In the Supreme Court of Georgia
Decided: October 5, 2021
S21A0627. COLLINS v. THE STATE.
S21A0628. BURDINE v. THE STATE.
S21A0629. LOVE v. THE STATE.
WARREN, Justice.
Jalin Collins, Percy Burdine, and Brandon Love were tried
together and convicted of murder and other offenses in connection
with the shooting death of Milton Carl Kelley. 1 Although the three
1 Kelley was killed on April 21, 2012. After the three co-defendants were
first indicted and a demurrer was filed, a Cobb County grand jury re-indicted
all three co-defendants on May 31, 2013, for malice murder, felony murder
predicated on aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, felony murder
predicated on aggravated assault with intent to rob, felony murder predicated
on conspiracy to possess more than one ounce of marijuana, aggravated assault
with a deadly weapon, aggravated assault with intent to rob, possession of a
firearm during the commission of a felony, and possession of less than one
ounce of marijuana. Burdine alone was indicted for felony murder predicated
on possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and Collins alone was indicted
for felony murder predicated on possession of a firearm by a first-offender
probationer.
At a joint trial held from October 21 to 31, 2013, a jury found Love guilty
of all crimes with which he was charged; found Collins not guilty of malice
murder but guilty of all the other crimes with which he was charged; and found
Burdine not guilty of malice murder, felony murder predicated on possession
of a firearm by a convicted felon, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon,
co-defendants raise different contentions on appeal, their appeals
have been consolidated for purposes of issuing an opinion. Burdine
contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his
convictions; that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a
separate trial, by improperly modifying a pattern jury instruction,
by failing to properly address a question the jury asked during
deliberations, and by sentencing him based on an inconsistent
verdict; and that his trial counsel provided constitutionally
and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, but guilty of all
the remaining crimes with which he was charged. On November 4, 2013, the
trial court sentenced all three co-defendants to life in prison for murder (Love
for malice murder, and Collins and Burdine for felony murder predicated on
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon), a consecutive term of 20 years for
aggravated assault with intent to rob, and time served for possession of less
than one ounce of marijuana. The trial court also sentenced Collins and Love
to a consecutive term of five years for possession of a firearm during the
commission of a felony. The other felony murder counts were vacated by
operation of law, and the trial court merged the remaining count of aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon into the murder convictions. After the
convictions, an order of nolle prosequi was entered on the co-defendants’ first
indictment.
All three co-defendants timely filed motions for new trial, which were
amended through new counsel on various dates in 2017 and 2019. After
hearings in 2019, the trial court denied the amended motions in separate
orders entered on January 10, 2020, and each co-defendant timely filed a notice
of appeal. The cases were docketed in this Court for the April 2021 term.
Collins’s case was orally argued on April 22, 2021, and Burdine’s and Love’s
cases were submitted for decisions on the briefs.
2
ineffective assistance. Collins contends that the trial court
committed plain error by giving the jury an inapplicable instruction
on the definition of “accomplice” and that his trial counsel provided
constitutionally ineffective assistance. 2 Love contends that the trial
court erred by denying his request for a jury instruction on voluntary
manslaughter. For the reasons explained below, we affirm the
convictions in all three cases.
1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, the
2 At oral argument, Collins also asserted that, although the count of
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon was merged into his conviction for
felony murder predicated on the same aggravated assault, the count of
aggravated assault with intent to rob also should have been merged into the
felony-murder conviction. But under our settled precedents—which Collins
has not cited—aggravated assault with intent to rob does not merge into felony
murder predicated on aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, and the trial
court therefore did not err in sentencing Collins for both offenses. See Norris
v. State, 302 Ga. 802, 805 (809 SE2d 752) (2018) (citing Thomas v. State, 292
Ga. 429, 433 (738 SE2d 571) (2013)); Dublin v. State, 302 Ga. 60, 68 (805 SE2d
27) (2017). See also Hinton v. State, 304 Ga. 605, 608-609 (820 SE2d 712)
(2018) (when the trial court exercises its discretion “to sentence the defendant
on a felony murder count predicated on one crime, then it must also sentence
him on any remaining crime that served as a predicate to a vacated felony
murder count when the other crime does not merge with the felony murder
conviction on which a sentence was entered”) (citation and punctuation
omitted). Cf. Rice v. State, 311 Ga. 620, 625 (857 SE2d 230) (2021) (on which
Collins relies, but which vacated a conviction for an aggravated assault that
should have been merged into a conviction for attempted armed robbery).
3
evidence presented at the co-defendants’ trial showed the following. 3
Collins and Burdine lived in a three-bedroom duplex apartment, and
Love stayed there often, spending several nights at the apartment
leading up to April 21, 2012. On that day, Angela Smallwood,
Angela Peace, and Michele Black were visiting Sheree Christiansen,
who lived in the apartment adjoining Collins and Burdine’s
apartment. During the afternoon, Black overheard all three co-
defendants on the front porch planning to rob someone. At some
point on the same day, Black saw Love with a 9-millimeter pistol
and Collins with some type of revolver that had been “extended” and
looked like a “sawed-off” rifle. That evening, Smallwood and Peace
agreed to give Collins and Love a ride in Smallwood’s car to purchase
some marijuana, and they saw Collins or Love with a handgun.
3 Of the three co-defendants, only Burdine raises the sufficiency of the
evidence on appeal, and he raises that issue as to all of his convictions except
one (possession of less than one ounce of marijuana). Under Davenport v.
State, 309 Ga. 385, 399 (846 SE2d 83) (2020), we no longer as a matter of course
consider sufficiency of the evidence sua sponte in non-death penalty cases.
Therefore, although we will consider Burdine’s contention of evidentiary
insufficiency, we will not evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence to support
Collins’s or Love’s convictions, or Burdine’s conviction for possession of less
than one ounce of marijuana.
4
Burdine followed in Collins’s pickup truck, giving Collins and Love
directions to Kelley’s house. Burdine turned “away from”
Smallwood’s car, Collins and Love directed Smallwood to park on a
cul-de-sac with no houses, and Collins and Love exited Smallwood’s
car. The location where Smallwood parked was about 200 to 300
yards from Kelley’s house. Around 10:30 p.m., Kelley’s girlfriend
heard a loud noise outside their home, went outside to check on
Kelley, and found him lying on the garage floor with a gunshot
wound to his face.
About 20 minutes after Collins and Love arrived at the cul-de-
sac, they ran back to Smallwood’s car, breathing heavily and telling
her to “go, go, go”; one of them said not to ask any questions. Upon
their return to the duplex, Collins and Love first went to Collins and
Burdine’s side of the duplex and then about 30 minutes later to
Christiansen’s side. Christiansen saw Collins and Love burning
their clothes in the backyard. Black saw the two men place guns in
Christiansen’s attic. Collins and Love smoked marijuana with
Smallwood and Peace. Love later told Smallwood and Peace that he
5
and Collins had shot a man in the face in self-defense, and also told
them not to tell the police. Black heard Love say that he thought he
had murdered somebody, and Collins became “very angry” and told
Love to “shut up.”
When police officers responded to the 911 call from Kelley’s
girlfriend, they discovered that Kelley was dead. The medical
examiner testified that the cause of Kelley’s death was a gunshot
wound to his left-eye region from a very close range, about seven
inches away. Officers found a 9-millimeter shell casing in the
garage, but no firearms around the body or in the house. According
to Kelley’s girlfriend and son, Kelley was opposed to firearms and
never owned or possessed any. Although Kelley repaired cars and
worked as a landscaper, he also sold marijuana to “older people” he
knew and to Burdine. But Kelley began to ignore Burdine’s
attempts to contact him, and their relationship had soured.
The day after the shooting, Love used Christiansen’s phone to
call his mother in Chicago and tell her that he needed money to get
to Chicago because he thought he had killed someone. Black and
6
Christiansen spoke with Kelley’s son and realized that Kelley was
probably the murder victim Love had talked about. Black and
Christiansen then spoke with law enforcement officers and were
able to give them information about the shooting that had not been
made public yet. Police officers executed a search warrant and found
marijuana in Collins and Burdine’s apartment.
Detectives interviewed all three co-defendants, beginning with
Collins, who at first denied—but later admitted—that he had a cell
phone and confirmed the number. Collins denied any involvement
in Kelley’s murder and said that he had been at home all day, went
to his girlfriend’s house that evening, and stayed there for the rest
of the night. Burdine also denied any involvement in the murder,
saying that he had been home all day and night, although he may
have gone to a nearby drugstore at some point. Burdine admitted
that he occasionally purchased marijuana from Kelley, and that he
called and texted Kelley for that purpose on April 21, but that Kelley
responded that he had company and it “wasn’t going to work out.”
Burdine also claimed that he tried to contact Kelley the next
7
morning by text.
Cell phone logs and records showed that one of the last calls on
Kelley’s phone was from Burdine’s phone at 10:05 p.m. on the night
of Kelley’s murder and that, contrary to Burdine’s statement,
Burdine did not call or text Kelley’s phone the next morning.
However, records showed that all text messages on Burdine’s cell
phone from the week preceding the murder through April 21 had
been deleted. Cell phone location data showed that both Collins’s
and Burdine’s phones moved towards the area of Kelley’s house
shortly before the murder and back to the area of the duplex after
the murder. During the 10:05 p.m. call from Burdine’s phone to
Kelley’s phone and a call from Collins’s phone to Burdine’s phone
right after that, both Collins’s and Burdine’s phones were signaling
off a cell tower near Kelley’s house, and Collins’s phone continued to
signal off that tower as he sent text messages to his girlfriend from
9:56 p.m. to 10:27 p.m. that night. Records also showed that Collins
and his girlfriend sent 63 text messages to each other between 8:00
p.m. on April 21 and 3:00 a.m. on April 22, and Collins’s girlfriend
8
later admitted that Collins would not have texted her so many times
if he had been with her that night.
Love also initially denied any involvement in the murder,
telling detectives that he had been with Black at Christiansen’s
apartment on the evening of the murder and all the rest of that
night. When Love was told that there were surveillance cameras
outside Kelley’s house and that Smallwood had told detectives “what
happened that night,” Love admitted that he had a “pirate gun” that
was long with a small scope, and he also mentioned a 9-millimeter
pistol. Love claimed that he discarded the “pirate gun” in a yard
before walking from Smallwood’s car to Kelley’s house for what was
“supposed to be a drug deal, and at some point . . . turned into a
robbery” because Kelley had cash or marijuana, and that the “two
Angies” did not know what was going to happen. Love also claimed
that he “blacked out” as he approached Kelley’s house, but he
recalled seeing either a quarter pound or half pound of marijuana
back at the duplex after leaving Kelley’s house.
At trial, Love testified that he had lied about “blacking out”;
9
that Burdine was going to buy marijuana from Kelley but did not do
so because Kelley told him he had company; that Love and Collins
decided to talk to Kelley themselves; that Collins stopped at the end
of the driveway and Love approached Kelley while Kelley was doing
something at the trunk of a car; that Kelley then closed the trunk;
that after Love and Kelley briefly discussed why Love was there,
Kelley pulled a 9-millimeter pistol on Love, who was unarmed; that
Love was able to grab the pistol and point it at Kelley’s head; that
Kelley demanded his pistol back and threatened to kill Love; that
Kelley moved in a way that scared Love; and that Love then shot
Kelley in self-defense.
S21A0628. Burdine v. The State 4
2. Burdine contends that the trial court erred in denying his
motion for directed verdict, because the evidence was insufficient to
support his convictions as a party to the crimes of felony murder
4We note that Divisions 2 through 5 of this opinion address claims that
Burdine alone raises on appeal, and that his claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel—as well as Collins’s—are addressed below in Division 8.
10
predicated on aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and
aggravated assault with intent to rob.5 In reviewing a denial of a
motion for directed verdict, we apply the familiar standard set forth
by Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560)
(1979): “‘Whether the evidence was sufficient to authorize a rational
trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that [the defendant]
was guilty of the crimes for which he was convicted.’” Boyd v. State,
306 Ga. 204, 212 (830 SE2d 160) (2019) (citation omitted). The
evidence presented at trial against Burdine meets that standard.
(a) With respect to his conviction for felony murder predicated
on aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, Burdine contends that
there was no evidence he had any knowledge that Love or Collins
possessed a firearm when they left the duplex for Kelley’s house,
that Love or Collins had any plan to commit an assault on Kelley
with a firearm, or that such an assault was a foreseeable possibility.
5Burdine also contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the
verdicts on the other two felony murder counts of which he was found guilty,
but that contention is moot because he was not sentenced on those counts. See
Blackshear v. State, 309 Ga. 479, 482 (847 SE2d 317) (2020).
11
Though Burdine acknowledges that evidence was presented that
Love or Collins was seen in possession of a firearm before leaving for
Kelley’s house, Burdine argues that the evidence shows that those
“sightings of a possible firearm” occurred when Burdine had already
left the duplex and therefore no longer was present to see any
weapons.
To support Burdine’s conviction for felony murder, the evidence
had to show that Burdine proximately caused, either directly or as
a party to the crime, Kelley’s death while in the commission of an
aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. See OCGA § 16-5-1 (c);
Boyd, 306 Ga. at 207. The trial court charged the jury on aggravated
assault, which OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2) defines as “assault[ ] . . .
[w]ith a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or instrument
which, when used offensively against a person, is likely to or actually
does result in serious bodily injury[.]” The trial court also charged
the jury on Georgia’s “party to a crime” statute, which provides that
“[e]very person concerned in the commission of a crime,” including
one who “[d]irectly commits the crime” or “[i]ntentionally aids or
12
abets in the commission of the crime” is “a party thereto and may be
charged with and convicted of commission of the crime.” OCGA § 16-
2-20 (a), (b) (1), (3). “Conviction as a party to a crime requires proof
that the defendant shared a common criminal intent with the
principal perpetrator of the crime, which may be inferred from
presence, companionship, and conduct before, during, and after the
offense.” Hood v. State, 309 Ga. 493, 498 (847 SE2d 172) (2020)
(citation and punctuation omitted).
Even if Burdine had no knowledge that Love or Collins
possessed the gun that was used to commit an aggravated assault
against Kelley, Burdine still could be a party to the aggravated
assault if he shared a criminal intent to commit an assault on Kelley.
See Herrington v. State, 300 Ga. 149, 151 (794 SE2d 145) (2016)
(“[E]ven a defendant who lacks knowledge that his co-defendant
possessed the gun that was used to commit an aggravated assault
may nevertheless be a party to the aggravated assault, if he shared
a criminal intent to commit an assault on the victim.”) (citation and
punctuation omitted). And if the evidence showed such a shared
13
criminal intent, then Burdine was “chargeable with the foreseeable
acts undertaken by [Love and Collins] in the furtherance of that
shared intent,” even if Love or Collins “did something or employed
some instrument that [Burdine] subjectively did not expect.” Cash
v. State, 297 Ga. 859, 864 (778 SE2d 785) (2015).
Here, the evidence showed that Burdine was present with Love
and Collins for the planning of the robbery and that he was the one
who knew Kelley, called Kelley, and followed Love and Collins in
Collins’s truck to the area near Kelley’s house while giving
directions. The evidence was sufficient for the jury to conclude that
Burdine shared a criminal intent with Love and Collins, and that
Burdine conspired to commit and, at the very least, was a party to
the planned robbery. Indeed, even assuming that Burdine did not
know that Love or Collins had a gun or planned to use a gun to rob
or assault Kelley, the jury was authorized to hold Burdine criminally
responsible for Kelley’s death because there was a foreseeable risk
that Love or Collins would bring a firearm to the planned robbery of
Kelley, and that Kelley—the intended victim of a robbery—could be
14
killed. See, e.g., Kemp v. State, 303 Ga. 385, 389 (810 SE2d 515)
(2018) (rejecting an argument nearly identical to Burdine’s and
affirming that the defendant could be responsible for his co-
defendant’s actions as a party to the crime “because it was a
reasonably foreseeable consequence that the intended victim of a
robbery would be killed”); Cash, 297 Ga. at 864 (“Even assuming
that the appellant did not know that [his co-defendant] was armed
with a shotgun, it certainly is foreseeable that an assault in the
circumstances presented here—an early-morning ambush on the
side of a road to which the victims were lured unwittingly—might
involve the use of a deadly weapon and may result in serious injury
or loss of life.”).
(b) With respect to his conviction for aggravated assault with
intent to rob, Burdine argues that without certain allegedly
inadmissible hearsay to which his trial counsel failed to object, there
was no evidence that Burdine or his co-defendants had any intent or
15
plan to rob Kelley. 6 In Division 8 (c) below, we address Burdine’s
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to object to this
alleged hearsay, but that claim does not affect our review of the
sufficiency of the evidence. “When we consider the legal sufficiency
of the evidence under Jackson v. Virginia, we consider all the
evidence presented at trial, without regard to whether some of that
evidence might have been improperly admitted.” Golden v. State,
310 Ga. 538, 540 (852 SE2d 524) (2020) (citation and punctuation
omitted). Likewise, this Court is authorized to consider hearsay
evidence on a sufficiency review even if a competent attorney would
have objected to that hearsay evidence and the evidence would have
been excluded at trial as a result. See Mosley v. State, 307 Ga. 711,
718 n.2 (838 SE2d 289) (2020); Dublin v. State, 302 Ga. 60, 67-68
(805 SE2d 27) (2017).
6An additional argument that Burdine makes—that the evidence does
not prove that a robbery even occurred because the lead detective testified that
there was no evidence that any items were stolen from Kelley’s house—is
wholly without merit. See OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (1); Lucky v. State, 286 Ga. 478,
482 (689 SE2d 825) (2010) (“[T]hat property be taken . . . is not a fact which
must be proved in aggravated assault with intent to rob.”).
16
Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence presented at trial,
when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdicts, was
sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find Burdine guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt of the crimes for which he was convicted. See
Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Hood, 309 Ga. at 494-498 (evidence
supported convictions for felony murder and aggravated assault
where it showed, among other things, that the defendant
participated in a plan to rob the victims, called the victims multiple
times including just before the shooting, was in regular phone
contact with a co-indictee, and met with her co-indictees
afterwards).
3. Burdine contends that the trial court erred in failing to
vacate his conviction for felony murder predicated on aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon because it was based on the same facts
as the malice-murder count (of which he was found not guilty), and
because he also was found not guilty of the separate predicate
offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. In short, he
contends that his felony-murder conviction was inconsistent with
17
the not-guilty verdicts the jury returned on the counts of malice
murder and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.
Consistent with United States Supreme Court precedent,
however, this Court abolished the inconsistent-verdict rule in 1986.
See McElrath v. State, 308 Ga. 104, 109 (839 SE2d 573) (2020)
(noting that Milam v. State, 255 Ga. 560, 562 (341 SE2d 216) (1986),
“abolished the rule that inconsistent verdicts in irreconcilable
conflict in criminal cases warranted reversal, adopting the rationale
set out by the U. S. Supreme Court in United States v. Powell,” 469
U.S. 57, 64-65 (105 SCt 471, 83 LE2d 461) (1984)) (citations and
punctuation omitted). Burdine acknowledges that we recently
applied Milam to uphold a felony-murder conviction even though the
defendant—like Burdine—had been found not guilty of malice
murder. See Dugger v. State, 297 Ga. 120, 122 (772 SE2d 695)
(2015). See also Smith v. State, 280 Ga. 340, 340 (627 SE2d 1)
(2006) (expressly declining to overrule Milam and rejecting as
meritless the assertion that a felony murder conviction had to be
reversed because it was inconsistent with an acquittal on the
18
predicate offense of aggravated assault). Burdine nonetheless asks
us to revisit Dugger and other similar precedents allowing for
inconsistent verdicts, claiming that they “deprive defendants of
their protections against double jeopardy and of due process.” But
he does not offer any compelling reason to abandon precedent that
has been a settled part of our law for 35 years, is straightforward in
its application, and not obviously unsound. See Smith v. State, 295
Ga. 120, 122 (757 SE2d 865) (2014) (conducting a similar stare
decisis analysis of the rule that “the State may insist that an accused
be tried by a jury, even when the accused would prefer to be tried by
a judge,” id. at 120). See also McElrath, 308 Ga. at 108-109
(“‘[I]nconsistent verdicts—even verdicts that acquit on a predicate
offense while convicting on the compound offense—should not
necessarily be interpreted as a windfall to the Government at the
defendant’s expense. It is equally possible that the jury, convinced
of guilt, properly reached its conclusion on the compound offense,
and then through mistake, compromise, or lenity, arrived at an
inconsistent conclusion on the lesser offense.’”) (quoting United
19
States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 65 (105 SCt 471, 83 LE2d 461) (1984));
Dugger, 297 Ga. at 122 (concluding that a not-guilty verdict on
malice murder is not “necessarily inconsistent” with a guilty verdict
on felony murder, “because a jury is clearly authorized to find a
defendant guilty of felony murder even where it finds that a
defendant did not possess the requisite ‘malice’ to sustain a malice
murder conviction”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
4. Burdine contends that the trial court erroneously denied his
motion to sever his trial from the trial of his co-defendants. We
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
a severance of Burdine’s trial.
“When two or more defendants are jointly indicted” for a capital
felony where the State does not seek the death penalty, or for a non-
capital offense, “such defendants may be tried jointly or separately
in the discretion of the trial court.” OCGA § 17-8-4 (a). In ruling on
a motion to sever, a trial court should consider: “(1) the likelihood of
confusion of the evidence and law; (2) the possibility that evidence
against one defendant may be considered against the other
20
defendant; and (3) the presence or absence of antagonistic defenses.”
Smith v. State, 308 Ga. 81, 85 (839 SE2d 630) (2020) (citation and
punctuation omitted). Neither the “mere presence of antagonistic
defenses” nor the “possibility that a separate trial would give a
defendant a better chance of acquittal” is sufficient to show an abuse
of discretion. Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). “Rather, the
defendant bears the burden of showing that a joint trial was so
prejudicial as to amount to a denial of his right to due process.” Id.
(citation and punctuation omitted). In accordance with OCGA § 17-
8-4 (a), “we review a trial court’s decision to deny a severance motion
for an abuse of discretion.” Draughn v. State, 311 Ga. 378, 386 (858
SE2d 8) (2021).
Burdine argues that in light of the factors the trial court should
have considered, severance was required. 7 We address each factor
7 In arguing that the trial court abused its discretion by not severing his
trial, Burdine also points to certain other of his enumerations of trial-court
error and ineffective assistance of counsel, arguing that they “stem from” the
denial of his motion to sever and that they prejudiced him and caused confusion
of the factual and legal issues at trial. However, our review of the trial court’s
order denying severance of Burdine’s trial does not ask whether there was
21
in turn. With respect to the first factor—likelihood of confusion of
the evidence and law—Burdine conceded at the hearing on his
motion to sever that confusion of the evidence and the law would be
unlikely if his trial were not severed from the trial of his co-
defendants.8 Indeed, such confusion was unlikely because the three
co-defendants were “charged with the same offenses stemming from
the same incident with largely the same evidence” and the jury was
“instructed to determine guilt or innocence of each defendant
separately.” Draughn, 311 Ga. at 387. Moreover, the verdicts
showed that the jury distinguished Burdine’s culpability from that
of his co-defendants because Burdine was found not guilty of malice
murder, felony murder predicated on possession of a firearm by a
some other error that would not have occurred at a separate trial, but rather
whether the joint trial—in light of the factors that the trial court should have
considered—prejudiced Burdine to such an extent as to amount to a denial of
due process. See Smith, 308 Ga. at 85; Kennedy v. State 253 Ga. 132, 134 (317
SE2d 822) (1984) (“The exercise of a trial court’s discretion in denying a motion
to sever will not be disturbed on appeal unless the defendant clearly
demonstrates that he suffered prejudice by one or more of the above factors
amounting to a denial of due process.”) (emphasis supplied).
8 Burdine’s counsel stated: “First one is, will the number of defendants
create confusion regarding law and evidence presented against each individual
defendant? I’m gonna give this one to the State and say no.”
22
convicted felon, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, and
possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, but Love
was found guilty of all counts and Collins was found guilty of all
counts except malice murder. See Virger v. State, 305 Ga. 281, 291
(824 SE2d 346) (2019) (concluding that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in denying a motion for severance, due in part to the
fact that “the jury’s verdicts show that they distinguished between
[the two co-defendants as to] culpability, because [one co-defendant]
was acquitted of malice murder, two counts of felony murder, and
aggravated battery, while the jury found [the other] guilty on all
counts”).
With respect to the second factor—the possibility that evidence
against one defendant may be considered against the other
defendant—Burdine argues that certain evidence admitted against
Collins and Love may have been considered improperly against
Burdine. But testimony from multiple witnesses at trial showed the
distinct roles each co-defendant played in planning to rob Kelley and
causing his death, and the jury was properly “charged on party to a
23
crime—as well as mere association and mere presence—for all three
co-defendants and returned separate verdicts for each defendant.”
Smith, 308 Ga. at 86. Moreover, “[t]he trial court provided the jury
with limiting instructions on each of the few occasions that evidence
against one of the co-defendants was inadmissible against the other,
and the jury is presumed to have followed those instructions.”
Virger, 305 Ga. at 290-291.
Finally, with respect to the third factor—the presence or
absence of antagonistic defenses—Burdine complains that Love’s
defense, which consisted of Love’s trial testimony against the
backdrop of Love’s inconsistent pre-trial statements, was
antagonistic to Burdine’s defense. But the mere antagonism
between Burdine’s and Love’s defenses is not sufficient to amount to
a denial of due process, even if the evidence against Love was
stronger than the evidence against Burdine and even if a separate
trial potentially could have increased Burdine’s chance of acquittal.
See Hurston v. State, 310 Ga. 818, 826 (854 SE2d 745) (2021) (“[T]he
mere presence of antagonistic defenses is insufficient to require
24
severance in a non-death penalty case; instead, the defendant must
show that considering these antagonistic defenses, a joint trial was
so prejudicial as to amount to a denial of his right to due process.”)
(citation and punctuation omitted); Smith, 308 Ga. at 85-87 (“[T]he
fact that the evidence as to one of the co-defendants is stronger does
not demand a finding that the denial of a severance motion is an
abuse of discretion, where there is evidence showing that the
defendants acted in concert.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
In sum, we have already held that sufficient evidence was
introduced at trial to show that Burdine was guilty as a party to the
crimes for which he was convicted, and “[w]here, as here, there is
sufficient evidence of a ‘common scheme or plan’ to commit a
criminal offense, joinder is authorized and severance is not
mandatory.” Green v. State, 302 Ga. 816, 819 (809 SE2d 738) (2018)
(citation and punctuation omitted). For these reasons, we conclude
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Burdine’s
motion to sever. See Draughn, 311 Ga. at 386.
5. Burdine contends that the trial court erred in instructing
25
the jury, contrary to the pattern jury instruction, that an out-of-
court statement by a testifying co-defendant could be used against
Burdine. However, because Burdine’s attorney did not object to this
instruction at trial, we review this enumeration for plain error only.
See Lewis v. State, 311 Ga. 650, 664 (859 SE2d 1) (2021).
Accordingly, the alleged instructional error requires reversal only if
it “was not affirmatively waived; was clear and obvious, rather than
subject to reasonable dispute; likely affected the outcome of the trial;
and seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.” Knighton v. State, 310 Ga. 586, 591 (853 SE2d
89) (2020). “An appellant must establish all four elements of the test
in order to demonstrate plain error, so satisfying this test is difficult,
as it should be.” Id. (citations and punctuation omitted).
During its charge to the jury, the trial court twice gave the
pattern jury instruction regarding the statement of a defendant at a
joint trial as follows 9:
9 We note that at the time of trial, this charge was provided in duplicate
in the suggested pattern charges, and that the trial court gave the charge twice
26
Any out-of-court statement made by one of the defendants
on trial in this case after the alleged criminal act has
ended may be considered only against the defendant who
made the statement and only if you find that such
statement was freely and voluntarily made. If you find
that an out-of-court statement was made to the police
freely and voluntarily by a defendant on trial in this case,
then you are to consider the statement only as against the
particular defendant who made it.
At the conclusion of this instruction the first time, the trial court
added: “An in-court statement is not subject to this limitation, nor
is an out-of-court statement if the defendant testifies.” At the
conclusion of this instruction the second time, the trial court added:
“unless the defendant testifies.”
On appeal, Burdine makes no argument about how the trial
court’s jury instructions amounted to plain error. Instead, he offers
only the conclusory assertion—unsupported by citation to legal
authority—that the language the trial court added to the end of each
pattern instruction allowed Love’s out-of-court, post-arrest
at trial—apparently tracking the duplicated pattern charge. See Suggested
Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases, § 1.31.93 (B) (4th ed. 2007);
id. at § 1.33.10 (removed from the pattern instructions before the 2013 trial,
but requested by both parties at trial).
27
statements to be used against Burdine and “totally stripped”
Burdine of the “rights of confrontation and fair trial” that must be
protected “with the proper limiting instruction to guide the jury’s
consideration of a co-defendant’s post-arrest statement.”10
But Burdine has made no such showing. To the contrary,
because the record shows that Love testified and was subject to
cross-examination, Burdine has failed to show that the trial court’s
instructions violated his confrontation rights by allowing Love’s pre-
trial statements to be used against Burdine. See, e.g., Wells v. State,
307 Ga. 773, 776 (838 SE2d 242) (2020) (the defendant’s claim “that
the trial court’s admission of inculpatory statements from [his] co-
indictee . . . violated his right of confrontation” was rejected because
the co-indictee “testified at [the defendant’s] trial and [the
defendant] was able to cross-examine him”). Accordingly, Burdine
10Burdine does not claim that the alleged violation of his right to a fair
trial was independent from the alleged violation of his right to confrontation.
Nor does he make any attempt to distinguish his rights arising under the
Georgia Constitution from his rights arising under the United States
Constitution. As a result, we do not conduct separate analyses, either. See
Burney v. State, 309 Ga. 273, 282 n.6 (845 SE2d 625) (2020).
28
has failed to demonstrate error, let alone plain error. See, e.g.,
Thrift v. State, 310 Ga. 499, 507 n.7, 510 n.8 (852 SE2d 560) (2020);
Russell v. State, 309 Ga. 772, 783 (848 SE2d 404) (2020).
S21A0629. Love v. The State
6. Love’s sole contention on appeal is that the trial court erred
by denying his request for a jury instruction on voluntary
manslaughter as a lesser offense of murder. His contention fails
because the evidence did not support such an instruction.
OCGA § 16-5-2 (a) defines voluntary manslaughter as the
killing of another person under circumstances that would otherwise
be murder when the killer “acts solely as the result of a sudden,
violent, and irresistible passion resulting from serious provocation
sufficient to excite such passion in a reasonable person.” To warrant
a jury charge on voluntary manslaughter, there must be at least
slight evidence that “the accused was so influenced and excited that
he reacted passionately rather than simply in an attempt to defend
himself.” Beck v. State, 310 Ga. 491, 496 (852 SE2d 535) (2020)
(citations and punctuation omitted). “A charge on voluntary
29
manslaughter is not available to a defendant whose own statement
unequivocally shows that he was not angered or impassioned when
a killing occurred, and when the other evidence does not show
otherwise.” Id. at 497 (citation and punctuation omitted). See also
Burke v. State, 302 Ga. 786, 790-791 (809 SE2d 765) (2018)
(“[A]cting out of fear of bodily harm is not the same as acting in the
heat of passion, and only evidence of the latter supports a voluntary
manslaughter conviction.”).
Here, Love argues that his trial testimony supported not only
self-defense, but also the theory that Kelley’s threatening words,
combined with his violent conduct, amounted to a serious
provocation that caused Love to react passionately. To that end,
Love points to his testimony that Kelley called Love a “mother
f***er” to his face, threatened to kill him, and pulled a handgun on
him. But Love never testified that he was angry or mad or that he
had any other response showing he might have reacted
passionately—only that he was scared and was defending himself
30
(as well as Collins).11 Accordingly, Love has not shown that there
was the slight evidence required to support a jury charge on
voluntary manslaughter, and the trial court did not err in refusing
to give such a charge. See Morton v. State, 306 Ga. 492, 496 (831
SE2d 740) (2019) (the evidence did not support a charge on
voluntary manslaughter where the record was “devoid of any
evidence that the shooting was the result of a sudden, violent, and
irresistible passion,” and the defendant “testified that he shot [the
victim] because he was scared and felt he needed to protect
himself”); Allen v. State, 290 Ga. 743, 746-747 (2012) (where the
defendant “testified at trial that he shot the victim . . . in self-
defense when, during a verbal altercation with the victim and
another man, the man pointed a gun at him,” and the defendant
“stated he was ‘afraid’ and ‘terrified’ because of the verbal threats
the man was making,” some evidence was offered that the defendant
11 Love testified that before he grabbed Kelley’s weapon, he “thought
about . . . Collins over here,” and after Love grabbed the gun and Kelley
threatened to kill him, “I just seen him move and I got scared and I shot him.”
When asked what he thought would happen if he did not fire, Love answered:
“I was going to die or he was going to take the weapon. I was just on defense.”
31
may have acted in self-defense, but that same evidence did not also
constitute evidence that he reacted passionately as required to
warrant a charge on voluntary manslaughter).
S21A0627. Collins v. The State 12
7. Collins contends that the trial court committed plain error
when it gave the jury an inapplicable pattern instruction excluding
certain witnesses from the definition of “accomplice.” Because there
was evidence to support this charge, Collins has failed to show plain
error.
To authorize a jury instruction, “there need only be produced
at trial slight evidence supporting the theory of the charge.”
Hawkins v. State, 304 Ga. 299, 301 (818 SE2d 513) (2018) (citation
and punctuation omitted). “[W]hether the evidence presented is
sufficient to authorize a charge is a question of law.” Lofton v. State,
310 Ga. 770, 789 (854 SE2d 690) (2021) (citation and punctuation
omitted). “In considering whether a witness is an accomplice, we
12 We note that Division 7 of this opinion addresses claims that Collins
alone raises on appeal, and that his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel—
as well as Burdine’s—are addressed below in Division 8.
32
look to the definition of party to a crime found in OCGA § 16-2-20.”
Horton v. State, 310 Ga. 310, 322 (849 SE2d 382) (2020) (citation and
punctuation omitted). Thus, “[a]n accomplice is someone who shares
a common criminal intent with the actual perpetrator of a crime.”
Thornton v. State, 307 Ga. 121, 125 (834 SE2d 814) (2019) (citation
and punctuation omitted). “Mere presence or approval of a criminal
act is not sufficient to render one a party to the crime, although
criminal intent may be inferred from a person’s conduct before,
during, and after the commission of the crime.” Id. (citation and
punctuation omitted).
Moreover, under OCGA § 24-14-8, in “felony cases where the
only witness is an accomplice, the testimony of a single witness shall
not be sufficient. Nevertheless, corroborating circumstances may
dispense with the necessity for the testimony of a second witness
. . . .” In order to charge a jury “properly” with respect to this
statute, it may be necessary to instruct the jury that a witness whose
“participation in the criminal enterprise” was “unknowing” or due to
coercion is not an “accomplice” whose testimony must be
33
corroborated. See Fisher v. State, 309 Ga. 814, 819 (848 SE2d 434)
(2020).
At the charge conference in this case, the trial court decided to
give the pattern jury instruction on “unknowing participants”
because of the evidence that had been presented about Smallwood
and Peace giving Collins and Love a ride to purchase marijuana.
After instructing the jury on the legal requirement that the
testimony of an accomplice be corroborated, see OCGA § 24-14-8, the
trial court added the following: “However, a witness is not an
accomplice if the participation by the witness in the criminal
enterprise was unknowing. There is no legal requirement of
corroboration of a witness whose participation was unknowing.” See
Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases, §
1.31.94 (4th ed. 2007, updated through January 2021) (unchanged
since the 2013 trial). Collins’s counsel never objected to this charge
at trial, and Collins concedes on appeal that the charge was a correct
34
statement of law.13 But he argues that giving the charge was plain
error because the evidence mandated a finding that Smallwood and
Peace were accomplices whose testimony required corroboration.
To support his argument that the evidence “mandate[d] a
finding” that Smallwood and Peace “knowingly participated in th[e]
entire criminal enterprise” of “the armed drug deal” and therefore
“were accomplices for OCGA § 24-14-8 purposes,” Collins points to
evidence presented at trial that Smallwood and Peace were involved
with Collins and Love in the criminal enterprise of purchasing
marijuana, knew that Collins and Love possessed at least one gun
when exiting Smallwood’s car to buy marijuana, waited for Collins
and Love to return, smoked marijuana with them, discussed Kelley’s
killing, and not only did not report their knowledge of the homicide
to police, but also initially lied to officers during their investigation.
But even assuming that there was at least slight evidence presented
that Smallwood and Peace were accomplices whose testimony
13 We note that neither co-defendant objected, and when the trial court
stated that it was “going to have to give” the charge at issue, Burdine’s counsel
said, “Yes. I think you do.”
35
required corroboration—which would have supported the
instruction that the trial court gave the jury regarding the legal
requirement that the testimony of an accomplice be corroborated—
the provision of an accomplice-corroboration jury instruction did not
preclude the trial court from also giving a jury charge on a witness’s
unknowing participation if slight evidence was also introduced to
support that theory. See Hawkins, 304 Ga. at 301; Fisher, 309 Ga.
at 819 (although the jury could have found from certain evidence
that a witness was an accomplice whose testimony required
corroboration, the jury was also authorized, after being properly
charged on the need for corroboration of accomplice testimony and
on unknowing participation, to credit other evidence relating to the
witness’s knowledge and determine that the witness was not an
accomplice whose testimony required corroboration). And here, the
State introduced at least slight evidence that Smallwood and Peace
were unknowing participants: the testimony of Smallwood and
Peace, together with one of Love’s statements, authorized the jury
to conclude that Smallwood and Peace knew only about a plan to
36
purchase marijuana that evening, saw one of the co-defendants with
a firearm only before giving them a ride and did not think anything
of it, later smoked a small amount of marijuana with the co-
defendants, were not initially honest with law enforcement officials
but later cooperated with them, and were not present for the crimes
and did not know that a robbery, felony drug deal, any other felony,
or any use of a firearm was planned. This evidence (even if
inconsistent with some other evidence) amounted to at least slight
evidence supporting the theory that—although Smallwood and
Peace were aware of a planned misdemeanor purchase of
marijuana—neither of them shared in the co-defendants’ criminal
intent to commit a felony or to use a firearm and, therefore, neither
Smallwood nor Peace was a party to any of the felonies charged in
the indictment. 14 See Johnson v. State, 311 Ga. 221, 223-224 (857
SE2d 463) (2021) (“Although the jury could have found that [the
14 Moreover, to the extent Smallwood and Peace were accomplices to the
charged misdemeanor, their testimony did not have to be corroborated. See
OCGA § 24-14-8 (requiring corroboration of accomplice testimony for felonies,
but not for misdemeanors).
37
witness] was an accomplice, it was also authorized to rely on other
evidence, including inconsistencies in [his] and [his girlfriend’s]
testimony and their statements to the police, to conclude that [the
witness] had no knowledge that [the defendant] intended to shoot
[the victim], did not share [the defendant’s] criminal intent to do so,
fled the scene out of fear and surprise, and thus was not an
accomplice.”). And because there was at least slight evidence that
Smallwood and Peace did not have the knowledge necessary to be
accomplices, the trial court did not err—let alone plainly err—in
giving the jury the pattern charge on unknowing participants. 15 See
15 Collins also argues that the instruction on unknowing participants
was misleading and incomplete because it should have defined “criminal
enterprise.” But he offers no definition, and there is no pattern charge in that
regard. He instead argues that, to avoid a mistaken belief by the jurors that
Smallwood and Peace could not be accomplices if the homicide itself was not
discussed beforehand and occurred without their prior knowledge, the
instruction could have described specifically what evidence in this case could
show that Smallwood and Peace were participants in the criminal enterprise.
But an instruction along those lines would be improper because “a trial court’s
charge should contain no such summary of the evidence as might to a jury
either seem to be an argument or amount to the expression or intimation of an
opinion thereon”; “a trial court is not required, even after request, to
specifically point out particular evidence in behalf of the defendants which the
jury should specially consider”; and a trial court should refuse to give
argumentative jury charges that “are more adjusted to the exhortation of
counsel than to the impartial clarity which should characterize the
38
Hawkins, 304 Ga. at 301; Russell, 309 Ga. at 783.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims in S21A0628. Burdine v.
The State and S21A0627. Collins v. The State
8. Burdine and Collins contend in their respective appeals that
they each were denied the effective assistance of trial counsel in a
number of specific ways. 16 We conclude that neither Burdine nor
Collins has shown that his trial counsel was ineffective.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a
defendant generally must show that counsel’s performance was
deficient and that the deficient performance resulted in prejudice to
the defendant. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-695
instructions of the court.” Chester v. State, 267 Ga. 9, 12 (471 SE2d 836) (1996)
(citations and punctuation omitted).
16 Burdine also generally contends that an overarching cause of his trial
counsel’s ineffectiveness was—as counsel testified at the hearing on Burdine’s
motion for new trial—counsel’s “health issues” and “a hearing problem.” To
support this general contention, however, Burdine points only to specific
instances of alleged deficient performance, which we will address in this
division. See Williams v. State, 305 Ga. 776, 782-783 (827 SE2d 849) (2019)
(rejecting a general ineffectiveness claim based on trial counsel’s inability to
hear where the appellant relied on “specific instances of allegedly deficient
performance” that this Court separately considered, and where the appellant
did not show that his trial counsel entirely failed to subject the prosecution’s
case to adversarial testing). Burdine does not contend that his trial counsel
entirely failed to subject the State’s case to meaningful adversarial testing, and
so we do not address his general ineffectiveness claim. Cf. id. at 783.
39
(104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Wesley v. State, 286 Ga. 355,
356 (689 SE2d 280) (2010). To satisfy the deficiency prong, a
defendant must demonstrate that his attorney “performed at trial in
an objectively unreasonable way considering all the circumstances
and in the light of prevailing professional norms.” Romer v. State,
293 Ga. 339, 344 (745 SE2d 637) (2013); see also Strickland, 466
U.S. at 687-688. This requires a defendant to overcome the “strong
presumption” that trial counsel’s performance was adequate.
Marshall v. State, 297 Ga. 445, 448 (774 SE2d 675) (2015) (citation
and punctuation omitted). To carry the burden of overcoming this
presumption, a defendant “must show that no reasonable lawyer
would have done what his lawyer did, or would have failed to do
what his lawyer did not.” Davis v. State, 299 Ga. 180, 183 (787 SE2d
221) (2016). “In particular, decisions regarding trial tactics and
strategy may form the basis for an ineffectiveness claim only if they
were so patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would
have followed such a course.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted).
To satisfy the prejudice prong, a defendant must establish a
40
reasonable probability that, in the absence of counsel’s deficient
performance, the result of the trial would have been different. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “If an appellant fails to meet his or her
burden of proving either prong of the Strickland test, the reviewing
court does not have to examine the other prong.” Lawrence v. State,
286 Ga. 533, 533-534 (690 SE2d 801) (2010).
(a) Burdine contends that his trial counsel was ineffective in
failing to object to the jury instruction that an out-of-court statement
by a testifying co-defendant could be used against another co-
defendant, and Collins contends that his trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to object to the jury instruction on unknowing
participants. However, we have already determined, in Divisions 5
and 7 above, that the trial court did not err (as Burdine and Collins
allege) in giving the jury instructions that form the bases of these
claims. Because objections to these instructions “would have lacked
merit, and the failure to pursue a futile objection does not amount
to ineffective assistance,” these claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel fail. Dixon v. State, 309 Ga. 28, 37 (843 SE2d 806) (2020)
41
(citation and punctuation omitted). See also Knighton, 310 Ga. at
597 (“Because we concluded in Division 2 (b) above that the [trial]
court did not err in that respect, counsel did not perform deficiently
by failing to make such an objection.”).
(b) Burdine claims that his trial counsel was ineffective
because counsel failed to object or move for a mistrial with respect
to certain allegedly improper comments by the State. The allegedly
improper comments fit into two categories. First, Burdine contends
that certain comments made during the prosecutor’s opening
statement “lumped” all three co-defendants together, but that the
comments were false as they pertained to Burdine. This claim,
however, is based on a faulty factual premise because a careful
review of the prosecutor’s opening statement shows that, in context,
the comments Burdine points to referenced only Collins and Love.
Burdine has thus failed to show any error on which an objection
could be based, so his counsel did not perform deficiently by failing
to object. See Knighton, 310 Ga. at 597; Dixon, 309 Ga. at 37.
Second, Burdine contends that certain comments that the
42
prosecutor made during his opening statement and during his direct
examination of a detective were “inappropriate due to their legal
nature” and that they violated Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123
(88 SCt 1620, 20 LE2d 476) (1968). Specifically, Burdine points to
the prosecutor explaining to the jury during opening statements
that he would be allowed to ask Detective Twiggs only about what
each defendant said about himself, implying that he would not be
able to ask Detective Twiggs about what each co-defendant said
about the other co-defendants.17 During direct examination of the
detective, the trial court gave the jury limiting instructions based on
Bruton, and—consistent with his opening statements—the
prosecutor told the detective that he would be asking only about
what each defendant said about himself and not about any other
17 The prosecutor stated that “I’m only allowed to ask the detective about
what a defendant says about himself” and that “I’m going to ask . . . what did
Mr. Burdine say, if anything, about his role? And he can talk about what
Burdine told him about himself, and similarly for Love and similarly for
Collins. That’s the way legally it has to work. They talk about what happened
to themselves.” The prosecutor also said that “I have already explained to you
sort of the limitations about what we can ask the detective in terms of the
defendants’ statements . . . . We can only ask what did . . . Burdine say against
himself, and similarly for the other defendants.”
43
person.
We first address Burdine’s argument that these comments
were of an “inappropriate legal nature.” Burdine claims that “the
prosecutor introduce[d] legal principles to the jury” about Bruton
that were “addressed by the [trial] court and the State, but were
inappropriate to mention to the jury.” The record, however, belies
Burdine’s claim. To that end, the record shows that the prosecutor’s
comments during his opening statement and during his direct
examination of the detective accurately paraphrased the Bruton-
related limiting instructions the trial court gave the jury before
Detective Chris Twiggs’s testimony and again before jury
deliberations. It also shows that the prosecutor did not suggest that
the trial court had made any determination about the reliability or
credibility of the evidence or whether the co-defendants had
committed the acts in question. Because we cannot say that the
prosecutor’s comments were of an “inappropriate legal nature” such
that an objection on that basis would have been meritorious under
our case law, we also cannot say that defense counsel performed
44
deficiently in failing to object. See, e.g., Moore v. State, 307 Ga. 290,
299 (835 SE2d 610) (2019) (where the prosecutor’s reference during
opening statement to the trial court’s evidentiary ruling “was
accurate and noted the limited purpose for which the evidence would
be used,” “simply restated the evidentiary ruling by the trial court,”
and “contained no suggestion that the trial court had made any
determination about the reliability or credibility of the evidence or
whether [the defendant] had actually committed the acts in
question,” it could not be said “that the prosecutor’s remark was so
improper under our case law that defense counsel performed
deficiently in failing to object”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
With respect to Burdine’s Bruton claim, he contends that the
prosecutor’s comments during his opening statement and his direct
examination of Detective Twiggs violated Bruton by creating a false
impression that each of the co-defendants had given statements
implicating the other co-defendants. Under Bruton, a defendant’s
Sixth Amendment right of confrontation is violated when co-
defendants are jointly tried and “the testimonial statement of a co-
45
defendant who does not testify at trial is used to implicate another
co-defendant in the crime. However, Bruton excludes only the
statement of a non-testifying co-defendant that standing alone
directly inculpates the defendant.” Morris v. State, 311 Ga. 247, 255
(857 SE2d 454) (2021) (citation and punctuation omitted).
Even assuming (without deciding) that Burdine can challenge
under Bruton comments the prosecutor made during opening
statements, any such challenge fails. 18 The record shows that the
prosecutor did not say during his opening statement that Collins or
Love had said anything about Burdine or a person whom the jury
could infer to be Burdine, much less that Collins or Love directly
inculpated Burdine. The record shows the same with respect to the
prosecutor’s direct examination of Detective Twiggs. Accordingly,
we cannot say that the prosecutor’s comments about what the
detective was allowed to say regarding the co-defendants’
18See, e.g., Zackery v. State, 286 Ga. 399, 402 (688 SE2d 354) (2010)
(“[W]hat is said by the attorneys in opening statements is not evidence, and
the jury was so instructed in this case. . . . Thus, the appropriateness of a
Bruton challenge in the situation of comments made in the course of the State’s
opening statement is subject to question.”).
46
statements constituted the type of clearly inculpatory information
about Burdine that could amount to a Bruton violation. See
Simpkins v. State, 303 Ga. 752, 756-757 (814 SE2d 289) (2018)
(assuming that a Bruton challenge can be made to the State’s
opening statement, the prosecutor’s explicit comment in opening
statement about what one co-defendant had done, but not what the
other co-defendant had done, did not amount to a clear Bruton
violation such that the failure of the other co-defendant’s trial
counsel to object was deficient); Zackery v. State, 286 Ga. 399, 402
(688 SE2d 354) (2010) (assuming that a Bruton challenge can be
made to the State’s opening statement, there was no Bruton
violation where the prosecutor’s comment in opening statement that
one co-defendant felt that another co-defendant was involved in the
crime fell short of clearly inculpating that other co-defendant);
Watkins v. State, 285 Ga. 107, 110-111 (674 SE2d 275) (2009) (no
Bruton violation where the prosecutor’s direct examination of the
lead detective showed that one co-defendant said something about
another co-defendant but no inculpatory information about that
47
other co-defendant was revealed to the jury). 19 Any objection on
Bruton grounds therefore “would have been futile,” and Burdine’s
claim of ineffective assistance accordingly fails. See Morris, 311 Ga.
at 255 (citation and punctuation omitted).
(c) Burdine also claims that his trial counsel was ineffective in
failing to object to, or request to have stricken, Black’s testimony
about overhearing while she was visiting Christiansen’s apartment
on the day of Kelley’s murder the three co-defendants planning to
rob someone without specifying which co-defendant made which
comment—which Burdine characterizes as “inadmissible hearsay
intentionally solicited by the State.” Burdine does not explain,
however, how that testimony constituted hearsay, instead making
only the cursory argument that the testimony was “known to be
19Burdine primarily relies on Ardis v. State, 290 Ga. 58, 60 (718 SE2d
526) (2011), to support his argument that the prosecutor created a false
impression that each co-defendant had implicated the others. But here, unlike
in Ardis, no redaction of a written statement was involved, and the prosecutor
did not say or imply that any co-defendant had said anything about either of
the other co-defendants. Cf. id. at 60 (although a non-testifying co-defendant’s
statement that is redacted to eliminate any reference to the defendant may not
violate Bruton, “statements which[,] despite redaction, refer directly to a
person whom the jury may infer to be the defendant run afoul of the
confrontation clause”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
48
unreliable, if not totally untrue,” and that “the prosecutor
intentionally solicited [the] testimony.” Indeed, Burdine neither
cites Georgia’s Evidence Code nor offers legal analysis to support his
contention on appeal. We therefore deem this enumeration of error
abandoned under Supreme Court Rule 22. See, e.g., Lester v. State,
310 Ga. 81, 87 (849 SE2d 425) (2020) (in the absence of legal
authority or legal analysis, an appellant’s argument is deemed
abandoned under Rule 22); Clay v. State, 309 Ga. 593, 597 n.9 (847
SE2d 530) (2020) (blanket claim that a “statement was inadmissible
because it was obtained after an alleged illegal arrest” was deemed
abandoned because appellant offered “no argument or evidence as to
why his arrest was illegal”).
(d) Collins claims that his trial counsel was ineffective because
counsel failed to seek redaction of a portion of Collins’s indictment.
Specifically, he contends that trial counsel should have sought to
redact his prior first-offender felony of violating the Street Gang
Terrorism and Prevention Act, OCGA § 16-15-1 et seq., from the
indictment’s felony murder count predicated on possession of a
49
firearm by a first-offender probationer. Collins also complains that
his counsel should have, but did not, stipulate to Collins’s status as
a first-offender probationer and seek to exclude evidence of his prior
violation of the Street Gang Act. It is the admission of that evidence
that Collins contends caused him prejudice.
However, even assuming that counsel performed deficiently by
not taking action to keep evidence of Collins’s prior Street Gang Act
violation from the jury, Collins has not shown how this deficiency
likely affected the jury’s verdicts. Collins was indicted for felony
murder predicated on possession of a firearm by a first-offender
probationer in that he caused Kelley’s death while “having been
placed on probation as a felony first offender on or about April 16,
2012, . . . of the offense of Violation of the Georgia Street Gang
Terrorism and Prevention Act . . . , [and] did possess and transport
a firearm . . . .” Collins’s first-offender adjudication for violating the
Street Gang Act was admitted without objection, and that
adjudication revealed that Collins was associated with the Bloods
criminal street gang, committed the misdemeanor offense of reckless
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conduct by endangering the safety of others when he discharged a 9-
millimeter handgun in the backyard of a residential property, and
also committed the misdemeanor offense of discharge of a gun near
a highway or street. See OCGA §§ 16-5-60 (b) (reckless conduct), 16-
11-103 (discharge of a firearm on or near a public highway).
When the adjudication was admitted into evidence at trial, the
prosecutor described it only as “a certified first offender plea for . . .
Collins to felony violation of” the Street Gang Act. The trial court
promptly gave a limiting instruction for Collins’s first-offender
adjudication and also for Burdine’s prior conviction (which was
admitted at the same time), explaining that the jury could “consider
this evidence only insofar as it may relate . . . to being a required
element of conviction of a felony for offenses five and six and for no
other purpose or reason.”20 During closing argument, the prosecutor
20 Collins argues that the prejudice he suffered from admission of his
first-offender adjudication was exacerbated when the trial court and his
attorney referred to it as a “conviction.” But even to the extent Collins suffered
prejudice from the admission of that adjudication, he suffered little, if any,
additional prejudice because of incidental references to a prior “conviction,”
given that the adjudication that was admitted clearly showed Collins’s
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again explained that Collins was “on first offender probation”
pursuant to a plea to violation of the Street Gang Act and also
argued that because of that status, Collins was not allowed to
possess or transport a firearm. The trial court again gave a limiting
instruction after closing arguments were completed.
Because the nature of Collins’s prior violation of the Street
Gang Act was “not emphasized” but was “properly used only to
establish” the first-offender-probationer “element of” his felony-
murder charge predicated on possession of a firearm by a first-
offender probationer; because the underlying misdemeanors of
reckless conduct and discharging a firearm near a highway were
never mentioned except in the adjudication itself; and because the
trial court twice gave a limiting instruction, which “[w]e ordinarily
presume that jurors follow,” we conclude that the evidence of
treatment as a first offender, the prosecutor consistently referred to the
adjudication as a first-offender “plea,” and it was not unreasonable to refer to
Collins’s “first-offender disposition colloquially as a ‘conviction’ given that he
had entered a plea of guilty, and the disposition carried negative consequences
for him and temporarily resolved the charges against him.” Chavez v. State,
307 Ga. 804, 811 (837 SE2d 766) (2020).
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Collins’s prior first-offender adjudication—especially when
contrasted with the strong evidence of his guilt in this case—“was
only a minor consideration at the trial” and “had no probable effect
on the outcome of his trial.” Bentley v. State, 307 Ga. 1, 8-10 (834
SE2d 549) (2019) (concluding that the admission of a certified copy
of the defendant’s convictions for rape and incest likely did not affect
the jury’s guilty verdicts).
(e) Finally, Collins claims that his trial counsel was ineffective
when counsel encouraged the trial court “not to answer a critical
question from the deliberating jury.” Similarly, Burdine claims that
his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request the trial court
to address specifically the legal issue raised by the same question. 21
21 Burdine also raises this issue apart from his claim of ineffectiveness,
separately asserting that the trial court erred by failing to address specifically
the legal issue raised by the jury’s question. As recounted below, however,
Burdine’s counsel told the trial court that it should not answer the question.
Burdine therefore “affirmatively waived his right to challenge the trial court’s
action.” Hughes v. State, 310 Ga. 453, 457 (851 SE2d 580) (2020) (appellant
affirmatively waived any error in answering the jury’s questions on the issue
of proximate cause when he “agreed that re-reading the indictment was the
appropriate means to answer the jury’s questions”). See also Hicks v. State,
295 Ga. 268, 275 (759 SE2d 509) (2014) (“[B]ecause appellant expressly told
the trial court that it should not answer the [jury’s] question, appellant invited
the alleged error, and it therefore provides no basis for reversal.”).
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Because neither Collins nor Burdine has shown that his respective
counsel was deficient with regard to their approaches to the jury’s
question, this claim fails.
During deliberations, although the jury had been given a
written copy of the trial court’s instructions, the jury submitted the
following written, two-part question it denominated a “Rule of Law
Question”: “(1) If two parties participated in the planning of Crime
A, and Participant # 1 commits Crime B, are both participants guilty
of Crime B? (2) Does the level of Crime A (Felony or Misdemeanor)
affect the answer to Question 1?” The record shows that counsel for
the three co-defendants and the prosecutor agreed that the question
should not be answered. Specifically, Burdine’s counsel said with
respect to the jury’s question:
I don’t think your Honor should answer those questions.
I think you have given them all the law that they
need. . . . [Y]our honor has given them the jury charges.
I don’t think you should refer to any specific jury charge,
you just need to tell them that they have been given all
the law they need and the answers to their questions are
contained in the jury charges, which in a sense, they are.
Collins’s counsel agreed and added that “if you do recharge them,
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depending on, I’m assuming either conspiracy or party to a crime or
whatever, . . . then I will ask that they also be recharged for mere
association, mere presence and knowledge and stuff like that.” After
the prosecutor suggested telling the jury that “if you find that two
or more parties participated in a crime, the law of party to the crime
and conspiracy culpability would apply, as I have previously charged
you,” Collins’s counsel “object[ed] because it is directing them to the
parties to the crime and conspiracy culpability” and “specifically
saying party to the crime and conspiracy culpability directs them
towards that.” Burdine’s counsel then said that if the trial court
were to accept the State’s suggestion, “you are basically doing part
of the decision making and helping them and steering them to a
verdict.” Burdine’s counsel mentioned the option of reading the
entire jury charge again, but was reluctant to have the court spend
the 45 minutes that rereading the whole charge would take, and the
trial court rejected that option. Finally, Burdine’s counsel said that
“if we are going to do what [the State] suggests, then I ask you to do
what [Collins’s counsel] suggested.” The trial court ultimately
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responded to the jury with the following:
Let me give you the answer the law allows me to give you.
I have read you the charge and I have given you the
charge. To the extent there is an answer, it is in the
charge. I cannot say, “look here” or “look there,” because
then I’m favoring one part of the body of this charge over
another. And I didn’t want to read the whole thing out for
another 45 minutes, but you have the complete charge. If
there is an answer to your question, it is in the charge.
Now, the second part is almost a factual question. Any
fact to be determined in this case will be determined by
you, based on what you heard from the stand, from the
exhibits, or from the stipulations. I cannot answer
anything that has to do with the facts. That is solely and
completely in your province. So I cannot answer this in
any way that answers a factual question, and I am
required to tell you that the answer, if there is an answer,
is in this charge that I have sent you. So that doesn’t
necessarily help you, but it’s what the law requires that I
do.
After excusing the jury, the trial court asked the prosecutor and each
of the co-defendants’ attorneys if they had any objection, and each
one answered no.
In sum, the trial transcript shows that both Burdine’s and
Collins’s counsel were concerned that either a specific answer to the
jury’s question or rereading only a portion of the charge including
conspiracy and parties to a crime could upset the balance of the
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entire charge, amount to an improper comment on the evidence, or
run the risk of focusing the jury’s attention on the State’s theory of
their clients’ guilt. “[W]e cannot say that the worries of counsel were
unreasonable ones, and we likewise cannot say that the strategy
employed by counsel—to agree to the trial court simply referring the
jury to the whole of the charges previously given—was
unreasonable.” Davis v. State, 296 Ga. 126, 131 (765 SE2d 336)
(2014) (holding that the defendant failed to show ineffective
assistance based on counsel agreeing, “[i]n response to the jury
question about parties to a crime,” for “the trial court [to] simply
instruct[ ] the jury to consider as a whole all of the charges
previously given,” because counsel explained that giving a “concise,
direct, and accurate answer” to the jury’s question “would amount
to an improper comment on the evidence,” “would not be helpful to”
the defendant, “would only emphasize the several ways in which [the
defendant] could be held responsible for the crimes with which he
was charged,” and would require, in order to “avoid[ ] such undue
emphasis,” a recharge on “several additional matters as well,
57
including mere presence and association,” and because counsel
explained that “the trial court had given the jury a written copy of
the complete charge” and so “recharging the jury on parties to a
crime and related matters would only involve another reading of
instructions that the jury already had, and counsel saw little to be
gained by such a recharge”). As a result, we conclude that neither
Collins’s nor Burdine’s counsel was constitutionally deficient in this
regard, and Collins’s and Burdine’s claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel therefore fail.
Judgments affirmed. All the Justices concur.
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