Smith v. United States

In the United States Court of Federal Claims

PETRINA SMITH,

Plaintiff,
No. 19-cv-1348
v.
Filed: October 15, 2021
THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant.

Lisa Brevard, The Markham Law Firm, San Diego California. With her on the briefs are David
R. Markham and Maggie Realin, The Markham Law Firm, San Diego California; Walt Pennington,
Pennington Law Firm, San Diego, California; Stephen B. Morris, The Law Offices of Stephen B.
Morris, San Diego, California.

Rafique O. Anderson, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, D.C. for
Defendant. With him on the briefs are Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Civil
Division; Martin A. Hockey, Jr., Acting Director, Commercial Litigation; Reginald T. Blades, Jr.,
Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation, Washington, D.C.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Plaintiff Petrina Smith worked as an Assistant Canteen Chief at the Department of Veterans

Affairs (VA) Veterans Canteen Services (VCS) in its Palo Alto and Menlo Park, California

canteens. See Complaint (ECF No. 1) (Compl.) ¶ 2. She alleges that Defendant United States

improperly classified her as “exempt” under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), preventing her

from receiving overtime pay for hours worked beyond the 40-hour work week. Id. ¶¶ 2, 4-5.

Plaintiff brings this suit on behalf of herself and other similarly situated current and former VCS

employees. Id. ¶ 6. She seeks a declaratory judgment that recognizes the violation of her rights,

and the rights of those similarly situated, an award of unpaid overtime compensation, liquidated

damages, attorneys’ fees and costs, and other available relief. Id.
 Plaintiff filed a motion for conditional certification under the FLSA, proposing a

nationwide collective of exempt-classified Assistant Canteen Chiefs and/or Assistant Store

Managers (Assistant Manager(s), Assistant Chief(s), or ACC(s)) employed at any time within the

three years preceding the date when Plaintiff filed her complaint and consent to sue form. See

Plaintiff’s Motion for Conditional Certification and Notice (ECF No. 25) (Pl. Mot.) at 5.

As part of her motion, Plaintiff requests that Defendant provide, “in electronic format, the

names, last known addresses, telephone numbers, job titles, and last known email addresses of all

potential opt-in plaintiffs . . . .” Id. at 32. She also requests equitable tolling of the statute of

limitations from April 13, 2020 (i.e., 30 days after Plaintiff initially requested contact information

for prospective collective action members) until the deadline for collective action members to opt-

in. Id. at 34-35.

While Defendant opposes a nationwide collective action, it does not oppose conditional

certification of a collective action covering ACCs who worked at the Palo Alto and Menlo Park,

California canteens. See Defendant’s Response in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Conditional

Certification and Notice (ECF No. 26) (Def. Resp.) at 1-2, 39-41, 44. Defendant opposes

Plaintiff’s proposed notice and consent forms, proposed means of notice, and requested tolling of

the statute of limitations. Def. Resp. at 41-44.

As stated in this Court’s September 28, 2021 Order, more fully explained below, Plaintiff’s

Motion for Conditional Certification (ECF No. 25) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

Plaintiff’s request for nationwide conditional certification is DENIED without prejudice.

Plaintiff’s alternative request for conditional certification of a collective action of all individuals

employed by the VCS as ACCs in the Palo Alto and Menlo Park, California canteens during the

2
last three years is GRANTED. Notice to potential collective members shall be limited to delivery

by mail. 1 Finally, Plaintiff’s request for equitable tolling is DENIED.

I. Factual Background 2

Veterans Canteen Services is an organization within the Department of Veterans Affairs

that provides food and retail services to veterans and their families. See Def. Resp. Ex. 1,

Declaration of James G. Leahy (Leahy Decl.) (ECF No. 26-1) ¶ 5. The VA operates 211 canteens

across all 50 states and Puerto Rico. Id. Canteens are ranked according to the variety of operations

present at the location (retail, café, coffee, etc.) and are divided into 14 regions. Id. ¶¶ 7, 9. Each

region contains between 10 and 20 canteens. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. Each canteen is managed by a Canteen

Chief (CC), who reports to the regional manager. Id. Canteens may also employ a small number

of ACCs depending on the size of the canteen. Id.

ACCs report directly to the CC and are assigned to manage either a department or a specific

function within the canteen. Id. ¶ 9. All ACCs fall under a generalized job description. Pl. Mot.

Ex. 8, Assistant Chief VCS Job Description (ECF No. 25-1) at 98-103. However, their precise

duties may vary based upon which department they oversee, the size and location of their canteens,

1
Pursuant to this Court’s September 28, 2021 Order, the parties are scheduled to file a proposed
notice limited to the Palo Alto and Menlo Park canteen locations by October 15, 2021. See
September 28, 2021 Order (ECF No. 29).
2
The Court references Defendant’s declaration and Plaintiff’s complaint in this section merely to
provide appropriate background on VA operations. Such references are appropriate here as the
operational descriptions are not in dispute. Such references should not be construed as an
endorsement of any party’s evidence. See Gayle v. United States, 85 Fed. Cl. 72, 77 (2008) (“In
deciding whether to conditionally certify a collective action, ‘the court does not resolve factual
disputes, decide substantive issues going to the ultimate merits, or make credibility
determinations.’” (quoting Lynch v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 491 F. Supp. 2d 357, 368 (S.D.N.Y.
2007))).

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and the leadership style of their CCs. Leahy Decl. ¶¶ 7-11. All ACCs are classified as exempt

from the overtime provisions of the FLSA. Compl. ¶ 19.

Plaintiff was employed as an ACC at Canteen locations in Palo Alto and Menlo Park,

California from September 2012 until February 2019. Compl. ¶ 2. Plaintiff alleges that she and

other similarly situated ACCs were improperly classified as exempt from the FLSA overtime

provisions because most of their work involved non-exempt manual, rather than managerial, tasks.

Id. ¶¶ 21-22. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that she spent 90 percent of her time conducting manual

tasks in the food service, retail store, and coffee products and services components of the store.

Id. ¶¶ 22-23. She alleges that this labor extended well beyond the normal 40-hour work week

without the added benefit of any overtime pay. Id. ¶¶ 26-28. In addition to often working 14 to

16 hour days, she alleges that she would often be called into work on her off days. Id. Plaintiff

complained about these practices to her Regional Manager, Human Resources, and her CCs, but

she says she was told that “she was salaried and that she had to stay until her work was complete.”

Id. ¶ 29.

In support of her motion, Plaintiff submitted 24 exhibits and her own declaration. See

generally Pl. Mot., Appendix of Exhibits, Part 1 (ECF No. 25-1); Pl. Mot., Appendix of Exhibits,

Part 2 (ECF No. 25-2); Declaration of Plaintiff Petrina Smith in Support of Plaintiff’s Motion for

Conditional Certification (ECF No. 25-3) (Pl. Decl.); Pl. Reply, Plaintiff’s Supplemental Appendix

of Exhibits (ECF No. 28-2). In addition to her declaration, Plaintiff’s exhibits include, inter alia,

depositions from Defendant’s 30(b)(6) witness (Ex. 2) and Defendant’s percipient witness (Ex. 3),

VCS policies (Exs. 1, 4-5, 9, 13-14, 17), ACC job descriptions and postings (Exs. 6-8, 10-12), and

Plaintiff’s own employee information (Exs. 15, 18).

4
II. Procedural History

On September 4, 2019, Plaintiff filed her complaint and consent to sue form. Compl.

¶¶ 51-58; Compl. Exhibit 1 (ECF No. 1-1). Following the pleading stage, the parties submitted

their joint preliminary status report proposing limited discovery on whether ACCs are similarly

situated such that conditional certification would be proper. See Joint Preliminary Status Report

(ECF No. 10) at 5-6.

Plaintiff served a set of interrogatories and requests for production of documents on

Defendant. See Pl. Mot. at 8. After multiple continuances due to delays caused by the COVID-

19 pandemic and Defendant’s counsel’s difficulties in obtaining the requested discovery

information from the VA, 3 Defendant produced over 4,600 documents including all VCS

operational policies, daily and hourly time and attendance documents for 71 ACCs for a three-year

period, and employee personnel documents. Id. at 8; see also Def. Resp. at 16-17. Plaintiff

subsequently deposed Abner Martinez, a VA Human Resources Manager and Defendant’s

percipient witness, and Joseph R. Tober, Defendant’s 30(b)(6) witness, regarding the topics of

employee classification, job descriptions, and canteen operational policies and procedures. See Pl.

Mot. at 8; see also Def. Resp. at 8.

Following discovery on the issue of whether all ACCs are similarly situated, Plaintiff

moved for conditional certification on June 4, 2021. See Pl. Mot. Defendant filed its response on

July 2, 2021, and Plaintiff filed her reply on July 16, 2021. See Def. Resp.; Pl. Reply.

3
The schedule for pre-conditional discovery was amended three times before Defendant produced
responsive documents on January 25, 2021. See Pl. Mot. at 8; ECF No. 17 (first amended
scheduling order, issued on June 29, 2020); ECF No. 19 (second amended scheduling order, issued
on September 1, 2020); ECF No. 21 (third amended scheduling order, issued November 20, 2020).

5
 On September 28, 2021, the Court conducted oral argument on Plaintiff’s motion. As the

parties indicated that they would prefer to receive a ruling on the record, the Court provided the

parties an explanation of its ruling during oral argument and issued an Order reflecting the essential

terms of its ruling, noting that it would more fully explain its reasoning in a forthcoming opinion.

See September 28, 2021 Order; September 28, 2021 Oral Argument Transcript (ECF No. 31) (Tr.)

at 46:3-48:20.

DISCUSSION

Consistent with this Court’s September 28, 2021 Order, this Memorandum and Order

provides more detailed explanations for the Court’s decision to grant in part and dismiss in part

Plaintiff’s Motion for Conditional Certification. The Court declines to conditionally certify a

nationwide collective of ACCs because Plaintiff has not shown that ACCs across the country are

similarly situated to herself. However, Plaintiff has established, and Defendant concedes, that it

is appropriate to authorize a more limited collective action comprising ACCs employed in the Palo

Alto and Menlo Park, California canteens. Second, as explained further below, Plaintiff did not

establish a need for authorizing the more expansive means of notification that it requested.

Accordingly, the notice—once this Court approves its form and contents—will be sent to potential

members of the collective via mail. Finally, this Court applies equitable tolling sparingly. Plaintiff

has not shown that a defective pleading was filed during the statutory period, that Defendant

tricked Plaintiff into allowing a deadline to pass, or that Plaintiff’s injury was inherently

6
unknowable. Accordingly, the claims of the conditionally approved collective action are subject

to the three year limitation period under the FLSA.

I. Conditional Certification of a Nationwide Collective Action

The FLSA allows employees to sue employers collectively. Section 216(b) of the FLSA

provides:

An action to recover the liability prescribed in the preceding sentences may be
maintained against any employer (including a public agency) . . . by any one or
more employees for and on behalf of himself or themselves and other employees
similarly situated. No employee shall be a party plaintiff to any such action unless
he gives his consent in writing to become such a party and such consent is filed in
the court in which such action is brought.

29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Employees alleging violations of their rights under the FLSA may bring a

claim seeking relief for themselves and all “other employees similarly situated.” 29 U.S.C.

§ 216(b).

The FLSA, however, does not specify a procedure for joinder of “similarly situated”

plaintiffs. See Gayle v. United States, 85 Fed. Cl. 72, 77 (2008). Rather, courts have wide

discretion to manage joinder in FLSA collective actions. See Hoffmann–La Roche v. Sperling,

493 U.S. 165, 169-71 (1989) (explaining that trial courts have “discretion, in appropriate cases, to

implement 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) . . . by facilitating notice to potential plaintiffs”). Courts have

developed four procedural approaches for joinder of additional parties in FLSA actions: (1) “a

two-step ad hoc approach,” comprising a conditional certification stage and a more rigorous

decertification stage; (2) an approach that mirrors the requirements for certifying a class under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (Fed. R. Civ. P.) 23; (3) an approach that follows the “spurious

class action” that prevailed in the pre-1966 version of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23; and (4) an approach

endorsed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (Fifth Circuit) that analyzes whether

to issue court-approved notice to absent individuals rather than focus on “certification.” Gayle, 85

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Fed. Cl. at 77 (identifying the first three approaches); Valte v. United States, No. 16-1485C, 2021

WL 3821886, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Aug. 26, 2021) (identifying the fourth approach as a more recent

development (citing Swales v. KLLM Transport Servs., L.L.C., 985 F.3d 430, 439 (5th Cir. 2021))).

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) has not endorsed a particular

approach for certifying a collective action under 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). Valte, 2021 WL 3821886, at

*4 (“The most relevant Federal Circuit decision—which applied the then-applicable Second

Circuit precedent—authorized discovery to potential collective action members but did not

endorse any procedure or standard for proceeding as a collective action.”).

Both parties suggest applying the two-step approach, and they argue exclusively within

that framework. While not required to do so by Federal Circuit precedent, this Court routinely

applies the two-step approach. See, e.g., Crawley v. United States, 145 Fed. Cl. 446, 449 (2019);

Boggs v. United States, 139 Fed. Cl. 375, 378 (2018); Dominick v. United States, 135 Fed. Cl. 714,

716 (2017); Barry v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 518, 520-21 (2014); Whalen v. United States, 85

Fed. Cl. 380, 383 (2009); Gayle, 85 Fed. Cl. at 77-78; Briggs v. United States, 54 Fed. Cl. 205,

206 (2002). 4 Accordingly, while this Court finds the Fifth Circuit’s approach sensible, in light of

the parties’ agreement on application of the two-step framework and wide acceptance of that

standard in this Circuit, this Court analyzes Plaintiff’s motion under the two-step framework for

certifying an FLSA collective action.

4
This two-step approach also enjoys support in other circuits. See Myers v. Hertz Corp., 624 F.3d
537, 555 (2d Cir. 2010) (adopting the two-step approach for certifying collective actions under the
FLSA); Halle v. West Penn Allegheny Health Sys. Inc., 842 F.3d. 215, 224 (3d Cir. 2016) (same);
White v. Baptist Mem’l Health Care Corp., 699 F.3d 869, 877 (6th Cir. 2012) (same); Hollins v.
Regency Corp., 867 F.3d 830, 833 (7th Cir. 2017) (same); Campbell v. City of Los Angeles, 903
F.3d 1090, 1110 (9th Cir. 2018) (same); Mickles on behalf of herself v. Country Club Inc., 887
F.3d 1270, 1276 (11th Cir. 2018) (same).

8
 A court may conditionally certify a collective action if the plaintiff makes a preliminary

showing that potential collective members are similarly situated. Gayle, 85 Fed. Cl. at 77 (citations

omitted). “‘[C]onditional certification’ does not produce a class with an independent legal status,

or join additional parties to the action.” Genesis Healthcare Corp. v. Symczyk, 569 U.S. 66, 75

(2013). 5 Rather, conditional certification allows the court to determine whether to send court-

approved notice to absent individuals who appear to be similarly situated to the plaintiffs. Id.

(citing Hoffmann-La Roche, 493 U.S. at 171-72). This “provide[s] potentially affected employees

the opportunity to make informed decisions about whether to participate, which benefits the

judicial system by promoting efficient resolution of common issues of law and fact arising from

the same alleged discriminatory activity.” Crawley v. United States, 145 Fed. Cl. 446, 450 (2019)

(internal quotations and citations omitted). If a potential member of a collective action chooses

not to opt-in to the suit, he is not barred from pursuing his own claim and may still separately sue

based on his own facts and circumstances. See Valte, 2021 WL 3821886, at *4 (“A collective

action does not bind absent individuals or enable named plaintiffs to control the litigation in the

manner of class-action representatives.” (citing Campbell v. City of Los Angeles, 903 F.3d 1090,

1105 (9th Cir. 2018); Morgan v. Fam. Dollar Stores, Inc., 551 F.3d 1233, 1259 (11th Cir. 2008))).

Under the second step, if the opt-in plaintiffs are in fact not similarly situated, the court can

subsequently decertify the action. Myers v. Hertz Corp., 624 F.3d 537, 555 (2d Cir. 2010). “If

5
Many decisions regarding FLSA collective actions refer to groups of plaintiffs as a “class” rather
than a “collective.” However, the two concepts are distinct. Members of a Rule 23 class action
are bound by the judgment or settlement unless they opt out; in contrast, FLSA plaintiffs must opt
into the collective action. See Swales v. KLLM Transport Servs., L.L.C., 985 F.3d 430, 435 (5th
Cir. 2021) (explaining how the FLSA’s opt-in requirement was a response to excessive litigation
produced by plaintiffs without a personal interest in the case’s outcome). Cited decisions
discussing a “class” in the FLSA context should be understood to refer instead to a collective action
consistent with this Memorandum and Order’s use of that term.

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final certification is not granted, the court decertifies the class, dismisses the opt-in plaintiffs

without prejudice, and permits any remaining individuals to proceed to trial. However, if final

certification is granted, the action proceeds to trial on a representative basis.” § 1807 Collective

Actions Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 7B Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1807 (3d ed. 2021).

While the parties agree on the use of the two-step process, they disagree on the evidentiary

burden Plaintiff must meet to succeed at the first step of the two-step process. See Pl. Mot. at

22-29; Def. Resp. at 17, 22-32. Plaintiff argues that only a “modest factual showing” is necessary

to show that Plaintiff and other putative collective action members are “similarly situated.” Pl.

Mot. at 23 (quoting Barry v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 518, 521 (2014)). Defendant argues that,

because “substantial discovery” has occurred, a “modest plus” standard applies. Def. Resp. at

20-22. This heightened burden is a hybrid standard that “strikes the proper balance between the

traditional stage-one and two standards.” Id. at 22 (quoting Creely v. HCR ManorCare, Inc., 789

F. Supp. 2d 819, 826 (N.D. Ohio 2011)). However, this Court need not determine whether a

heightened standard is appropriate here because Plaintiff has not satisfied the more lenient,

“modest factual showing” standard.

A plaintiff can make the requisite “modest factual showing” by offering evidence that the

plaintiff and other putative collective action members share “common issues of law and fact arising

from the same alleged prohibited activity.” Barry, 117 Fed. Cl. at 521 (internal citations and

quotations omitted). This burden is low. Id. “All that need be shown by the plaintiff is that some

identifiable factual or legal nexus binds together the various claims of the class members in a way

that hearing the claims together promotes judicial efficiency and comports with the broad remedial

policies underlying the FLSA.” Gerlach v. Wells Fargo & Co., No. C 05-0585, 2006 WL 824652,

at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 28, 2006).

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 When a plaintiff alleges that an entity’s actions de facto violated the FLSA—such as when

the plaintiff alleges that she was directed by managers to perform non-exempt work in

contravention of the employer’s facially valid policies—the plaintiff must make a minimal

showing that potential plaintiffs similarly performed non-exempt work in contravention of the

facially valid nationwide common policies. See Mike v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 274 F. Supp. 2d

216, 220-21 (D. Conn. 2003) (denying collective action certification because the plaintiff’s claims

“will turn upon evidence relating to [plaintiff’s] day-to-day tasks, and not upon any [employer]

company policy or decision.”). A formal policy of classifying employees hired under the same

job title as exempt does not, on its own, provide the necessary evidence for certifying a collective

action under the FLSA. See Jibowu v. Target Corp., 492 F. Supp. 3d 87, 122 (E.D.N.Y. 2020)

(holding that plaintiffs’ eight sworn statements from six states were insufficient to show a de facto

nationwide policy of misclassification in violation of the FLSA); Holt v. Rite Aid Corp., 333 F.

Supp. 2d 1265, 1270 (M.D. Ala. 2004) (holding that certifying a collective is inappropriate where

the court must examine each employee’s day-to-day tasks to determine if the employees are

similarly situated).

Here, Plaintiff has not made the requisite “modest factual showing” that other ACCs

nationwide are similarly situated to her. No evidence currently exists in the record suggesting that

ACCs in other regions were required to perform non-exempt tasks similar to those Plaintiff alleges.

Instead, Plaintiff contends that the following alleged areas of commonality among ACCs across

the country demonstrate that ACCs are all similarly situated:

(1) Plaintiff and Assistant Chiefs were all subject to the same uniform job
description applicable to all VCS locations nationwide;

(2) the VCS recruits for the Assistant Chief position nationwide using job listings
which describe very similar, if not identical, job duties;

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 (3) Defendant uniformly classified Plaintiff and all Assistant Chiefs nationwide as
FLSA exempt at all times during the relevant time period;

(4) Canteen Chiefs, who supervised Assistant Chiefs and oversaw the operation of
the canteen, were also subject to a uniform job description, which applied to all
VCS locations nationwide;

(5) Nationwide VCS operating policies and procedures provide for the roles and
responsibilities of Canteen Chiefs, Assistant Chiefs, and common guidelines for the
VCS canteen operations;

(6) Defendant’s own overtime policy, coupled with Plaintiff’s affidavit and
Defendant’s 30(b)(6) testimony, evidence that Plaintiff and Assistant Chiefs were
required to work beyond forty (40) hours in a workweek to meet operating demands
and achieve canteen customer service standards, and that overtime pay in these
situations is not provided, [sic]

(7) Under Defendant’s overtime policy, Assistant Chiefs were eligible to “apply”
for overtime or compensatory time off pay only in rare “emergencies” or “unusual
circumstances;” Assistant Chiefs did not have capabilities to adjust their own pre-
populated “time” record (work schedule) from the default times; any request to
adjust this record required multiple levels of manager pre-approvals, which was not
feasible;

(8) Assistant Chiefs were subject to the same pay practices and policies which
governed how Assistant Chiefs’ salaries were set and determined, and

(9) Defendant’s 30(b)(6) witness admits that Assistant Chiefs earned salaries that
fall within the same pay range (and in certain circumstances less) than the non-
exempt hourly associates employed by the VCS, and which in certain cases
potentially fall below the minimum salary requirements set by the FLSA as a
threshold requirement to be classified as FLSA exempt.

Pl. Mot. at 6-7; see also Pl. Reply at 6-7. These similarities, if true, at most establish only that

Defendant has a common classification for ACCs and a common policy of exempting ACCs from

overtime pay. Plaintiff must further demonstrate that these traits bear a connection with the FLSA

claim that she alleges in the present suit. See Jibowu, 492 F. Supp. 3d at 122-23 (“Plaintiffs must

show that they and other[s] were similarly situated with respect to the claim that they were required

to perform non-managerial job duties in contravention of the formal job description.” (emphasis

added) (alterations omitted) (quoting Amhaz v. Booking.com (USA), Inc., No. 17-cv-2120, 2018

12
WL 4279468, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 23, 2018))). Plaintiff failed to make that minimal showing

here.

Instead, the alleged commonalities among ACCs are detached from Plaintiff’s FLSA claim.

Plaintiff alleges that ACCs are misclassified because “Plaintiff’s day-to-day job duties primarily

consisted of making and receiving food, cleaning and stocking the store and ringing the registers.”

Compl. ¶ 4. In her complaint, Plaintiff continues that “[ACCs’] primary job duties included

assignment to different areas of each canteen, as directed by the Chiefs who supervised the

Assistant Chiefs, and their primary duties consisted of time spent preparing, making and serving

food to canteen customers, performing cleaning tasks, ringing the registers, manning the counters

and stocking the stores.” Id. ¶ 18 (emphasis added); see also id. ¶¶ 22 (“[Plaintiff’s] assigned

responsibilities would vary day-to-day depending on the tasks the Canteen Chief . . . delegated to

Plaintiff.”), 24 (“Plaintiff was not employed in a bona fide executive capacity because Plaintiff’s

day-to-day, primary duties consisted of manual tasks for providing goods and services to

customers of the food service, retail store and coffee products and services.”). Accordingly,

Plaintiff’s claim, as she alleges in her complaint, turns on decisions made by Chiefs at the two

canteen locations where she worked.

None of the commonalities that Plaintiff alleges she shares with other ACCs suggest that

ACCs in other canteens also worked under Chiefs who consistently assigned non-exempt duties to

them. See Mike, 274 F. Supp. 2d at 221 (finding that a shared common job description could “not

provide the necessary common thread” because the plaintiff disavowed the job description).

Similarly, that all ACCs may be classified as exempt employees and are subject to the same pay

policies cannot support the conclusion that Defendant violated the FLSA, as those policies are

facially lawful when applied to an employee performing the exempt duties detailed in the ACC

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job description. See Saleen v. Waste Mgmt., Inc., 649 F. Supp. 2d 937, 940-41 (D. Minn. 2009)

(denying conditional certification where proposed commonality between putative collective

members was employer’s policy of automatically deducting for meal breaks because plaintiffs’

theory of liability was premised upon managers’ non-compliance with that otherwise lawful

policy).

Additionally, Plaintiff alleges Defendant’s common overtime policy shows commonality

amongst ACCs. This allegation similarly falls flat because the aspects of the overtime policy

Plaintiff references are all vested in the discretion of Canteen Chiefs and regional managers. See

Compl. ¶ 22; Tr. at 9:17-20. While Defendant’s 30(b)(6) witness acknowledged that ACCs may

be required to work beyond 40 hours a week to meet operating demands, including by doing non-

exempt tasks, this is not a per se violation of the FLSA. See Velazquez v. Costco Wholesale Corp.,

603 F. App’x 584, 586 (9th Cir. 2015) (noting that “a court cannot solely rely on an employee’s

reported hours because the employee could then ‘evade a valid exemption’ through ‘his own

substandard performance’” (citations omitted)). When this Court turns to the merits of Plaintiff’s

claims, Plaintiff may establish that her manager required her to work in a manner that violated the

FLSA; however, even establishing that does not suggest that managers in different canteens and

different regions do the same. At most, it establishes that putative collective action members in

the Palo Alto and Menlo Park, California canteens, who are under the same management as

Plaintiff, may have been treated similarly.

Finally, Plaintiff points to varying salary ranges among ACCs, alleging that some ACCs

were paid the same or less than non-exempt employees. Pl. Mot. at 21. This argument also fails

because, rather than point to commonality between ACCs, Plaintiff’s argument suggests wide

variation in policies applied to ACCs. Plaintiff alleges that ACCs made less than non-exempt

14
hourly employees “in certain circumstances.” Pl. Mot. at 6-7; Pl. Reply at 6-7. That implies that

the Defendant did not have a consistent payment practice nationwide. Because each of Plaintiff’s

alleged points of commonality do not share a link with Plaintiff’s theory of liability, they cannot

form the basis for certifying a nationwide collective action. In discussing ACCs’ salary ranges

vis-à-vis non-exempt employees’ salary ranges, Plaintiff also states that a job posting for an ACC

position in Decatur, Georgia shows a potential salary range that would be below the FLSA

minimum salary. Pl. Mot. at 21-22. However, Plaintiff does not allege that her salary was below

the minimum, nor that any other ACC’s salary was either. Such information is simply irrelevant

to her claim and the present motion.

Although Plaintiff alleged in her declaration that other ACCs performed similar tasks to

her, she did so without any support other than her own statement and, even then, offered only

vague claims related to the specific locations she worked. Pl. Decl. at ¶ 3. For example, she states

that she “witnessed other Assistant Managers at my canteen locations performing the similar types

of tasks as I was performing.” Id. At most, this supports a collective action limited to those

canteen locations where Plaintiff allegedly witnessed other ACCs spend most of their time

performing non-exempt work. The Court, however, cannot “infer that individuals at one location

are similarly situated to individuals elsewhere without specific evidence of consistency.” Valte,

2021 WL 3821886, at *12. Plaintiff’s lone declaration speaking of her experience in two canteens

and statement that other unidentified ACCs experienced the same thing at those canteens is too

flimsy of a record on which to support nationwide collective certification. See, e.g., Vasquez v.

Vitamin Shoppe Indus. Inc., No. 10-cv-8820, 2011 WL 2693712, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. July 11, 2011)

(holding that a “geographically concentrated cluster of [store managers] whom [plaintiff] claims

were assigned duties inconsistent with their exempt classification . . . is too thin a reed on which

15
to rest a nationwide certification”); Jenkins v. TJX Cos. Inc., 853 F. Supp. 2d 317, 321 (E.D.N.Y.

2012) (denying nationwide conditional certification where “[t]he Plaintiff's sole submission in

support of the existence of a common de-facto policy requiring [assistant store managers] to

perform non-exempt tasks [was] [Plaintiff’s] own deposition testimony, discussing his own

personal experience.”).

Not only is it unreasonable to extrapolate Plaintiff’s experience to employees in other

canteens and regions, but it would also run counter to the evidence developed during discovery.

The Court need not consider Defendant’s “happy camper” declarations to reach this conclusion. 6

Plaintiff deposed Defendant’s Human Resources Manager, Abner Martinez, and Defendant’s

designated 30(b)(6) witness, Joseph R. Tober, regarding the topics of employee classification, job

descriptions, and canteen operational policies and procedures. See Pl. Mot. Ex. 2, Deposition of

Defendant United States Pursuant to FRCP 30(b)(6), Joseph Tober (ECF No. 25-1). During his

30(b)(6) deposition, Mr. Tober explained that ACCs generally report to Canteen Chiefs, who in

turn report to regional managers. See id. at 30:6-18. Mr. Tober further explained that although

job descriptions and exemption status of ACCs were uniform, regional managers and Canteen

Chiefs would instruct ACCs on their work duties and hours. Id. at 29:9-16, 30:20-31:10. Mr.

Martinez also stated that ACC’s duties varied from canteen to canteen. See Pl. Mot. Ex. 3,

Deposition of Defendant United States Fact Witness, Abner Martinez (ECF No. 25-1) (Martinez

Dep.) at 44:15-23 (“Q. . . .Can an Assistant Chief, to your knowledge, perform duties such as

customer service in their role? A. Absolutely. Q. Do they perform duties such as running cash

6
Declarations from current employees meant to refute a plaintiff’s allegations are often described
as “happy camper” declarations. Courts do not generally consider such declarations at step one of
the two-step framework. See McColley v. Casey’s Gen. Stores, Inc., No. 2:18-CV-72 DRL-JEM,
2021 WL 1207564 *5 (N.D. Ind. Mar. 31, 2021).

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registers, to your knowledge? A. There could be instances in which they are required to, because

of the needs of the business to do it; i.e., staffing levels, medical issues with their staff, if they are

not present to run the operations.”). Plaintiff simply has not shown any meaningful link between

her experiences and those of ACCs nationwide.

Plaintiff mistakenly relies on cases certifying collective actions where plaintiffs alleged

that an employer’s explicit policies violated the FLSA. For example, in Barry, 117 Fed. Cl. at

520, the government changed the classification of the employees at issue from FLSA exempt to

non-exempt—which may evidence that its previous policy was facially incorrect. Here, no such

about face exists to indicate that Defendant’s classification decision was incorrect or unlawful.

Plaintiff instead alleges a de facto violation, which requires an individualized inquiry into the

proportion of managerial work each plaintiff performed. See Compl. ¶¶ 22-26. In such cases,

courts typically require evidence beyond the plaintiff’s own experience in an isolated location to

determine that employees are similarly situated across the country. See, e.g., Amador v. Morgan

Stanley & Co., No. 11-cv-4326, 2013 WL 494020, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2013) (relying on

evidence from 11 individuals spread over 13 locations in 9 states); Crosby v. Stage Stores, Inc.,

348 F. Supp. 3d 742, 746 (M.D. Tenn. 2018) (relying on evidence from 12 individuals who worked

at 8 locations in 5 states); Meyer v. Panera Bread Co., 344 F. Supp. 3d 193, 201 (D.D.C. 2018)

(relying on evidence from 7 individuals from 6 states); Stevens v. HMSHost Corp., No. 10-cv-

3571, 2012 WL 13098466, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. 2012) (relying on evidence from 4 individuals from

locations in 3 states).

This Court is also unpersuaded by cases outside this Circuit that ignore concerns of case

manageability. See, e.g., Meyer, 344 F. Supp. 3d at 207-08 (D.D.C. 2018) (noting that courts tend

not to consider arguments about collective action manageability at the conditional certification

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stage); Creely, 789 F. Supp. 2d at 828 (N.D. Ohio 2011) (suggesting that manageability is more

properly addressed under the more stringent stage-two analysis.”). Case management

considerations are at the heart of the conditional certification process. See Valte, 2021 WL

3821886, at *10. Based on the evidence presented by Plaintiff, the Court is unconvinced that

certifying a nationwide collective action will lead to the efficiency gains the FLSA collective

action process seeks to achieve. The idiosyncratic nature of ACCs’ job duties would require this

Court to analyze the individual experiences of up to 600 employees at the decertification stage.

This does not fit the Court’s definition of efficient. Because Plaintiff failed to provide evidence

from canteens and regions other than those in which Plaintiff works, Plaintiff’s motion for

nationwide conditional certification must be denied without prejudice.

II. Conditional Certification of a Collective Action Limited to Palo Alto and Menlo Park,
California Canteens

Plaintiff has provided sufficient evidence to grant conditional certification for ACCs

employed at the Palo Alto and Menlo Park, California canteens. Plaintiff’s declaration sufficiently

links her claims to other ACCs in those canteens by stating that Plaintiff observed other ACCs

work excessive hours under similar circumstances, and under the same management. Pl. Decl. ¶

3; see, e.g., Crawley, 145 Fed. Cl. at 450-51 (denying nationwide conditional certification but

allowing conditional certification as to certain employees at the location where the named plaintiffs

worked where plaintiffs’ evidence related only to the employer’s conduct at that facility). As

noted, Defendant does not oppose conditional certification limited to these two locations. Def.

Resp. at 2. The Court, therefore, grants conditional certification of a collective action limited to

the Palo Alto and Menlo Park, California canteens.

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III. Manner of Notice

Following conditional certification, this Court—like in most pretrial discovery—has wide

discretion in facilitating the notice process. See Crawley, 145 Fed. Cl. at 451. Plaintiff seeks the

names, last known addresses, telephone numbers, job titles, and last known email addresses for

potential collective action members to send notice to those individuals. Pl. Mot. at 32. Plaintiff

additionally requests that this Court require Defendant to provide notice to potential collective

action members by sending a notice along with current employees’ paychecks and posting a notice

in canteen facilities. Id. at 32. In this case, the Court finds that mail alone will suffice.

First, Plaintiff has not shown a compelling reason to post a notice within the canteen

facilities or distribute it with current employees’ next paycheck. Although some courts have

authorized those means, Plaintiff has presented no evidence that such notice is necessary here.

Notification via paycheck and canteen posting would only notify current employees, for whom

Defendant can already provide accurate mailing addresses.

Plaintiff also has not shown that telephone numbers and last known email addresses are

necessary to provide adequate notice to potential collective action members. Plaintiff has not

articulated why using last known mailing addresses is insufficient, especially where, as here, the

collective action does not span a lengthy period. Additionally, such additional contact information,

which appears unnecessary here, may raise privacy concerns. See, e.g., Hintergerger v. Cath.

Health Sys., No. 08-cv-380S, 2009 WL 3464134 at *11 (W.D.N.Y. Oct. 21, 2009) (rejecting

plaintiff’s request for phone numbers, social security numbers, dates of birth, and email addresses

for privacy concerns); Ruggles v. WellPoint, Inc., 591 F. Supp. 2d 150, 163 (N.D.N.Y. 2008)

(denying plaintiff’s request for telephone numbers and social security numbers). Additionally,

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providing contact information such as phone numbers could frustrate the substance of the court-

approved notification.

In contrast, providing putative collective action members’ last known addresses and job

titles does not implicate the same kinds of privacy concerns. This information will allow Plaintiff

to identify potential members of the collective and reliably provide them with the court-approved

notice. Accordingly, Defendant is directed to timely provide to Plaintiff, in electronic format, the

names, last known mailing addresses, and job titles of putative collective action members,

consistent with this Memorandum and Order.

IV. Equitable Tolling of the Statute of Limitations

The parties agree that the applicable statutory limitation period for bringing a claim in this

suit is three years from accrual. 7 See Def. Resp. at 43-44. Plaintiff, however, argues that the three

year statute of limitations should be equitably tolled beginning April 13, 2020, 30 days from the

date Plaintiff initially requested contact information for all other ACCs. See Pl. Mot. at 34; Def.

Resp. at 44. Plaintiff argues that, because the statute of limitations under the FLSA continues to

run until a collective action member files a consent to join form, equitable tolling is a mechanism

that “courts have used . . . to protect individuals who ‘have yet to receive notice of the action due

to defendant’s refusal to supply potential plaintiffs’ contact information to the named plaintiffs.’”

7
The FLSA requires that civil actions “must be commenced within two years ‘except that a cause
of action arising out of a willful violation may be commenced within three years after the cause of
action accrued.’” McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co., 486 U.S. 128, 129 (1988) (quoting 29 U.S.C.
§ 255(a)). A violation of an FLSA provision will be classified as willful and qualify for the longer
statute of limitations only when “the employer either knew or showed reckless disregard for the
matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the statute.” Id. at 133. Plaintiff has adequately
alleged willfulness under the FLSA in the present suit, as Defendant acknowledges, to trigger the
three-year statute of limitations period. See Compl. ¶ 56; Def. Resp. at 2, 44.

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Pl. Reply at 24 (quoting Adams v. Inter-Con Sec. Sys., Inc., 242 F.R.D. 530, 543 (N.D. Cal. 2007)).

Relying on Adams, Plaintiff contends that equitable tolling “counters the advantage that defendants

would otherwise gain by withholding potential plaintiffs’ contact information until the last possible

moment.” 242 F.R.D. at 543. Specifically, Plaintiff points to delays caused by the COVID-19

pandemic and Defendant’s difficulties in obtaining the requested information. Pl. Reply at 9; see

also Pl. Mot. at 8. Though the Court is sympathetic to Plaintiff’s request, it declines to equitably

toll the limitation period here.

As the Federal Circuit has explained, courts may typically toll the statute of limitations

only when the plaintiff shows that the defendant concealed the facts underpinning the cause of

action or if the plaintiff’s injury was inherently unknowable at the accrual date. Martinez v. United

States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Courts have also tolled statutory deadlines when the

plaintiff filed a defective pleading during the statutory period. See Irwin v. Dep’t of Veterans Affs.,

498 U.S. 89, 96 (1990) (“We have allowed equitable tolling in situations where the claimant has

actively pursued his judicial remedies by filing a defective pleading during the statutory period, or

where the complainant has been induced or tricked by his adversary’s misconduct into allowing

the filing deadline to pass.”). In all scenarios, courts deploy equitable tolling “sparingly.”

Crawley, 145 Fed. Cl. at 451.

Deployment of this equitable remedy is unnecessary here. Plaintiff argues that she

requested the contact information for all putative collective action members on March 13, 2020,

and that the Court should apply equitable tolling “[b]ecause Plaintiff has diligently pursued her

entitlement to this information and is without fault for the delay[.]” Pl. Mot. at 34. But this does

not fall within the categories of cases the Federal Circuit has identified as eligible for equitable

tolling. Indeed, Plaintiff did not suffer a latent injury. Her harm—to the extent any exists—would

21
have been apparent when she received a paycheck that only compensated her for 40 hours of work.

She also does not allege that she was “tricked by defendant’s misconduct.” See Tr. at 34:3-36:23

(“[Plaintiff is] not alleging other facts that have been concealed or anything of that nature.”). Nor

does this case involve any defective pleading. See id. Instead, Plaintiff argues that her single

request for contact information for all ACCs, in conjunction with the COVID-19 pandemic,

justifies the tolling of the statute. See Pl. Mot. at 34-35; Pl. Reply at 24-25. This is insufficient.

This Court is bound by Federal Circuit law on tolling statutory deadlines; it is unpersuaded

by holdings articulated outside of this Circuit that equitable tolling may be appropriate to account

for the time it takes the court to consider a motion for conditional certification. See, e.g., Adams,

242 F.R.D. at 543 (N.D. Cal. 2007); Mitchell v. Acosta Sales, LLC, 841 F. Supp. 2d 1105, 1120

(C.D. Cal. 2011). The law in this Circuit is clear. Equitable tolling is appropriate only where the

plaintiff (1) filed a defective pleading during the statutory period, (2) was induced or tricked by

the defendant into allowing the deadline to pass, or (3) suffered an injury that was inherently

unknowable at the time the cause of action accrued. See Martinez, 333 F.3d at 1301, 1318-19;

Martin v. United States, No. 13-cv-834C, 2015 WL 12791601, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Oct. 15, 2015).

Plaintiff does not fall into any of those categories. Her request for equitable tolling is accordingly

denied.

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 CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion for Conditional Certification and Notice (ECF

No. 25) is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Consistent with this Memorandum and

Order, Plaintiff’s Motion is:

1. DENIED without prejudice with respect to Plaintiff’s request for nationwide
conditional certification;

2. GRANTED with respect to Plaintiff’s request for conditional certification of a
collective action of all individuals employed by the VCS as ACCs in the Palo Alto
and Menlo Park, California canteens during the last three years; and

3. DENIED with respect to Plaintiff’s request for equitable tolling of the statute of
limitations.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/Eleni M. Roumel
ELENI M. ROUMEL
Judge

October 15, 2021
Washington, D.C.

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