifetime Limited Warranty, and the Security Agreement (if any)
which are hereby made a part of this Agreement.
R. 4-1 PID 56. The same page containing these provisions states that “This Agreement sets forth
contractual terms between Cambria and the undersigned as to all business transactions between
them, now and in the future.”1 Id.
For several years, Lakeside exceeded its contractual obligations. From 2015 to 2017, for
example, it steadily increased the percentage of Cambria product it sold (relative to overall
inventory), from 86.6% ($19.1 million) in 2015 to 98% ($23.4 million) in 2017. Lakeside spent
$30,000 sending employees to Minneapolis for Cambria-related training, and between 2015 and
2017, invested $922,270 in advertising materials to promote Cambria products. In 2016 and
2017, at Cambria’s request, Lakeside also spent over $1 million to build a “Cambria Design
Gallery” in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and spent over $6.2 million to build a new fabrication
facility. R. 34 PID 372.
1This language is found in the sub-section of the BPA titled “Credit Agreement.” In another section of the
BPA, titled “Lifetime Limited Warranty,” there is another choice-of-law provision that selects Minnesota law to
govern—“This Limited Warranty shall be interpreted exclusively under the laws of the State of Minnesota.” R. 4-1
PID 63.
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 4
Lakeside says it built the fabrication facility in response to increased pressure from
Cambria “push[ing] its fabricators . . . to increase capacity to handle at least 50,000 square feet
of Cambria slabs per month and to sell ‘exclusively’ Cambria products.” R. 34 PID 372.
Lakeside more than doubled its fabrication capacity. And Lakeside alleges that its increase in
Cambria sales to 98% in 2017 was a result of the same pressure. Lakeside says Cambria led it to
expect that if it built the facility and increased Cambria sales to 98%, Cambria would make
Lakeside the exclusive seller of Cambria products in Michigan.
The fabrication facility opened in April 2017. A few months later, in August, Lakeside
met with Cambria’s CEO in Cambria’s Minnesota headquarters to discuss exclusivity. In the
meeting, Lakeside “expressed its desire and expectation that Cambria consolidate the Michigan
market by making Lakeside the sole fabricator.” R. 34 PID 372. Talk continued after the
meeting; in mid-October, Cambria said it would review Lakeside’s strategic plan for servicing
Michigan and northern Ohio as the sole Lexus Partner in Michigan.
In the meantime, Cambria heard that Lakeside was carrying a new quartz product made
by another company. Unhappy, on January 3, 2018, Cambria sent an email asking about this
development. Six days later, it told Lakeside it was terminating its relationship because Lakeside
breached the Lexus Partner requirements. According to Lakeside, Cambria never specified how
Lakeside breached, and never gave Lakeside a chance to cure any breach. Cambria immediately
stopped all shipments of Cambria product to Lakeside and informed Lakeside’s customers of the
termination.
II.
Invoking diversity jurisdiction, Lakeside filed suit in the Western District of Michigan.
Lakeside’s operative complaint brings claims for (i) breach of contract; (ii) violations of the
Michigan Franchise Investment Law (MFIL); (iii) violation of the Uniform Commercial Code
(UCC); and (iv) promissory estoppel.
Cambria filed a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6),
invoking the forum-selection clause. Lakeside responded that the forum-selection clause was
unenforceable under M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15 (1972). In Bremen,
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 5
the Supreme Court stated, among other things, that a forum-selection clause is unenforceable
when it contravenes a strong public policy of the forum state. Id. Lakeside argued that the
forum-selection clause contravened a strong public policy of Michigan because the BPA is a
franchise agreement and the MFIL—which represents Michigan public policy—specifically
provides that forum-selection clauses in franchise agreements are void. Cambria responded that
the BPA’s choice-of-law provision provided that Minnesota law governed, rendering the MFIL
inapplicable. Lakeside replied that the choice-of-law provision did not extend to its MFIL
claims and that the choice-of-law provision was unenforceable under Michigan’s conflict-of-law
principles.
The district court sided with Cambria. It first expressed doubt that Bremen’s forum-
public-policy consideration applied. But then, assuming it did apply, the court concluded that
the forum-selection clause did not violate Michigan’s public policy because the parties’ choice-
of-law provision was enforceable and, therefore, rendered the MFIL inapplicable. The court then
dismissed the case under the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Lakeside timely appealed.
III.
The only question the parties raise on appeal is whether the parties’ forum-selection
clause is enforceable. In Bremen, the Supreme Court held that a forum-selection clause “should
control absent a strong showing that it should be set aside.” 407 U.S. at 15. Our case implicates
one of the exceptions to enforceability that Bremen recognized: “[a] contractual choice-of-forum
clause should be held unenforceable if enforcement would contravene a strong public policy of
the forum in which suit is brought . . . .” Id. Lakeside contends that the forum-selection clause
here is unenforceable under Bremen’s public-policy exception. Cambria disagrees and also
argues that Bremen’s public-policy exception is not part of the enforceability analysis. Before
resolving that issue, however, we first clarify the overall analytical framework.
A.
Where, as here, “a forum-selection clause indicates that a matter should be heard by a
state or foreign court, then forum non conveniens is the appropriate method of enforcement.”
Boling v. Prospect Funding Holdings, LLC, 771 F. App’x 562, 567 (6th Cir. 2019) (citing
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 6
Atl. Marine Constr. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for the W. Dist. of Tex., 571 U.S. 49, 60–61 (2013)).
A typical forum-non-conveniens analysis has three components: (1) the court “determines the
degree of deference owed the plaintiff’s forum choice,” and then asks if the defendant has met its
burden of (2) showing an “adequate alternative forum,” and (3) showing that “the plaintiff’s
chosen forum is unnecessarily burdensome based on” a balancing of public-interest and
private-interest factors. Id. at 568 (quoting Hefferan v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery Inc., 828 F.3d
488, 492 (6th Cir. 2016)).2
The “calculus changes,” however, when there is a valid and enforceable forum-selection
clause. Atlantic Marine, 571 U.S. at 63; see also Boling, 771 F. App’x at 568 (“In Atlantic
Marine, the Supreme Court concluded that an enforceable forum-selection clause alters this
analysis . . . .”). In such cases, the plaintiff’s choice of forum “merits no weight” and courts
consider arguments only under the public-interest factors, treating the private-interest factors as
“weigh[ing] entirely in favor of the preselected forum.” Atlantic Marine, 571 U.S. at 63-64. The
onus falls on the plaintiff to show that the public-interest factors defeat dismissal, and they rarely
will. Id. at 64.
Because the presence of a valid and enforceable forum-selection clause alters the type of
forum-non-conveniens analysis a court must apply, it follows that a court must first—before
balancing the forum-non-conveniens factors—determine whether a forum-selection clause is
applicable to the claims at issue, mandatory, valid, and enforceable. See, e.g., Azima v. RAK Inv.
Auth., 926 F.3d 870, 874-76 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (noting that the preliminary question is whether a
forum-selection clause is “applicable, mandatory, valid, and enforceable,” after which the court
then “weigh[s] . . . the public- and private-interest [forum-non-conveniens] factors”).
2The private factors include “the relative ease of access to sources of proof; availability of compulsory
process for attendance of unwilling, and the cost of obtaining attendance of willing, witnesses; possibility of view of
premises, if view would be appropriate to the action; and all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy,
expeditious and inexpensive.” Hefferan, 828 F.3d at 498 (quoting Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508
(1947)). The public-interest factors include “administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion; the ‘local
interest in having localized controversies decided at home;’ the interest in having the trial of a diversity case in a
forum that is at home with the law that must govern the action; the avoidance of unnecessary problems in conflict of
laws, or in the application of foreign law; and the unfairness of burdening citizens in an unrelated forum with jury
duty.” Id. at 500 (quoting Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 241 n.6 (1981)).
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 7
Several sister circuits have recognized the same, employing similar two-step approaches
in post-Atlantic Marine decisions.3 Prior to Atlantic Marine, we did as well. See Wong v.
PartyGaming Ltd., 589 F.3d 821, 830, 833 (6th Cir. 2009) (first holding that a “forum selection
clause [was] enforceable” and only then “turn[ing] to the district court’s dismissal for forum non
conveniens”); id. at 826 (“[A]s a threshold matter, we must determine [enforceability].”).
And similar to other circuits, see Weber, 811 F.3d at 768-69 (5th Cir.); Azima, 926 F.3d
at 874-76 (D.C. Cir.); Kelvion, 918 F.3d at 1092 (10th Cir.), we have recognized in pre- and
post-Atlantic Marine decisions that a different standard of review applies to enforceability
determinations (de novo), on the one hand, and the balancing of forum-non-conveniens factors
(abuse of discretion), on the other. See Wong, 589 F.3d at 826, 830; Boling, 771 F. App’x at
568. This approach implicitly recognizes that the two questions are distinct.
In sum, then, when assessing a forum-non-conveniens motion relying on a forum-
selection clause, we first ask several contract-specific questions, including whether the forum-
selection clause is applicable, mandatory, valid, and enforceable. An answer of “yes” to all those
questions means Atlantic Marine’s modified forum-non-conveniens analysis applies and the
plaintiff bears the burden of showing that the public factors weigh heavily against dismissal; an
answer of “no” to any of them means the traditional forum-non-conveniens analysis applies
instead. We review the district court’s assessment of the first group of questions de novo and
review its balancing of the forum-non-conveniens factors for abuse of discretion. Wong,
589 F.3d at 826.
3See Weber v. PACT XPP Techs., A.G., 811 F.3d 758, 768-69 (5th Cir. 2016) (“We review the district
court’s interpretation of the FSC and its assessment of that clause’s enforceability de novo, then we review for abuse
of discretion the court’s balancing of the private- and public-interest factors.”); Kelvion, Inc. v. PetroChina Canada
Ltd., 918 F.3d 1088, 1092 (10th Cir. 2019) (adopting Weber’s approach); Azima, 926 F.3d at 874-76 (same); see
also GDG Acquisitions, LLC v. Gov’t of Belize, 749 F.3d 1024, 1029 (11th Cir. 2014) (instructing district court on
remand to first determine if forum-selection clause “is enforceable” and then, depending on answer, balance relevant
forum-non-conveniens factors); Collins v. Mary Kay, Inc., 874 F.3d 176, 181, 186–87 (3d Cir. 2017) (first
discussing enforceability and scope of forum-selection clause and then, in subsequent section of opinion, addressing
application of forum-non-conveniens factors); Olde Homestead Golf Club v. Elec. Transaction Sys. Corp., 714 F.
App’x 186, 190 (3d Cir. 2017) (same).
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 8
IV.
The parties here dispute only the forum-selection clause’s enforceability. Their dispute
focuses on Bremen’s public-policy exception, which, again, recognizes that “[a] contractual
choice-of-forum clause should be held unenforceable if enforcement would contravene a strong
public policy of the forum in which suit is brought . . . .” 407 U.S. at 15.
Lakeside contends that enforcing the forum-selection clause would violate a strong public
policy of Michigan because the clause is contained in a franchise agreement, and the Michigan
Franchise Investment Law (MFIL) voids out-of-state forum-selection clauses contained in
franchise agreements. See MCL § 445.1527(f) (stating that any “provision requiring that
arbitration or litigation be conducted outside this state” is “void and unenforceable if contained
in any documents relating to a franchise.”).4 Cambria responds that (1) Bremen’s public policy
rule does not apply and (2) even if it did, the parties’ choice-of-law provision renders the
MFIL—and any public policy it represents—inapplicable. We address both arguments in turn.
A.
Cambria first argues that Bremen’s public-policy exception is inapplicable. Although
Cambria did not raise this issue below, the district court raised it sua sponte, so we will address
it. Raines v. United States, 898 F.3d 680, 687 (6th Cir. 2018).
Cambria relies on our 2009 decision in Wong. Wong held that under Erie,5 federal courts
sitting in diversity should apply federal common law—rather than state law—to determine the
enforceability of a forum-selection clause. 589 F.3d at 827-28. At the time Wong was decided,
most of the other circuits to consider the issue had reached the same conclusion. Id.6
4The district court held that Lakeside’s allegations satisfied the MFIL’s elements for establishing a
franchise relationship. Cambria does not challenge this determination for purposes of this appeal, except for a one-
sentence footnote stating that it “in no way concedes, and in fact contests” this conclusion. Because Cambria offers
no developed argument, we assume for purposes of this appeal that the BPA was a franchise agreement under the
MFIL. See Wedgewood Ltd. P’ship I v. Twp. of Liberty, 610 F.3d 340, 348 (6th Cir. 2010).
5Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938).
6The circuits Wong identified as forming the majority were the Second, Third, Fifth, Eighth, Ninth, and
Eleventh, while the Seventh and Tenth Circuits held that state law applies. Id. at 827 & n.5. The Fourth, First, and
D.C. Circuits had not taken a position on that question when Wong was issued, but the Fourth Circuit joined the
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 9
After surveying those decisions, we “adopt[ed]” the “law used in the majority of circuits,”
emphasizing the “importance of maintaining harmony among the Circuits on issues of law” and
avoiding “inconsistent decisions in diversity cases” on “an issue of great economic
consequence.” Id. We then listed enforceability “factors,” omitting any mention of public
policy:
When evaluating the enforceability of a forum selection clause, this court looks to
the following factors: (1) whether the clause was obtained by fraud, duress, or
other unconscionable means; (2) whether the designated forum would
ineffectively or unfairly handle the suit; and (3) whether the designated forum
would be so seriously inconvenient such that requiring the plaintiff to bring suit
there would be unjust.
Id. at 828 (citing Sec. Watch, Inc. v. Sentinel Sys., Inc., 176 F.3d 369, 375 (6th Cir. 1999)).
Cambria argues that after Wong, Bremen’s public-policy exception is not part of the
enforceability inquiry.
Although Wong was our first decision to definitively decide the Erie question whether
federal common law governs the enforceability of forum-selection clauses in diversity cases, it
was not the first to articulate relevant principles governing the enforceability inquiry. Several
previous diversity cases had done so without deciding the Erie question because, in those cases,
state law provided the same standard as did federal common law. See, e.g., Preferred Cap., Inc.
v. Assocs. in Urology, 453 F.3d 718, 721 (6th Cir. 2006); Sec. Watch, Inc., 176 F.3d at 375;
Baker v. LeBoeuf, Lamb, Leiby & Macrae, 105 F.3d 1102, 1105 (6th Cir. 1997).
In one of those decisions, Shell v. R.W. Sturge, Ltd., 55 F.3d 1227, 1229-30 (6th Cir.
1995), we recognized that Bremen’s public-policy factor was part of the relevant analysis. In
Shell, the plaintiffs—Ohio investors—brought Ohio securities-law claims against several
London-based financial entities in an Ohio state court, and the defendants removed to federal
court under diversity jurisdiction. Id. at 1228-29. The parties had a forum-selection clause
vesting English courts with exclusive jurisdiction, and the district court dismissed the case based
on that clause. Id. The plaintiffs raised an enforceability challenge on appeal, and we affirmed.
majority position the following year. See Albemarle Corp. v. Astrazeneca UK Ltd., 628 F.3d 643, 650 (4th Cir.
2010). The First and D.C. Circuits still do not appear to have taken a position on this issue. See Atlas Glass
& Mirror, Inc. v. Tri-North Builders, Inc., 997 F.3d 367, 374 (1st Cir. 2021) (declining to decide Erie question).
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 10
We began our analysis by noting that we did not need to decide the Erie question because
“both Ohio and federal law treat these clauses in a similar manner.” Id. at 1229. We then relied
solely on federal decisions—providing federal common-law principles—to resolve the appeal.
We recognized that Bremen supplied the relevant standard, including its forum-policy exception:
“The correct approach [is] to enforce the forum clause specifically unless”
plaintiffs “[can] clearly show that enforcement would be unreasonable and unjust,
or that the clause was invalid for such reasons as fraud or overreaching.” Bremen,
407 U.S. at 15. The presumptive validity of the forum selection clause may also
be set aside if plaintiffs can show that “trial in the contractual forum will be so
gravely difficult and inconvenient that [they] will for all practical purposes be
deprived of [their] day in court,” id. at 18, or if “enforcement would contravene a
strong public policy” of the forum state. Id. at 15.
Id. at 1229–30 (citations omitted). Later in the opinion, we specifically applied the “public
policy” exception, addressing plaintiffs’ argument that we should not “enforce the forum
selection clauses in light of the strong public policy behind Ohio’s registration and merit review
requirements,” which plaintiffs said aimed to protect the public from its own “‘stupidity,
gullibility, and avariciousness.” Id. at 1231 (citation omitted). We noted that the “District Court
correctly held that under Bremen, plaintiffs must show that Ohio public policy outweighs”
countervailing policies favoring the enforceability of forum-selection clauses. Id. But because
British law provided remedies that did not offend the policies behind Ohio’s securities laws, we
held that enforcing the forum-selection clause would not impermissibly contravene Ohio’s public
policy. Id. at 1231-32.
Cambria argues that Bremen’s public-policy exception is inapplicable in diversity cases
because Wong did not mention it and “[t]here is no basis to believe that this Court simply forgot
to include the ‘strong public policy’ factor as a prong in Wong.” Cambria Br. at 16. It also
suggests that Bremen is distinguishable because it was an admiralty case, not a diversity-
jurisdiction case. Lakeside responds that under Shell, a binding published decision decided in
the diversity-jurisdiction context, Bremen’s public-policy exception is part of the analysis.
We agree with Lakeside that Bremen’s public-policy exception is part of the
enforceability analysis. Shell was decided before Wong. In situations where two of our
published decisions are in tension, we follow the earlier one. Darrah v. City of Oak Park,
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 11
255 F.3d 301, 309 (6th Cir. 2001). Here, it is not even clear that application of this principle is
necessary, because Wong never affirmatively says that the public-policy exception is
inapplicable. Adopting Cambria’s reading of Wong would potentially create an unnecessary
conflict between two of our decisions. And were we to do so, we would have to follow the older
decision, Shell.
In addition, as Lakeside points out, almost every other circuit to address the question
treats Bremen’s public-policy exception as part of the analysis, and circuits that have adopted the
majority view on the Erie question have done so.7 Even among the four circuits that have not
joined the majority view on the Erie question, all but the Tenth Circuit have held that when
federal common law does govern enforceability, Bremen’s public-policy exception is part of the
analysis.8
This near unanimity supports Lakeside and further undermines Cambria’s position.
Wong itself emphasized the importance of maintaining uniformity among circuits and avoiding
inconsistent standards in diversity cases as one of the reasons to “adopt” the same position as the
circuits in the majority on the Erie question. Cambria’s reading would make the Sixth Circuit
stand alone among the majority Wong sought to join. It would mean that courts in the Sixth
7See, e.g., Gemini Techs., Inc. v. Smith & Wesson Corp., 931 F.3d 911, 914-15 (9th Cir. 2019);
Al-Copeland Invs., L.L.C. v. First Specialty Ins. Corp., 884 F.3d 540, 543 (5th Cir. 2018); Collins v. Mary Kay, Inc.,
874 F.3d 176, 181 (3d Cir. 2017); Union Elec. Co. v. Energy Ins. Mut., 689 F.3d 968, 973-74 (8th Cir. 2012);
Albemarle Corp. v. AstraZeneca UK Ltd., 628 F.3d 643, 650-52 (4th Cir. 2010); Phillips v. Audio Active Ltd.,
494 F.3d 378, 392 (2d Cir. 2007).
8The First and D.C. Circuits have not decided the Erie issue, while the Seventh and Tenth apply state law
in diversity cases. In Rivera v. Centro Medico de Turabo, Inc., 575 F.3d 10, 17 (1st Cir. 2009), the First Circuit
declined to decide the Erie question because federal common-law and Puerto Rico’s law did not diverge, and
“therefore appli[ed] federal common law” in a diversity-jurisdiction context. Applying federal law, the court
recognized that Bremen’s public-policy exception was part of the standard. Id. at 18; see also Atlas Glass, 997 F.3d
at 375 (1st Cir. 2021) (same). The Seventh Circuit, in general, applies state law to determine enforceability in
diversity cases. Abbott Lab’ys v. Takeda Pharm. Co., 476 F.3d 421, 423 (7th Cir. 2007). But in Jackson v. Payday
Fin., LLC, 764 F.3d 765, 774–76 (7th Cir. 2014), a diversity case, the parties’ agreement designated tribal law and
the law of the Constitution’s Indian Commerce Clause to govern, and the pertinent tribal law did not address the
enforceability of forum-selection clauses. In that context, the court noted that federal common law could stand in,
and stated that under federal common law, a forum-selection clause may be unenforceable if it “would contravene a
strong public policy of the forum in which the suit is brought.” Id. (quoting Bonny v. Soc’y of Lloyd’s, 3 F.3d 156,
160 (7th Cir. 1993)). The D.C. Circuit, in a recent federal-question-jurisdiction case, has also recognized Bremen’s
public-policy rule as part of the analysis. See Azima, 926 F.3d at 874-75.
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 12
Circuit—when applying federal common law—do not consider Bremen’s public-policy
exception although courts in almost every other circuit would.
Because we already recognized in Shell that Bremen’s public-policy exception is part of
the enforceability inquiry, and because almost every other circuit has done the same, we hold
that Bremen’s public-policy exception is part of the applicable analysis.9 We thus ask whether
Lakeside can defeat the strong presumption in favor of enforceability by showing that (1) the
clause was obtained by fraud, duress, or other unconscionable means; (2) the designated forum
would ineffectively or unfairly handle the suit; (3) the designated forum would be so seriously
inconvenient that requiring the plaintiff to bring suit there would be unjust; or (4) enforcing the
forum selection clause would contravene a strong public policy of the forum state. Wong,
589 F.3d at 828; Shell, 55 F.3d at 1229–30. Lakeside invokes only the fourth basis. We turn to
it now.
B.
1.
Lakeside argues that enforcing the BPA’s forum-selection clause would contravene a
strong public policy of Michigan because the MFIL renders “void and unenforceable” any
provision in a franchise agreement “requiring that . . . litigation be conducted outside this state.”
9The parties do not raise it, but we acknowledge that there may be some question whether Bremen’s public-
policy exception continues to suffice on its own to render a forum-selection clause unenforceable after Atlantic
Marine. While future litigants might argue otherwise, the Ninth Circuit recently concluded that Bremen’s public-
policy exception remains applicable and sufficient to render a forum-selection clause unenforceable, and we find no
compelling reason to depart from Bremen today. See Gemini, 931 F.3d at 914-15 (“The Court in Atlantic Marine
hardly discussed Bremen. To the extent that it did, it reaffirmed Bremen’s core holding. . . . Unsurprisingly then,
our sister circuits have consistently held that Bremen continues to provide the law for determining the validity and
enforceability of a forum-selection clause.”); id. at 915-17 (“Bremen remains good law. . . . Prior to Atlantic Marine,
we treated a strong showing under any one of the Bremen factors as sufficient grounds for not enforcing a forum-
selection clause. . . . We [now] take the opportunity to clarify that satisfaction of Bremen’s public policy factor
continues to suffice to render a forum-selection clause unenforceable. Bremen held that ‘[a] contractual choice-of-
forum clause should be held unenforceable if enforcement would contravene a strong public policy of the forum in
which suit is brought, whether declared by statute or by judicial decision. We have found nothing in Atlantic
Marine that compels a different rule. . . . [And e]ven if we [decided] that Atlantic Marine’s reasoning undermines
Bremen, only the Supreme Court has the prerogative to overrule or modify Bremen. Atlantic Marine did not
overrule Bremen.” (citations omitted)); see also Davis v. Oasis Legal Fin. Operating Co., 936 F.3d 1174, 1178 (11th
Cir. 2019) (holding forum-selection clause unenforceable solely based on public-policy exception); DeBello v.
VolumeCocomo Apparel, Inc., 720 F. App’x 37, 40 (2d Cir. 2017) (“[A] forum selection clause may be deemed
invalid based solely on its conflict with a strong public policy of the forum state.”).
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 13
MCL § 445.1527(f). We have recognized that the MFIL represents a “fundamental” public
policy of Michigan. Banek Inc. v. Yogurt Ventures U.S.A., Inc., 6 F.3d 357, 361-62, 362 n.3 (6th
Cir. 1993). So have Michigan courts. Bence v. Cottman Transmission Sys., 2007 WL 283838, at
*4 (Mich. Ct. App. Feb. 1, 2007) (“Michigan has a very strong public policy interest in applying
the MFIL.”); Martino v. Cottman Transmission Sys., Inc., 554 N.W.2d 17, 21 (Mich. Ct. App.
1996) (same). Lakeside’s position, then, is straightforward and intuitive; Michigan’s policy
could not be clearer and enforcing the forum-selection clause here would violate that policy.
Other sections of the MFIL bolster that conclusion. The MFIL, for example, requires
franchisors to provide franchisees with a list of the provisions the statute renders void, along with
a written statement advising a franchisee that if any of these provisions “are in these franchise
documents, [they] are void and cannot be enforced against you.” MCL §§ 445.1527,
445.1508(3)(i). If a franchisor fails to provide that notice, the MFIL gives franchisees a private
cause of action for damages or rescission. Id. § 445.1531(1). This structure—which ensures that
franchisees retain the protection of the MFIL’s void-provision list—demonstrates that the
MFIL’s prohibition on forum-selection clauses is a central part of the protection that Michigan’s
legislature sought to guarantee to franchisees.10
The MFIL’s forum-selection-clause prohibition is also a limited and targeted departure
from the state’s normal policies regarding forum-selection clauses. Usually, “Michigan’s public
policy favors the enforcement of contractual forum-selection clauses.” Turcheck v. Amerifund
Fin., Inc., 725 N.W.2d 684, 688 (Mich. Ct. App. 2006). The MFIL represents a specific public
policy choice by the Michigan legislature to alter that default presumption in the narrow area of
franchise agreements. Accordingly, this case does not raise the same slippery-slope concerns
that might be present in a case involving a generalized prohibition on forum-selection clauses.
We offer no comment on whether such a clause would also suffice. Compare Albemarle,
628 F.3d at 652 (noting that applying Bremen’s public-policy exception to such a statute might
10Michigan courts have recognized the fundamental nature of this notice. See, e.g., Martino, 554 N.W.2d
at 20-21 (declining to enforce choice-of-law provision selecting Pennsylvania franchise law to govern, reasoning
that since Pennsylvania’s law did not have a comparable requirement to provide notice of void provisions—or a
rescission remedy for violations—applying Pennsylvania law would cause a “substantial loss of protection provided
by the MFIL” and “violate[] the fundamental public policy of Michigan”).
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 14
cause the exception to engulf Bremen’s general rule favoring enforcement of forum-selection
clauses), with Gemini, 931 F.3d at 916 (rejecting similar concerns).
In light of these considerations, we conclude that the MFIL’s prohibition on forum-
selection clauses is a strong Michigan public policy and that enforcing the forum-selection clause
here would clearly contravene that policy. See Davis v. Oasis Legal Fin. Operating Co.,
936 F.3d 1174, 1178–79 (11th Cir. 2019) (holding forum-selection clause unenforceable under
Bremen’s public-policy exception where forum state, Georgia, prohibited forum-selection
clauses in state payday-lending statute); Jones v. GNC Franchising, Inc., 211 F.3d 495, 497-98
(9th Cir. 2000) (holding the same in context of forum-selection-clause prohibition in California’s
franchise statute).
2.
Cambria argues that the MFIL’s prohibition on forum-selection clauses does not apply
because the parties chose Minnesota law to govern their dispute. It notes that outside of the
MFIL context, “Michigan’s public policy favors the enforcement of contractual forum-selection
clauses,” Turcheck, 725 N.W.2d at 688, and that we have recognized that although the MFIL
voids forum-selection clauses, it does not have a similar provision voiding choice-of-law
provisions, which is itself a public-policy choice, Banek, 6 F.3d at 360. Combining these two
points, Cambria argues that the choice-of-law provision renders the MFIL (and any anti-forum-
selection public policy it embodies) inapplicable, and that this is consistent with Michigan public
policy.
Cambria relies on our decision in Banek. But Banek is distinguishable. There, a
Michigan franchisee sued a Georgia franchisor in a Michigan state court, bringing claims for
breach of contract and violation of the MFIL, among others. The franchisor removed to federal
court. Id. at 359. The franchise agreement contained a choice-of-law provision providing that
Georgia law would govern. Id. The district court held that Georgia law thus governed and
dismissed the MFIL claims. Id. On appeal, the plaintiff argued that the choice-of-law provision
was void under the MFIL, but we disagreed. Id. at 359-60.
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 15
We emphasized that that the legislature chose to specifically prohibit forum-selection
clauses but omitted any similar prohibition of choice-of-law provisions. Id. at 360. We reasoned
that this represented a policy choice that appeared to mandate “litigating in Michigan” but allow
for the possibility that “Michigan law [need not always] govern the dispute”:
Seemingly, the Michigan legislature understood that the burdens of being forced
to arbitrate a claim in a foreign forum are significant, as subsection (f) makes
arbitration or litigation forum selection clauses void. However, litigating in
Michigan does not require that Michigan law must govern the dispute. The
statute does not expressly void choice of law provisions, and we decline to imply
such a prohibition. The Michigan legislature may have purposefully omitted
choice of law provisions from those clauses prohibited because it may have
realized that other states’ laws might provide more protection to franchisees; thus,
if a franchisee and franchisor want to choose a different state’s law to govern any
disputes, the parties may so contract. . . .
Id. We also noted that the legislature might have decided that prohibiting choice-of-law
provisions could make Michigan “a less desirable target state for franchisors,” given that national
franchisors desire uniformity and that costs increase when dealing with different laws. Id.
Finally, we pointed out that the plaintiff—litigating in Michigan—“has not shown how the
application of Georgia law would violate any specific public policy of Michigan.” Id. at 361.
Cambria relies on Banek for the proposition that the MFIL does not render choice-of-law
provisions void, which is true. Banek, however, differs from our case in a crucial respect: it
involved a challenge to the choice of Georgia law under a contractual choice-of-law provision
where there was no forum-selection clause involved. Recognizing the MFIL’s public policy
barring forum-selection clauses requiring litigation in out-of-state courts and noting the absence
of a public policy rejecting choice-of-law provisions, we upheld the choice-of-law provision,
concluding that “litigating in Michigan does not require that Michigan law must govern the
dispute.” Id. at 360.
But here, there is a forum-selection clause, so our case presents a wrinkle not present in
Banek. Unlike in Banek, accepting Cambria’s position that the choice-of-law provision makes
the MFIL’s forum-selection-clause prohibition irrelevant would prevent the parties from
“litigating in Michigan.” Banek, 6 F.3d at 360. And unlike in Banek, where the plaintiff could
not show how application of another state’s law “violate[d] any specific public policy of
No. 20-1335 Lakeside Surfaces, Inc. v. Cambria Co., LLC Page 16
Michigan,” the violation here is clear: Cambria seeks to invoke the choice-of-law provision to
sidestep Michigan’s otherwise-clear prohibition on forum-selection clauses in franchise
agreements. In other words, Cambria seeks to use something the MFIL does not prohibit
(choice-of-law provisions) to do something the law otherwise expressly prohibits (forcing a
franchisee to litigate in an out-of-state forum).
From the text of the MFIL, we doubt that the legislature—which never mentioned
choice-of-law provisions at all, but specifically chose to prohibit forum-selection clauses—
intended to let franchisors so easily sidestep the MFIL’s forum protections. Our skepticism is
bolstered by the presence of the MFIL’s strict notice requirement, which requires franchisors to
inform franchisees of all provisions the MFIL renders void before executing a franchise
agreement and provides a right of rescission if the franchisor fails to do so. Under Cambria’s
view, a franchisor could simply insert a choice-of-law provision into that agreement and thus
relieve itself of the obligation to provide any notice to the franchisee that certain provisions may
be void. Indeed, that happened here; according to the complaint, Cambria never gave Lakeside
any statutorily required notice.
We note, however, that our ruling does not negate the choice-of-law provision in the
Credit Agreement. The MFIL claim is not Lakeside’s only claim, and the choice-of-law
provision may be applied, as appropriate, to causes of action within its scope.
* * *
In short, we conclude that Bremen’s public policy inquiry continues to be part of the
enforceability analysis; the choice-of-law provision did not render the MFIL’s prohibition on
forum-selection clauses inapplicable; and enforcing the forum-selection clause would contravene
a strong public policy of the forum state. The forum-selection clause is thus unenforceable.
We therefore REVERSE and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.