The complaint in this action, fairly construed, may be considered as one based upon the tortious and unlawful acts of the defendant, and not upon a breach of the contract therein referred to. The first wrongful act therein complained of is for cutting a road through the tract in question in October, 1894. This was after the defendant’s rights under the contract had expired. It was not work authorized by, or claimed to have been done pursuant to, the contract, and whatever cause of action accrued against defendant therefor, was plainly based upon an unlawful trespass upon the lands.
The next injury complained of, viz., for maintaining a dam on Jenkins brook of a height and for a length of time sufficient to run, not only the logs cut under the contract, but those also cut upon the adjacent tract, and thereby flooding more land and injuring more trees about Lake Madeline^ than defendant had any authority to do, is also in the nature of an unlawful trespass upon the lands. There-is no covenant or agreement in the contract that the defendant would not use the dam and waters upon the tract for the purpose of running logs cut on the adjacent tract; and any right of action for injuries so done would seem to be one based upon the wrongful and *572unjustified act, and not upon the breach of any covenant in the contract.
The third injury complained of, viz., the cutting of 4,200 trees under eleven inches in diameter at the stump, whereby the value of the whole tract has been diminished, raises a more serious question. The referee found that 100,000 of such trees had been cut upon the whole tract. That 58,000 of them were necessarily and properly cut for the purposes of lumbering on the tract, and that such cutting was, therefore, justified under the contract; but that 42,000 were unlawfully cut, and that the tract was thereby injured to the extent of $2,000. Upon the trial, the plaintiff contended, and the referee held, that this claim also was based upon the unlawful wrongful act of the defendant; that it was not a claim for damages arising from a breach of the contract, but from the wrongful cutting of trees which the defendant was unable to justify under the contract. In view of the general character and scope of the complaint, and of the plaintiff’s claim in this particular, I think that we should upon this appeal treat such claim as one based entirely upon the defendant’s unlawful and wrongful acts done upon the tract in question, and assume that the whole action is one based upon the defendant’s torts, and not for damages arising from a breach of the contract.
Such being the case, I am of the opinion that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover for either the $2,000 damages found to have been occasioned to the premises by reason of the wrongful cutting of the trees, or for the $1,250 damages found to have been occasioned by the unlawful flooding of the lands about Lake Madeline. All of such cutting and flooding was done,.and all of such injuries had been done to the lands, before the conveyance thereof to the plaintiff and before he had any interest whatever in them. This plainly appears from the evidence in the case, and is also substantially averred in the complaint. The right to recover' for such injuries, therefore, had accrued to Gilchrist at the time he conveyed to the plaintiff, and the evidence does not show that such right of action has ever been transferred to this plaintiff. For aught that appears, it still rests in Gilchrist and may be yet prosecuted by him. The mere conveyance of the lands did not carry such a right of action with it; and the assignment of the contract conveys to the plaintiff only such rights as Gil*573christ had and acquired under it. Considering that the plaintiff is not now seeking to recover damages for any breach of that contract, but that his action is one based entirely upon the tortious acts of the defendant — one similar to an action of “ trespass on the case in the nature of waste ” — it seems clear that the cause of action for all injuries done before he acquired the title still rests in Gilchrist and never passed to the plaintiff. (Robinson v. Wheeler, 25 N. Y. 252; Griswold v. M. E. R. Co., 122 id. 102.)
Moreover, from the evidence it appears that the only breach of the contract which can be charged against defendant is the cutting of the 42,000 small trees, and even this, on the trial, was not treated as an improper exercise of rights under the contract, but as a tortious act done outside and independent of its provisions. Yet the referee, while he refused to entertain thé defendant’s demand for a conveyance of the 100 acres as a counterclaim, adjudicated that it had no right to ever hereafter make any claim of ownership to the same, and ordered that it be perpetually enjoined from so doing. He made the defendant fully pay for the injuries caused by the cutting of the trees which it had agreed not to cut, and also forfeit the right to the 100 acres to which it clearly would have been entitled if it had not cut them. It would seem that in this respect the judgment goes considerably beyond the issues on trial before him.
For these reasons I conclude that the judgment appealed from cannot be sustained.
All concurred.
Judgment reversed, referee discharged, and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.