CL SNF, LLC v. FOUNTAIN

In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: September 21, 2021

S20G1292. CL SNF, LLC et al. v. FOUNTAIN.

MCMILLIAN, Justice.

Minnie Fountain, as guardian for her adult nephew, Leroy

Wiggins, 1 filed claims against Wiggins’s skilled nursing facility and

its management – CL SNF, LLC d/b/a Clinch Healthcare Center

(“CHC”); RWC Healthcare, LLC; PWW Healthcare, LLC; and

Beacon Health Management, LLC (collectively, “Clinch”) – after

Wiggins allegedly was assaulted while in their care. Clinch moved

to compel arbitration of the claims, which the trial court denied. The

Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s ruling based on a

determination that neither the letters of guardianship issued by the

probate court nor the provisions of the Georgia Code pertaining to

guardians of adult wards, see OCGA § 29-4-1 et seq. (the

1 Wiggins is now deceased.
“Guardianship Code”), gave Fountain the authority to enter into a

pre-dispute arbitration agreement on Wiggins’s behalf. We granted

Clinch’s petition for certiorari and now reverse the decision by the

Court of Appeals in CL SNF, LLC v. Fountain, 355 Ga. App. 176,

183 (1) (843 SE2d 605) (2020), because we conclude that the

Guardianship Code grants a guardian authority to enter into a

binding pre-dispute arbitration agreement where the exercise of

such power is reasonably necessary to provide adequately for the

ward’s support, care, health, and welfare.

The record demonstrates that the Probate Court of Clinch

County issued “Letters of Guardianship of Adult Ward” naming

Fountain as Wiggins’s legal guardian on November 15, 2006,

charging her with responsibility for Wiggins’s care, subject to

applicable law and further orders of the court. In March 2014,

Wiggins was admitted as a resident at CHC, a skilled nursing

facility, and in connection with his admission, Fountain signed a

“Facility Admission Agreement” containing an arbitration clause. At

2
the same time,2 Fountain also signed a separate, three-page binding

“Arbitration Agreement,” which directed that all claims associated

with care provided by Clinch be submitted to arbitration3 and

expressly stated that Wiggins had the right to seek legal counsel

concerning the agreement; that the signing of the agreement was

not a precondition to Wiggins’s admission to, or his receipt of

2 Although the Facilities Admission Agreement and the Arbitration
Agreement show different dates, Fountain submitted an affidavit averring that
she signed the agreements at the same time and that the date on the
Arbitration Agreement is incorrect.
3 In pertinent part, the Arbitration Agreement provided:

Any and all claims or controversies arising out of or in any way
relating to this Agreement or the Resident’s Admission
Agreement, including the interpretation of either, or the Resident’s
stay at, or the care or services provided by, the Facility, or any acts
or omissions in connection with such care or services, . . . whether
arising out of State or Federal law, whether existing or arising in
the future, whether for statutory, compensatory or punitive
damages, and whether sounding in breach of contract, tort, or
breach of statutory or regulatory duties (including, without
limitation, any claim based on an alleged violation of the state bill
of rights for residents of long-term care facilities or federal
resident’s rights, any claim based on negligence, any claim for
damages resulting from death or injury to any person arising out
of care or service rendered by the Facility or by any officer, agent,
or employee thereof acting within the scope of his or her
employment, any claim based on any other departure from
accepted standards of health care or safety, or any claim for unpaid
nursing home charges), irrespective of the basis for the duty or of
the legal theories upon which the claim is asserted, shall be
submitted for arbitration.
3
services from, CHC; and that the agreement “may be revoked by

written notice to the Facility from the Resident within thirty (30)

days of signature.”

In March 2019, Fountain filed a lawsuit asserting various

claims against Clinch arising out of alleged acts of sexual battery

committed against Wiggins by another CHC resident. Clinch

responded with an answer denying liability and a motion to compel

arbitration and stay proceedings pursuant to the Federal

Arbitration Act, 9 USC §§ 1-16. Fountain opposed the motion, and

the trial court denied it, finding that although Fountain had the

authority to execute the arbitration agreements on Wiggins’s behalf,

the arbitration provision in the Facility Admission Agreement was

unenforceable because it violated federal law by giving Clinch, as a

precondition to Wiggins’s admission to CHC, additional

consideration over and above the Medicaid payments Clinch

received for Wiggins’s care. See 42 USC §1396r (c) (5) (A) (iii). 4 The

4 Under that provision,

4
trial court further concluded that the separate Arbitration

Agreement was not enforceable because it was (1) commercially

unreasonable, failing to advance the purpose of the Admission

Agreement, which was to provide nursing home services for

payment, and (2) unconscionable, based on the court’s finding that

the parties did not have an equal obligation to arbitrate under its

terms.

After the trial court certified its order for immediate review,

the Court of Appeals granted Clinch’s application for interlocutory

appeal. Although the Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of

Clinch’s motion to compel arbitration, it based its decision on a

determination that neither the letters of guardianship nor the

[w]ith respect to admissions practices, a nursing facility must, . . .
in the case of an individual who is entitled to medical assistance
for nursing facility services, not charge, solicit, accept, or receive,
in addition to any amount otherwise required to be paid under the
State plan under this [subchapter], any gift, money, donation, or
other consideration as a precondition of admitting (or expediting
the admission of) the individual to the facility or as a requirement
for the individual’s continued stay in the facility.

42 USC § 1396r (c) (5) (A) (iii).

5
Guardianship Code granted Fountain the authority to bind Wiggins

to the pre-dispute Arbitration Agreement. See Fountain, 355 Ga.

App. at 183 (1).5 We granted certiorari, asking the parties to address

whether the Court of Appeals correctly concluded that a legal

guardian of an adult ward appointed by a probate court and acting

under letters of guardianship did not have the authority to enter

into a pre-dispute arbitration agreement on behalf of the ward.

We start that analysis by examining the letters of

guardianship issued by the probate court. See OCGA § 29-4-13

(setting out requirements for order granting guardianship). In that

order, the probate court found that Wiggins was in need of a

guardian, appointed Fountain as the guardian, and provided, among

other things, that it was the guardian’s duty “to see that the ward is

5 The Court of Appeals noted that Clinch “[did] not enumerate as error
the trial court’s determination that the arbitration clause in the Facility
Admission Agreement was unenforceable,” Fountain, 355 Ga. App. at 178 n.1,
and it therefore limited its analysis to the enforceability of the separate
Arbitration Agreement. Also, because the Court of Appeals concluded that
Fountain lacked any authority to enter into the Arbitration Agreement on
Wiggins’s behalf, it did not address the trial court’s determination that the
Arbitration Agreement in this case was unenforceable on other grounds. See
id. at 184 (2).

6
adequately fed, clothed, sheltered and cared for, and that the ward

receives all necessary medical attention.” The letters also informed

Fountain that her “authority to act pursuant to these [l]etters is

subject to applicable statutes and to any special orders entered in

this case.” 6 The letters of guardianship do not explicitly address

whether Fountain had the authority to enter into a pre-dispute

arbitration agreement on Wiggins’s behalf.

Because the letters of guardianship incorporate the “applicable

statutes,” we now turn to the relevant provisions of the

Guardianship Code7 to determine whether Fountain had the

authority to enter into a pre-dispute arbitration agreement. We

“start with the premise that we must afford the statutory text its

plain and ordinary meaning.” Smallwood v. State, 310 Ga. 445, 452

(3) (851 SE2d 595) (2020) (citation and punctuation omitted). “To

6 The record does not include any special orders issued in connection with
the letters of guardianship, and the parties do not refer to any such orders that
may be relevant to the issues on appeal.
7 The parties do not point to any other statutory provision as bearing on

the issue of whether a guardian has the authority to enter into a pre-dispute
arbitration agreement under the circumstances of this case.
7
this end, we must view the statutory text in the context in which it

appears,” Thornton v. State, 310 Ga. 460, 462 (2) (851 SE2d 564)

(2020) (citation and punctuation omitted), and we rely on the “well-

settled rule of statutory construction that a statute must be

construed in relation to other statutes, and all statutes dealing with

the same subject matter are construed together and harmonized

wherever possible so as to give effect to the legislative intent.”

Synovus Bank v. Kelley, 309 Ga. 654, 657 (1) (847 SE2d 592) (2020)

(citation and punctuation omitted). Moreover, “when . . . confronted

with a statute having several parts, we must endeavor to harmonize

those parts so as to give a sensible and intelligent effect to each

part.” Thornton, 310 Ga. at 463 (2) (2020) (citation and punctuation

omitted).

OCGA § 29-4-22 sets out the general duties of a guardian and

states that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law or by the court, a

guardian shall make decisions regarding the ward’s support, care,

education, health, and welfare.” OCGA § 29-4-22 (a). The statute

also directs that a guardian “shall consider the expressed desires

8
and personal values of the ward” to the extent they are known and

“shall at all times act as a fiduciary in the ward’s best interest and

exercise reasonable care, diligence, and prudence.” OCGA § 29-4-22

(a). Consistent with the broad authority granted in subsection (a) of

the statute, subsection (b) describes other duties that the guardian

shall perform, including “[a]rrang[ing] for the support, care,

education, health, and welfare of the ward, considering the ward’s

needs and available resources.” OCGA § 29-4-22 (b) (6). A second

statutory provision – OCGA § 29-4-23 – outlines what powers a

guardian may exercise “[u]nless inconsistent with the terms of any

court order relating to guardianship.” Among other things, the

guardian may “[e]xercise those other powers reasonably necessary

to provide adequately for the support, care, education, health, and

welfare of the ward.” OCGA § 29-4-23 (a) (4). See also OCGA § 29-4-

23 (a) (1). These statutes, when construed together, impose

significant duties on the guardian to make arrangements for the

ward’s care and grant the guardian expansive, though not

unlimited, powers to do so. See generally In re Estate of Wertzer, 330

9
Ga. App. 294, 298 (1) (765 SE2d 425) (2014).

Notably, the Guardianship Code does not expressly address

whether a guardian may enter into a pre-dispute arbitration

agreement, but does reference alternative dispute resolution as a

procedure that a guardian may seek in connection with providing

care for the ward. See OCGA § 29-4-23 (a) (3) (A guardian may

“[b]ring, defend, or participate in legal, equitable, or administrative

proceedings, including alternative dispute resolution, as are

appropriate for the support, care, education, health, or welfare of the

ward in the name of or on behalf of the ward.”). Clinch asserts that

the power to “bring” an arbitration proceeding necessarily implies

that the guardian may enter into a pre-dispute arbitration

agreement because binding arbitration cannot occur without the

parties’ agreement. But as recognized by the Court of Appeals, a

guardian may bring a legal proceeding and then agree to arbitration,

so the authority to enter into a pre-dispute arbitration agreement is

not necessarily implied to give effect to this provision, see CL SNF,

355 Ga. App. at 183 (1), and we see nothing in the text of this

10
provision otherwise requiring that such power be implied.

However, we need not definitively say whether OCGA § 29-4-

23 (a) (3) authorizes a guardian like Fountain to enter into a pre-

dispute arbitration agreement under these circumstances, because

we conclude that such a power is one that is “reasonably necessary”

to adequately provide for the ward under OCGA § 29-4-23 (a) (4). In

determining whether a guardian’s action is authorized under OCGA

§ 29-4-23 (a) (4), we read the phrase “reasonably necessary” as

modifying the phrase “those other powers.” See Thornton, 310 Ga.

at 467 (3) (under rules of statutory construction, a qualifying phrase

is ordinarily read to modify the noun or phrase that it immediately

follows). So the question centers around what other powers are

reasonably necessary to provide adequately for the ward’s care.

It is undisputed that the guardian has the duty to make

decisions about the ward’s care and in connection with that duty, a

guardian is required to “arrange for the support, care, . . . health,

and welfare of the ward.” OCGA § 29-4-22 (b) (6). See also OCGA §

29-4-22 (a). No one questions that Fountain, as guardian, had the

11
authority to enter into the Facility Admission Agreement to allow

Wiggins to receive skilled nursing care from Clinch. But included in

that agreement is an arbitration clause, and if we accept Fountain’s

argument that she had no power to enter into a pre-dispute

arbitration agreement because it was not necessary to secure care

for Wiggins, then a guardian considering a contract proposed by a

care provider that includes terms later determined to be not

absolutely necessary to the provision of such services would be able

to avoid those terms of the contract even though the guardian in the

exercise of her fiduciary duties may have concluded at the time of

contracting to agree to those terms. Alternatively, if the guardian

recognizes at the outset that the term is not absolutely necessary,

the guardian would be required to return to the probate court for

permission to enter into such agreement or, at least, into any

unnecessary contractual provisions. 8 These examples illustrate the

8Even though Fountain also signed the separate Arbitration Agreement,
we do not see that whether the arbitration clause was included in the Facilities
Admission Agreement or a separate agreement makes a difference to the
analysis in this case. The Arbitration Agreement refers to the Admission

12
difficulties of Fountain’s position and why, consistent with the text

of the statute, a guardian arranging for care for the ward reasonably

should, in the exercise of her fiduciary duties, have the power to

consider whether to enter into terms that are being presented by

the care-provider. With respect to the pre-dispute arbitration

agreement in this case, we cannot say as a matter of law that a

guardian may never properly decide that entering a pre-dispute

arbitration agreement would serve the ward’s needs, any more than

we can say as a matter of law that a competent person may never

find it prudent to enter into such a contract. 9 Thus, we conclude that

the power to enter into a pre-dispute arbitration agreement under

Agreement and provides that it governs any claims or controversies arising out
of the Admission Agreement. See generally Rizk v. Jones, 243 Ga. 545, 545-46
(255 SE2d 19) (1979) (per curiam) (two or more written agreements executed
simultaneously in the course of the same transaction, some of which expressly
refer to the others, should be read and construed together); Hardin v. Great
Northern Nekoosa Corp., 237 Ga. 594, 597 (229 SE2d 371) (1976) (“Where
instruments are executed at the same time in the course of the same
transaction, they should be read and construed together.”).
9 The contrary holding by the Court of Appeals, which we now reverse,

could also apply to many other contracts for the ward’s care, education, health,
and welfare that may include pre-dispute arbitration clauses and could impair
the guardian’s ability to perform his duty to act in the ward’s best interests in
a diligent and prudent manner.
13
these circumstances is reasonably necessary to the guardian’s

authority to arrange for care for the ward, and Fountain had the

power to execute a pre-dispute arbitration agreement on the ward’s

behalf in connection with the provision of care.

Fountain asserts that the general “other powers reasonably

necessary” provision of the Guardianship Code does not apply

because the specific provision referring to alternative dispute

resolution does not expressly permit a guardian to enter into a pre-

dispute arbitration agreement, so that power cannot be read into the

general provisions. She cites the principle that “[w]here two statutes

are in conflict, . . . the more specific statute governs over the more

general one.” Bellsouth Telecommunications, LLC v. Cobb County,

305 Ga. 144, 151 (1) (824 SE2d 233) (2019). See also Ga. Mental

Health Institute v. Brady, 263 Ga. 591, 592 (2) (436 SE2d 219)

(1993). But the alternative dispute resolution provision is silent on

pre-dispute arbitration agreements, so there is no conflict between

the specific and general statutes, and this principle does not apply.

See Estes v. Jones, 203 Ga. 686, 687 (2) (48 SE2d 99) (1948) (no

14
conflict between statutes and constitution where constitution was

silent as to subject matter of statutes); Hines v. Wingo, 120 Ga. App.

614, 616 (3) (171 SE2d 905) (1969) (no conflict between statutes

where one statute was silent as to subject of the other).

Accordingly, because the Court of Appeals erred in

determining that Fountain had no authority under the

Guardianship Code to enter into the pre-dispute Arbitration

Agreement with Clinch in connection with Wiggins’s admission to

CHC, we reverse and remand the case for further consideration in

light of this opinion. 10

Judgment reversed and case remanded. All the Justices concur,
except Peterson, J., disqualified.

10We express no opinion on the issues of whether Fountain’s decision to
sign the agreement was a proper exercise of her discretion and fiduciary duties
as a guardian or whether the Arbitration Agreement is otherwise
unenforceable.
15