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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-13581
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
WILLIE B. SMITH, III,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
COMMISSIONER, ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS,
WARDEN HOLMAN CORRECTIONAL FACILITY,
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
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2 Opinion of the Court 21-13581
D.C. Docket No. 2:19-cv-00927-ECM-SMD
____________________
October 21, 2021
Before WILSON, JORDAN, and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
WILSON, Circuit Judge:
Willie B. Smith III is a death-row inmate in the custody of
the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) at William C.
Holman Correctional Facility (Holman). Mr. Smith sued the Com-
missioner of ADOC, Jefferson Dunn, and the Warden of Holman,
Terry Raybon, (collectively, Defendants), for alleged violations of
his rights under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in their
enforcement and implementation of Alabama Code § 15-18-
82.1(b). Section 15-18-82.1(b) provides death-row inmates with a
30-day window in which they can elect to be executed by nitrogen
hypoxia in lieu of lethal injection.
Mr. Smith claims that Defendants violated his rights under
the ADA when they gave death-row inmates an Election Form to
opt in to this new method of execution but failed to provide Mr.
Smith with a reasonable accommodation to ensure that he mean-
ingfully understood the Election Form and the choice it provided
him.
Mr. Smith filed a motion to preliminarily enjoin his execu-
tion by any method other than nitrogen hypoxia prior to the con-
clusion of his lawsuit. Mr. Smith also filed a motion for partial sum-
mary judgment as to one element of his ADA claim. The district
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21-13581 Opinion of the Court 3
court denied both motions. In addition to appealing both of the
district court’s rulings, Mr. Smith moves this court for a stay of ex-
ecution. We address each motion in turn.
I. Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
As an initial matter, this court has jurisdiction over the inter-
locutory appeal of the district court’s denial of preliminary injunc-
tion under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a), which permits an immediate appeal
from an order granting or denying an injunction. See id.
§ 1292(a)(1). We have pendent jurisdiction to review the district
court’s denial of partial summary judgment because, if granted, Mr.
Smith would have satisfied the third prong of the preliminary-in-
junction analysis. Transcon. Gas Pipe Line Co. v. 6.04 Acres, More
or Less, Over Parcel(s) of Land of Approximately 1.21 Acres, More
or Less, Situated in Land Lot 1049, 910 F.3d 1130, 1154 n.11 (11th
Cir. 2018).
Even though an order on a motion for partial summary
judgment is otherwise nonappealable, when coupled with the re-
view of an order denying preliminary injunction, review of both
orders is proper where the issues in each are “inextricably inter-
twined.” Jones v. Fransen, 857 F.3d 843, 850 (11th Cir. 2017); Hud-
son v. Hall, 231 F.3d 1289, 1294 (11th Cir. 2000). Matters may be
sufficiently intertwined when they implicate the same facts and the
same law or if determination of the pendent issue is essential to the
resolution of the issue over which appellate jurisdiction exists. See
Smith v. LePage, 834 F.3d 1285, 1292 (11th Cir. 2016).
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4 Opinion of the Court 21-13581
Mr. Smith’s motion for partial summary judgment impli-
cates many of the same facts and law that are relevant to the merits
of his Title II ADA claim when considering his motion for a prelim-
inary injunction. Review of the district court’s denial of his motion
for partial summary judgment, an otherwise nonappealable deci-
sion, is necessary to “ensure meaningful review” of the denial of
preliminary injunction. Hudson, 231 F.3d at 1294. Because the is-
sues in Mr. Smith’s motion for partial summary judgment and mo-
tion for a preliminary injunction are so “inextricably intertwined,”
this court, in its discretion, exercises pendent jurisdiction to review
the district court’s denial of Mr. Smith’s motion for partial sum-
mary judgment.
We review a district court’s grant of partial summary judg-
ment de novo. Transcon. Gas Pipe Line Co., 910 F.3d at 1154. We
apply the same standard as the district court, considering the evi-
dence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and
drawing all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. E.E.O.C. v.
St. Joseph’s Hosp., Inc., 842 F.3d 1333, 1342–43 (11th Cir. 2016).
Having established jurisdiction, we now turn to Mr. Smith’s
argument that the district court erred in denying his motion for
partial summary judgment on the final prong of his ADA claim. To
state a claim under Title II of the ADA, a plaintiff must prove:
(1) that he is a qualified individual with a disability; (2)
that he was either excluded from participation in or
denied the benefits of a public entity’s services, pro-
grams, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated
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21-13581 Opinion of the Court 5
against by the public entity; and (3) that the exclusion,
denial of benefit, or discrimination was by reason of
[his] disability.
Bircoll v. Miami-Dade Cnty., 480 F.3d 1072, 1083 (11th Cir. 2007).
Mr. Smith argues that Defendants admitted certain allegations in
their Answer which establish that the third prong of his ADA claim
is met as a matter of law.
Mr. Smith argues that Defendants’ Answer fails to comply
with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(b) for admissions and deni-
als of allegations. Mr. Smith contends that Defendants fail to spe-
cifically deny certain parts of the allegations in Paragraphs 33–36 of
their Answer. Mr. Smith further argues that Defendants’ failure to
specifically deny certain parts of the allegations means that they
have admitted them pursuant to Rule 8(b)(6). According to Mr.
Smith, Defendants admitted the following material facts: (1) Mr.
Smith’s need for an accommodation was obvious; (2) ADOC knew
about his need; (3) it was unlikely that Mr. Smith would have un-
derstood the Election Form without assistance; and (4) reasonable
accommodations for Mr. Smith’s disability include but are not lim-
ited to “use of simple language, a comprehension check, additional
time, or assistive technology.” Defendants respond that the Fed-
eral Rules of Civil Procedure do not require such an improper read-
ing nor is litigation meant to be a game of “gotcha.” We agree with
Defendants.
The district court correctly found that Mr. Smith’s argument
does not prevail because it ignores the language of Rule 8(b)(3).
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6 Opinion of the Court 21-13581
Rule 8(b)(4) requires that the party “admit the part that is true and
deny the rest” when denying only part of an allegation. In turn,
Rule 8(b)(6) states that if a responsive pleading is required and the
allegation is not denied, then that allegation is deemed admitted.
While Defendants did not specifically deny the allegations when
answering Paragraphs 33–36, Rule 8(b)(3) allows a party to specifi-
cally admit allegations and then generally deny the rest. Defend-
ants did exactly that by generally denying any allegation in Mr.
Smith’s complaint that was not expressly admitted.
Importantly, the strict reading of Rule 8 that Mr. Smith pro-
poses would impermissibly prioritize the form of the pleadings
over their substance. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d), (e) (stating that “[n]o
technical form is required” and “[p]leadings must be construed so
as to do justice”); see also Ray v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 915
F.3d 689, 697 n.3 (11th Cir. 2019). Therefore, we find that the dis-
trict court did not err in its denial of Mr. Smith’s motion for partial
summary judgment.
II. Motion for a Preliminary Injunction
We now turn to Mr. Smith’s contention that the district
court erred in denying his motion for a preliminary injunction. A
moving party is entitled to injunctive relief only upon a showing
that:
(1) it has a substantial likelihood of success on the
merits; (2) irreparable injury will be suffered unless
the injunction issues; (3) the threatened injury to the
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21-13581 Opinion of the Court 7
movant outweighs whatever damage the proposed
injunction may cause the opposing party; and (4) if is-
sued, the injunction would not be adverse to the pub-
lic interest.
Siegel v. LePore, 234 F.3d 1163, 1176 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (per
curiam). The third and fourth elements merge when, as here, the
party opposing the preliminary injunction is the government. See
Swain v. Junior, 958 F.3d 1081, 1091 (11th Cir. 2020) (per curiam)
(explaining that “where the government is the party opposing the
preliminary injunction, its interest and harm merge with the public
interest”). A preliminary injunction is considered “an extraordi-
nary and drastic remedy,” and Mr. Smith bears “the burden of per-
suasion” to clearly establish each of these elements. Siegel, 234
F.3d at 1176 (internal quotation marks omitted).
As noted above, to establish that he is likely succeed on the
merits of his underlying ADA claim, Mr. Smith was required to
show:
(1) that he is a qualified individual with a disability; (2)
that he was either excluded from participation in or
denied the benefits of a public entity’s services, pro-
grams, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated
against by the public entity; and (3) that the exclusion,
denial of benefit, or discrimination was by reason of
[his] disability.
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8 Opinion of the Court 21-13581
Bircoll, 480 F.3d at 1083. The district court found that Mr. Smith
met the first requirement—that he is a qualified individual with a
disability—but that he failed to meet the second and third require-
ments. The district court thus concluded that Mr. Smith was un-
likely to succeed on the merits of his ADA claim.
Because “[t]he grant or denial of a preliminary injunction is
a decision within the sound discretion of the district court,” our
“review of such a decision is very narrow.” Revette v. Int’l Ass’n
of Bridge, Structural & Ornamental Iron Workers, 740 F.2d 892,
893 (11th Cir. 1984) (per curiam). Accordingly, we will not reverse
the district court’s ruling “unless there is a clear abuse of discre-
tion.” Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when the district court
makes factual findings that are clearly erroneous, follows improper
procedures, or applies the incorrect legal standard. See Wreal, LLC
v. Amazon.com, Inc., 840 F.3d 1244, 1247 (11th Cir. 2016). In re-
viewing for an abuse of discretion, “we will not review the intrinsic
merits of the case.” Revette, 740 F.2d at 893 (internal quotation
mark omitted). We have explained that this “limited review” is
necessitated because the district court’s ruling on a motion for a
preliminary injunction “is almost always based on an abbreviated
set of facts, requiring a delicate balancing of the probabilities of ul-
timate success at final hearing with the consequences of immediate
irreparable injury which could possibly flow from the denial of pre-
liminary relief.” Id. The weighing of these considerations is the
province of the district court. Id.
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21-13581 Opinion of the Court 9
Applying this standard, we affirm the denial of Mr. Smith’s
motion for a preliminary injunction. The district court identified
and applied the correct legal standard in making its determination
that Mr. Smith did not demonstrate a substantial likelihood of suc-
cess on the merits of his ADA claim. In making its determination,
the district court found that: (1) Mr. Smith is a qualified individual
with a disability, (2) Mr. Smith failed to demonstrate that he lacked
meaningful access to the ADOC’s Election Form service, and (3)
Mr. Smith did not request an accommodation from the ADOC or
show that his need for an accommodation was so obvious and ap-
parent that the ADOC should have known he required one.
The district court made these factual findings after review-
ing over 14,000 pages of documentary evidence, reviewing the par-
ties’ briefs, and presiding over a seven-hour evidentiary hearing in
which Mr. Smith called eight witnesses to testify, including both
Defendants.1 The district court supported each of its findings with
citations to the record, and Mr. Smith has not shown that any of
these factual findings rise to the level of being clearly erroneous.
Nor does the record indicate that the district court followed im-
proper procedures or applied the incorrect legal standards to its fac-
tual findings. The district court therefore did not abuse its discre-
tion in finding that Mr. Smith failed to make “a clear showing” that
he had a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of his ADA
1 While Mr. Smith submitted a declaration with his motion for a stay of exe-
cution in this court, he did not submit a declaration or affidavit in the prelim-
inary injunction proceedings in the district court.
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10 Opinion of the Court 21-13581
claim. Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (per cu-
riam). We thus affirm the district court’s denial of Mr. Smith’s mo-
tion for a preliminary injunction. 2
III. Motion for a Stay of Execution
The standard governing a stay of execution mirrors that for
a preliminary injunction: the movant must establish a substantial
likelihood of success on the merits. See Valle v. Singer, 655 F.3d
1223, 1225 (11th Cir. 2011) (per curiam). For the reasons we have
discussed above, Mr. Smith has failed to show a substantial likeli-
hood of success on the merits of his ADA claim. Accordingly, his
motion for a stay of execution is due to be denied without regard
to the other prerequisites for the issuance of one. Id.
IV. Conclusion
The district court’s orders denying partial summary judg-
ment and denying a preliminary injunction are AFFIRMED. The
motion for a stay of execution is DENIED.
2 The district court also held in the alternative that Mr. Smith’s motion for a
preliminary injunction was due to be denied because the equities are not in his
favor. Because we affirm the district court’s denial of Mr. Smith’s motion for
a preliminary injunction on the basis that he failed to meet his burden of es-
tablishing a substantial likelihood of success on the merits, we do not address
this alternative holding.
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21-13581 Opinion of the Court 11
JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judge, Concurring:
Alabama law authorizes prisoners sentenced to death to
choose one of two forms of execution, death by lethal injection or
by nitrogen hypoxia. By filing this lawsuit, Willie B. Smith III was
seeking not to evade his execution, but only to have a say in the
way he dies. The law requires me to join my colleagues in affirming
the district court’s denial of Mr. Smith’s motions for a preliminary
injunction and for partial summary judgment and denying his mo-
tion for a stay of execution. Although I am bound to apply the law
and join the majority, I am confounded by the Alabama Depart-
ment of Corrections’ insistence that Mr. Smith be put to death im-
mediately by lethal injection.
In 2018, the Alabama Legislature passed a statute giving
death-row prisoners 30 days to elect death by nitrogen hypoxia.
Mere days before the 30-day window closed, the Department
(“ADOC”) took it upon itself to distribute a three-sentence Election
Form to death-row prisoners at the prison where Mr. Smith was
confined. The Election Form included no explanation of the law,
no description of execution by nitrogen hypoxia, and no notice that
there was less than a week left to choose the nitrogen hypoxia op-
tion. Along with the Election Form, at least some of the prisoners
received a verbal explanation about execution by nitrogen hypoxia
and the 30-day deadline.
Mr. Smith—who the State of Alabama acknowledges has
significantly subaverage intellectual functioning—insists he re-
ceived the Election Form with no explanation. No explanation of
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12 Opinion of the Court 21-13581
execution by nitrogen hypoxia, his statutory right to make an elec-
tion about the method of his execution, how he could exercise that
right, or the deadline for making the election. Evidence in the rec-
ord supports Mr. Smith’s contention that he did not understand the
significance of the Election Form and that he was unaware he had
only days to choose how he would be put to death. It disturbs me
that ADOC, which took on the responsibility to inform prisoners
about their right to elect death by nitrogen hypoxia within 30 days,
did so in such a feckless way.
After the 30-day window closed, Mr. Smith tried to elect
death by nitrogen hypoxia. Alabama rejected his choice. Mr. Smith
sued under the ADA, and the State agreed to a trial date in June of
2022. Alabama also agreed that if Mr. Smith won his lawsuit, it
would execute him by nitrogen hypoxia. Alabama has changed its
position. Despite agreeing to a trial date well in the future, Alabama
obtained a warrant for Mr. Smith’s execution and asserts that Mr.
Smith must die now, and by lethal injection.
Alabama’s legislature gave death-row prisoners a choice in the
manner of death. ADOC ostensibly intended to inform Mr. Smith
of his right to choose death by nitrogen hypoxia. Mr. Smith in-
tended to exercise that right, but because of his disability, he was
unable to do so. ADOC has acknowledged that it could, if ordered
to do it, give Mr. Smith another chance to make the election. Under
these circumstances, I cannot silently acquiesce in the State’s re-
fusal to afford Mr. Smith this final dignity.