In Re Trinity P.

12/08/2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
October 5, 2021 Session

IN RE: TRINITY P.

Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Marshall County
No. 2020-OTH-02 Lee Bussart, Judge

No. M2020-01481-COA-R3-JV

The mother of a seven-year-old child appeals the trial court’s decision to grant grandparent
visitation. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial court concluded that a rebuttable
presumption of irreparable harm existed under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-
306(a)(5), generally referred to as the Grandparent Visitation Statute, because the child
lived with the grandparents for more than twelve months, a cessation of the relationship
would create a danger of substantial harm, and visitation was in the child’s best interests
based on the length and quality of the relationship and the existing emotional ties between
the child and the grandparents. The trial court, however, made no finding concerning the
threshold issue in -306(a): whether the mother opposed or severely reduced the
grandparents’ visitation prior to their filing the petition. Following a de novo review of the
record, we have determined that the grandparents failed to establish that the mother
opposed or severely reduced their visitation prior to filing the petition. As a consequence,
the Grandparent Visitation Statute was not implicated. Therefore, the judgment of the trial
court is reversed, and this matter is remanded with instructions to dismiss the petition.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
Reversed and Remanded

FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ANDY D.
BENNETT and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, JJ., joined.

Miranda Venuti, Lewisburg, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Deborah Zimmerle, Lewisburg, Tennessee and Matthew Wilson, Tupelo, Mississippi, for
the appellees, Bryan D. Wilson and Jamie R. Wilson.
 OPINION

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Miranda Venuti (“Mother”) is the mother of Trinity P., born in July 2013. Mother’s
mother, Jamie Wilson (“Grandmother”), and her husband, Bryan Wilson (collectively,
“Grandparents”), filed the underlying petition seeking visitation with Trinity.

For the first 18 months of her life, Trinity lived with Mother and Grandparents.
Mother and Trinity later moved to Alaska where they resided with Trinity’s father, Shaun
Quintin Pearson.1 During this time, principally from March through September 2015,
Trinity visited Grandparents in Tennessee for extended periods. In September 2016,
Mother and Trinity moved back to Tennessee while Mr. Pearson remained in Alaska.

For the next two years, Mother and Trinity shared a residence with Grandparents at
Grandparents’ home in Marshall County. In 2018, Mother met her current boyfriend, Jason
Blizzard. Shortly thereafter, Mother and Trinity began living with Mr. Blizzard. A few
months later, the three of them moved into a camper on Grandparents’ property next to
Grandparents’ house. On nights when Mother was working, Trinity would sleep in
Grandparents’ house.

On Mother’s Day, May 10, 2020, a dispute arose at the family compound,2 resulting
in a physical altercation among several family members, including Mr. Blizzard and
Mother’s step-sister, Jessica White. Both Mr. Blizzard and Ms. White were arrested for
assault.3 Immediately after the incident, Grandparents banned Mr. Blizzard from the
property. As a consequence of the ban, Mother and Trinity moved out of the camper and

1
Mother and the child’s father are estranged, and his whereabouts are unknown. In the petition,
the Grandparents alleged: “The biological father, Shaun Quintin Pearson’s last known residence was in
Fairbanks, Alaska. He has not had physical contact with the child in over 4 years.”

2
Grandparents shared the basement of their home with their other daughter, Jessica White; her
boyfriend, Jesse Carter; and Jessica’s pre-teen boys. Although Grandparents are married, Grandmother
shares a bedroom with her boyfriend, Jason Parker. As the trial court noted in its final order, “[t]his unusual,
but seemingly functional family model reached a breaking point on Mother's Day 2020, when an altercation
occurred between Jason Blizzard and Jessica White.”

3
The facts are hotly disputed. Grandparents allege: “Mother’s paramour, Jason Blizzard, assaulted
Mother’s sister, Jessica White. Mr. Blizzard hit Jessica multiple times striking her in the jaw and the eye.
She blacked out and was transported to the hospital and treated for the injuries to her face. Mr. Blizzard
was charged with Aggravated Assault on Jessica White.” Conversely, Mother alleges that Jessica White,
“entered the private property of Mother . . . with [Trinity] present, and violently attacked Mother, punching
[Mother] in the chest and face multiple times, nearly knocking [Mother] unconscious, before punching Mr.
Blizzard in the face multiple times as well. Both [Mother] and Mr. Blizzard suffered injuries as a result.”

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have resided with Mr. Blizzard in a rental home approximately fifteen miles away from
Grandparents since that time.

Although tensions remained high one week after the Mother’s Day altercation,
Mother permitted Grandparents to keep Trinity overnight. When Mother arrived the next
morning to pick up Trinity, Mother and Grandmother got into an argument, following
which Mother informed Grandmother that future visits must be supervised, a condition
Grandmother refused. Sometime later, Grandparents spent time with Trinity at a baseball
field. Otherwise, the record is silent as to what, if any, communications or events occurred
among Trinity and her Grandparents between the visit at the baseball field and the filing of
the petition.

Grandparents filed their petition for visitation on June 23, 2020, approximately six
weeks after the Mother’s Day altercation. The case went to trial in September 2020, at
which time the court heard testimony from Mother, Grandparents, and Mr. Blizzard.4 In its
final order, entered on October 14, 2020, the trial court granted the petition for visitation,
concluding that:

The facts clearly demonstrate undisputed compliance with [Tenn. Code
Ann.] § 36-6-306(a)(5); therefore, the court finds presence of danger of
substantial harm to the child based upon cessation of the relationship between
Trinity and [Grandparents]. Therefore, a “significant existing relationship”
exists between Trinity and [Grandparents], and the Court must now consider
if awarding grandparent visitation is in the child’s best interests . . . .

After making specific findings of fact concerning the best interest factors pursuant
to Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-307, the court ruled: “Upon consideration of all the
relevant[] statutory factors, the Court hereby awards grandparent visitation to
[Grandparents].”

This appeal followed.

ISSUES

The principal issue Mother raises, which we find dispositive, is whether
Grandparents established, as Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-306(a) requires, that
Mother opposed or severely reduced their visitation prior to the filing of the petition.5
4
Grandparents were represented by counsel at trial and are represented on appeal; Mother was pro
se at trial and is pro se on appeal.

5
Mother’s other issue is “[W]hether the trial court violated Mother’s Constitutional rights ordering
a prohibition on Mother, whose fitness was unquestioned, from spanking her Child, and a prohibition on

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 STANDARD OF REVIEW

“In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury, the court shall find the facts
specially and shall state separately its conclusions of law and direct the entry of the
appropriate judgment.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 52.01. If the trial court makes the required findings
of fact, appellate courts review the trial court’s factual findings de novo upon the record,
accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance
of the evidence is otherwise. Kelly v. Kelly, 445 S.W.3d 685, 692 (Tenn. 2014) (citing
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d)). “For the evidence to preponderate against a trial court’s finding
of fact, it must support another finding of fact with greater convincing effect.” State ex rel.
Flowers v. Tenn. Trucking Ass’n Self Ins. Grp. Trust, 209 S.W.3d 595, 599 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2006).

If the trial court fails to explain the factual basis for its decisions, the appellate court
“may conduct a de novo review of the record to determine where the preponderance of the
evidence lies or remand the case with instructions to make the requisite findings of fact and
conclusions of law and enter judgment accordingly.” Gooding v. Gooding, 477 S.W.3d
774, 783 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015) (citing Lovlace v. Copley, 418 S.W.3d 1, 36 (Tenn. 2013);
Ganzevoort v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997); Nashville Ford Tractor, Inc. v.
Great Am. Ins. Co., 194 S.W.3d 415, 424 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)).

Our review of a trial court’s determinations on issues of law is de novo, without any
presumption of correctness. Lind v. Beaman Dodge, Inc., 356 S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tenn.
2011).

ANALYSIS

Mother does not dispute that Trinity and Grandparents have a substantial
relationship within the meaning of Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-306, generally
referred to as the Grandparent Visitation Statute. Instead, she contends that Grandparents
provide no evidence to show that she opposed or severely reduced their visitation prior to
the filing of the petition. In this regard, Mother relies on subsection (a) of Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-6-306, which states in pertinent part:

(a) Any of the following circumstances, when presented in a petition for
grandparent visitation to the . . . juvenile court . . . necessitates a hearing if
such grandparent visitation is opposed by the custodial parent . . . or if the
grandparent visitation has been severely reduced by the custodial
parent. . . .

Mother’s speech which the trial court characterized as derogatory language.” Grandparents only issue is:
“Whether the lower court correctly ruled in favor of the Wilson’s petition for grandparent’s visitation
rights.”
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(Emphasis added). After reviewing the record, we agree with Mother that Grandparents
did not meet their burden under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-306(a).

We begin our analysis by recognizing the important legal principle that parents have
a fundamental right to raise a child as they see fit. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 66–72
(2000) (recognizing that the U.S. Constitution gives parents the right to make decisions
regarding the care, custody, and control of a child). “Because of the great deference that
courts give to parental decisions, the court must first determine whether the custodial
parent opposed or severely reduced visitation” when considering a petition for
grandparent visitation. Horton v. Cooley, No. M2019-00945-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL
2731235, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 26, 2020) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). Stated
another way, “the Grandparent Visitation Statute is not even implicated unless the
grandparent can establish that visitation was opposed [or severely reduced] by the
custodial parent before the petition for grandparent visitation was filed.”6 Uselton v.
Walton, No. M2012-02333-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 3227608, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. June
21, 2013) (emphasis added). As our Supreme Court explained:

The Grandparent Visitation Statute expressly provides that an initial petition
for grandparent visitation may only be filed “if such grandparent visitation is
opposed by the custodial parent or parents.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-306(a).
Unlike divorcing or unmarried parents who may agree that visitation is
appropriate but disagree merely about the details of a visitation schedule, a
petitioner relying upon the Grandparent Visitation Statute must establish in
the first instance that the custodial parent opposed or denied grandparent
visitation.

Lovlace, 418 S.W.3d at 21 (footnote omitted) (citation omitted).

The petitioning grandparent bears the burden of proving opposition or severely
reduced visitation. Morisch v. Maenner, No. W2020-00362-COA-R3-JV, 2021 WL
1102364, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 23, 2021). “If the petitioner is unable to [prove either
opposition to visitation or severe reduction in visitation], a trial court has no basis for
engaging in substantial harm analysis or awarding the petitioner any relief.” Id. (citing
Manning v. Manning, 474 S.W.3d 252, 257–58 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015); Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-6-306(b)-(c)).

6
The General Assembly changed the threshold requirements for application of the Grandparent
Visitation Statute in 2016. The 2016 amendment “changed the threshold requirements for application of
the Grandparent Visitation Statute insofar as the trial court may now consider ordering visitation upon a
showing by the petitioning grandparent that visitation, and as a result the grandparent-grandchild
relationship, was severely reduced rather than requiring that visitation must have been opposed or denied
by the custodial parent.” Horton, 2020 WL 2731235, at *4 n. 3 (quoting Clark v. Johnson, No. E2017-
01286-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 2411203, at *10).
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 To show a parent’s opposition, a petitioner must demonstrate that, prior to filing the
petition, the parent opposed grandparent visitation by specific word or deed. See Uselton,
2013 WL 3227608, at *13. Thus, the Grandparent Visitation Statute “cannot be used by
grandparents who think they are entitled to more or different visitation in the absence of a
finding that the parents actually or effectively ‘opposed’ visitation.” Id. at *12 (quoting
Huls v. Alford, No. M20080-004-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 4682219, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Oct. 22, 2008)) (emphasis added). Reasonable limitations on grandparent visitation
“cannot be considered opposition to visitation.” Green v. Evans, No. M2011-002-COA-
R3-CV, 2012 WL 1107887, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 30, 2012) (holding that a parent’s
desire to limit the individuals to whom her child is exposed when visiting with a
grandparent “cannot be considered opposition to visitation.”).

To show a severe reduction in visitation, a petitioner must demonstrate that
visitation has been reduced to either no contact or token visitation as defined by Tennessee
Code Annotated § 36-1-102. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-306(f). Tennessee Code
Annotated § 36-1-102(1)(C) defines “token visitation” as visitation that, “under the
circumstances of the individual case, constitutes nothing more than perfunctory visitation
or visitation of such an infrequent nature or of such short duration as to merely establish
minimal or insubstantial contact with the child[.]” This “statutory definition does not
describe a reduction in visitation in comparison to any visitation the grandparents may have
enjoyed previously.” Clark, 2018 WL 2411203, at *13 (emphasis added).

In its final order granting the petition, the trial court found (1) “the presence of
substantial harm to the child based upon the cessation of the relationship between Trinity
and [Grandparents]”, and (2) that grandparent visitation was “in the best interest of Trinity”
under Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-307. The trial court did not, however, address or
make any findings of fact concerning the threshold issue: whether Mother had effectively
opposed or severely reduced grandparent visitation prior to the filing of the petition.
Because the trial court did not make findings of fact concerning the threshold issue, and in
the interest of judicial economy, we have conducted a de novo review of the record to
determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies concerning this issue. See
Gooding, 477 S.W.3d at 783 (citations omitted).

At the commencement of our de novo review of the record we note that, although
Grandparents’ brief states “the Wilsons have, as a threshold matter, met the burden of
proving that Miranda opposed their visitation,” Grandparents’ brief fails to cite any
evidence supporting this conclusory allegation of opposition by Mother as required by Rule
27(A)(6) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure and Rule 6(a)(4) of the Rules of
the Court of Appeals. For this reason alone, we could deem the issue waived. See Murray
v. Miracle, 457 S.W.3d 399, 403 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2014) (quoting Bean v. Bean, 40 S.W.3d
52, 55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (“Courts have routinely held that the failure to make
appropriate references to the record and to cite relevant authority in the argument section
of the brief as required by Rule 27(a)(7) constitutes a waiver of the issue.”) (citations

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omitted). While this court is under no duty to verify unsupported allegations in a party’s
brief, see id. at 403 (citations omitted), we have nevertheless elected to proceed with our
analysis of this issue.

Having reviewed the record, we find no evidence to support a finding that Mother
effectively opposed or severely reduced Grandparents’ visitation with Trinity prior to the
filing of the petition. The only evidence of opposition to or reduction in visitation was
Mother’s statement to Grandmother that future visits would need to be supervised.
However, reasonable limitations on grandparent visitation “cannot be considered
opposition to visitation[.]” Green, 2012 WL 1107887, at *10. Mother’s fundamental right
to control the care and custody of Trinity includes the right to reasonably restrict visitation
when appropriate. See id. Mother testified regarding concerns of alleged use of corporal
punishment by Grandparents, in-home drug use by Grandmother, and the Mother’s Day
incident of familial violence. In light of these circumstances, the evidence preponderates
against a finding that Mother’s insistence on supervised visitation constitutes opposition
to, or severe reduction of, visitation in the context of the statutory scheme. See id. (finding
that drug use, allegations of abuse, and presence of danger, among other things, made a
request for supervised visitation reasonable and, thus, did not constitute opposition).

Moreover, and significantly, Grandparents failed to show that they made any
attempt to visit Trinity in the time between the last overnight visit, or the subsequent visit
at the baseball field, and the filing of the petition. See Morisch, 2021 WL 1102364, at *4
(declining to find opposition when “[g]randfather did not call, write, or send any e-mails
in an effort to see [the child].”).

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Grandparents failed to establish that
Mother opposed or severely reduced their visitation prior to the filing of the petition as
required by Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-306(a). Accordingly, we reverse the
judgment of the trial court and remand with instructions to dismiss the petition.

IN CONCLUSION

The judgment of the trial court is reversed and this case is remanded with
instructions to dismiss the petition. Costs of appeal are assessed against the appellees,
Bryan D. Wilson and Jamie R. Wilson.

________________________________
FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S.

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