This is an action brought by taxpayers pursuant to the provisions of section 1925 of the Code of Civil Procedure and section 1 of chapter 301 of the Laws of 1892, to enjoin the payment of certain bills for expenses incurred by the assessors of the town of Mount Pleasant, Westchester county, in defending certiorari proceedings theretofore instituted by the plaintiffs, separately, to review the assessed valuation of lands owned by them in said town for the years 1896, 1897 and 1898, respectively,
There was no vote of the electors of the town or resolution or other action on the part of the town board authorizing the assessors to defend the certiorari proceedings. The bills, other than that of the respondent Sinnott, were presented to the board of town auditors and audited on the 23d day of December, 1898, after the termination of the litigation, with full knowledge on the part of the members of said board of all the material facts hereinafter stated! and of the contents ‘ of the decision and final order of the court made in the certiorari proceeding and without further evidence than the mere presentation of the bills.
This action was commenced on the 31st day of December, 1898, and the complaint was served with the summons. Subsequently, and on the 9th day of January, 1899, the town board, by resolution *178reciting the commencement and object of this action, attempted -to ratify the action of the assessors in defending said certiorari proceedings and in incurring such expenses. The complaint charges that the bills were “ illegal, unjust and inequitable claims” and were “ wrongfully, collusively and illegally ” audited by the members of the board of town audit, each of whom, it alleges, has “ connived at the paying of the said unauthorized, illegal, unjust and inequitable claims.” The charge of collusion was eliminated from the complaint upon the trial, but the plaintiffs did not abandon their other allegations of fact tending to show bad faith tantamount to fraud on the part of the members of the board in thus auditing these bills. The Town Law (Laws of 1890, chap. 569, § 180, as amd. by Laws of 1897, chap. 227) limits town charges to the following items:
“ 1. The compensation of town officers for services rendered for their respective towns.
“ 2. The contingent expenses necessarily incurred for the -use and benefit of the town.
“3. The moneys authorized to be raised by the vote of a town meeting for any town purpose.
“ 4. Every sum directed by law to be raised for any town purpose.
“ 5. AH judgments duly recovered against a town.
“ 6. All damages recovered against a town officer for any act done pursuant toa direction or resolution, duly adopted by the town board, or at a town meeting duly held; and all damages against any such officer for any act done in good faith, in his official capacity, without any such direction or resolution, may be made a town charge, by a vote of the town, at a town meeting duly held.
“ 7. The costs and expenses, lawfully incurred by any town officer in prosecuting or defending any action or proceeding brought by or against the town or such officer for an official act done, shall be a: town charge in all cases where the officer is required by law to so prosecute or defend, or to do such act, or is instructed to so prosecute or defend, or do such act, by resolution duly adopted by the town, board, or at a town meeting duly held. All town charges specified in this section shall be presented to the town board for audit, and the moneys necessary to defray such charges shall be levied on the taxable property in such town by the board of supervisors.
*179“ 8. Every sum allowed by the highway commissioners of a town in which the highways are worked and repaired by the money system of taxation in abatement of highway taxes for the maintenance of watering troughs.”
If these expenses were not a proper town charge or were unauthorized, then the audit thereof was illegal and the payment of the claims may be enjoined at the suit of a taxpayer. (Talcott v. City of Buffalo, 125 N. Y. 280; Bush v. O'Brien, 164 id. 205.) It is contended that the audit may be sustained upon the ground that these were “ contingent expenses necessarily incurred for the use and benefit' of the town,” under subdivision 2 of the section of the statute quoted, or that they were “ expenses lawfully incurred ” by town officers in defending a proceeding brought against them “ for an official act done,” and that the officers were “ required by law ” to defend the proceeding “or to do such act” under subdivision 7 of said section. It will be observed that if the expenses were not “ necessarily incurred,” even though they were for the use and benefit of the town, they were not a proper town charge under subdivision 2. It will also be seen that to make.them a proper town charge; under subdivision 7, it is necessary, not only that the proceeding shall have been brought against the officers “ for an official act done,” but it is essential also that the officers shall either have been required by law or instructed by resolution duly adopted by the town board or at a town meeting to defend the proceeding. It is quite clear that the assessors of their own motion as town officers had no duty or interest in defending the certiorari proceedings further than to make returns thereto.. (People ex rel. Steward v. Railroad Comrs., 160 N. Y. 202, 212.) The question of defending should have been relegated to the town, the real party in interest, but. even it would not have been interested in sustaining these unjust and illegal assessments. Whether the defense devolved upon the town board, under the statute quoted, or rested with th'e electors by virtue of the provisions of subdivision 3 of section 22 and of section 23 of the Town Law (as renumbered by Laws of 1897, cháp. 481), need not be decided for no authority was obtained from either.
In People ex rel. McMillen v. Vanderpoel (35 App. Div. 73) it was held that assessors were not authorized to defend at the expense *180of the town certiorari proceedings brought to review assessed valuations made by them without being instructed to defend either by resolution adopted by the town board or at a town meeting.
The certiorari proceeding brought by the plaintiff William Rockefeller in 1897 was prosecuted to a final determination, and it was stipulated that the facts were the same and that a like disposition should be made of the other proceedings without a trial thereof. The record before us contains the petition, writ and return in said proceeding, and it was stipulated that the allegations of the other-petitions, writs and returns were the .same.
The entire assessed valuation of all real and personal property in the town was- $10,510,788.25. The original- assessment upon the lands of William Rockefeller was $2,529,692.50. After a hearing Upon the review day the assessors reduced this valuation to $2,189,805, and refused' to make any further correction. The court upon the trial of the proceeding further reduced it to- $343,775. The judgment in the certiorari proceeding, which was received in evidence upon the trial of this action without objection, finds that • the relator’s property had been over-assessed ; that the rolls showed “great inequality ” between the assessed valuation upon relator’s .lands and lands assessed to others upon the same roll, and it contains the following provision: “ It is further ordered, adjudged, decreed - and decided that the assessment complained of herein was illegal in •go far as the property of the relator was overvalued, - and was made so far as Michael J. Martin was concerned by and with malice' and by the other assessors through negligence. And it is further" ordered, adjudged and decreed that no costs shall be allowed either party in this proceeding.” The record contains a stipulation that in the certiorari proceeding “ as originally started there was no claim that the said assessment upon the relator’s property was made through malice or negligence, or any claim whatever, except that the assessment as made was more than the full value of the property and that was the sole question to be litigated in said proceedings.” This stipulation appears to be in "conflict with -the record. The petition in the test certiorari proceeding was introduced in evidence, and it contains many express charges indicating gross negligence and bad faith on the part of the assessors. Among other things,' it states that the assessors “ have shown great partiality,-and *181in some instances have assessed lands of great value at low and. inadequate sums and other property of little or no value at large and wholly unjust sums or values; that property of like character and value or even of greater value than land lying in the vicinity of the property of your petitioner * * * has been assessed at much less value than the real property of your petitioner and, in many cases, at much less than the full value thereof and for no apparent reason except to discriminate for the benefit of one and to the prejudice of another; and that said Haight, Martin and Mew-man, the assessors aforesaid, have been grossly unjust and unfair in the assessment of the property of your petitioner and have assessed his real property, or much of it, at values and rates arbitrary, capricious and unequal as compared with like property of other persons assessed on the same roll, notwithstanding the fact that such property of other persons was similar in character and value.”
As has been seen, the assessors were made parties to the certiorari proceeding, appeared upon the trial and attempted to interpose a defense thereto. The evidence taken upon that hearing is not in the record, but we think the findings of malice and negligence were fairly within the issues, were warranted by the other findings and authorized by section 254 of the Tax Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 908) which expressly authorizes the court to award costs against the assessors personally where it appears that they have “ acted with gross negligence or in bad faith or with malice in making the assessment complained of.” The fact that for some undisclosed reason the referee did not impose costs upon the assessors, after making; these findings, does not affect his power to make the findings.. These findings would, therefore, seem to be presumptive evidence^ at least against the assessors in whose shoes those employed by them stand in asserting claims against the town. If, however, these findings are to be considered as made upon immaterial issues (House v. Lockwood, 137 N. Y. 259); or if they are not to be deemed controlling on account of the stipulation as to a conclusion of law concerning the effect of the record which is before us, and if the respondents are precluded from asserting the rights which they claim by virtue of these findings, still, we think other facts disclosed by this record indicate quite clearly that the assessors were grossly negligent or acted in bad faith.
*182The petition- for the writ showed that the relator’s premises consisted of 620 acres of land with improvements thereon; that the purchase price of the land was only $125,000; that the cost of the improvements did not exceed $400,000; that the full value of the premises as thus improved did not exceed $350,000 and was in fact only $339,887.50; that he presented to the assessors on review day a verified statement showing the facts in detail and appeared personally and was sworn and examined by them concerning said statement and produced another witness, familiar with the facts, who was also sworn and examined concerning the same. These facts, with reference to the hearing before the assessors and the cost of the premises and improvements, were not controverted by the return and, -therefore, stand admitted (People ex rel. Village of Brockport v. Sutphin, 166 N. Y. 163); but the assessors in their return allege that the valuation as reduced by them was the actual value of the property. It thus appears that the valuation originally placed on these premises by the assessors was more than seven times the proper assessable valuation thereof as found by the court, and the assessed valuation to which they adhered on the review day was nearly six times the fair valuation as adjudged by the court, and the decision reduced the valuation, to within $3,888 of that claimed by the petitioner.
■ We can readily understand how assessors may err in judgment as tp the_ value. of - real estate or improvements -thereon, and a consider- ■ able reduction by the court in the assessed valuation may be no evidence of bad faith on the part of the assessor. But it is inconceivable that these assessors, if they had given any attention to the performance of their duties, could have in good faith fixed this grossly excessive valuation upon the relator’s premises. The facts are extraordinary and overcome the presumption of good faith on the part of the assessors. We think their conduct in originally placing such an unjust, exorbitant and illegal valuation upon the relator’s property and in refusing to properly reduce the same upon a hearing and in attempting to sustain -the unlawful assessment by their return and assuming the defense of the action without the direction of the town board or electors of the town, indicates gross negligence, bad faitli or malice. They could have, voluntarily corrected their error on review day or allowed the court to correct it *183without expense by admitting it in their return. If they had done either or liad exercised any care in the performance of their duties in the first instance, the necessity for the certiorari proceedings would not have arisen and no defense would have been required. They violated their official oaths and statutory duty and should be liable to the town, not it to them. -They were authorized to assess property at its fair value, but instead they greatly overvalued it through negligence, fraud or bad faith. When these bills were presented to the board of town auditors, therefore, neither the assessors nor those employed by them had any legal or equitable claim against the town. There is no authority to use the public funds of a town to reimburse an officer or those claiming under him for expense brought about owing to his own gross negligence, bad faith or malice in the performance of his official duties, even though it be claimed that such expenses were incurred for the benefit of the town. (Dillon Mun. Corp. [4th ed.] § 147; West v. City of Utica, 71 Hun, 540.) (See, also, Webb v. Bell, 22 App. Div. 314; 162 N. Y. 641; Board of Supervisors v. Ellis, 59 id. 620; People ex rel. Everett v. Board of Supervisors, 93 id. 397.)
The appropriation of public moneys for the payment of a claim which is neither legal nor equitable, contravenes that provision of the Constitution which prohibits the appropriation of moneys by municipalities for other than public purposes. (Const. art. 8, § 10; Matter of Jensen, 44 App. Div. 509; Matter of Chapman, 57 id. 583; affd., sub nom. Matter of Chapman v. City of New York, 168 N. Y. 80; Bush v. Board of Supervisors, 159 id. 212.)
It is further contended that the action of the town board subsequent to the audit of these bills validates the claims and audit thereof, but we think" not. There must be a limitation upon the powers of inferior officers to ratify acts of other officers where, as here, the statute expressly required prior authority. The authority of such officers to ratify should be confined to cases where the town has received some benefit, or where it may at least in good faith be deemed to have been benefited. (Dillon Mun. Corp. [4th ed.] § 547.) In all likelihood if the assessors had applied to the town board when the certiorari proceeding was instituted, and laid before that board all the facts, the expensive litigation would have been obviated. That this would have been the result of such an application is indi*184cated by a resolution passed by the members of this board on the 22d day of December, 1898, reciting the custom of the assessors in employing counsel in defending their action “ on increasing the assessments on some particular pieces of property in our town,” thus increasing the town expenses to an alarming extent “with no apparent benefit resulting” therefrom, and prohibiting such employment in the future without authority from the board.
The audit was illegal when made. As auditors they were only authorized to audit what were then proper town charges. It is difficult to see how the .members of the board of town auditors could, in the light of all these facts, have acted in good faith, and it is equally difficult to see how subsequently in their capacity as members of the town board they could have in good faith ratified the action of the assessors and their own audit. Under all the circumstances they were not free agents to act for the interests of the town after these expenses had been incurred and claims were presented by fellow-officials and fellow-townsmen. If they Were, actuated only by a sense of public duty, and an application had been made to them in time, instead of authorizing the defense of this unconscionable assessment,' presumably they would have righted the wrong, and if moved solely by a sense of public duty it is inconceivable that they should have deemed these claims a proper or just charge upon the taxpayers of the town. It appears, that one at least of the board opposed the audit and no formal vote was taken, but they all signed the certificate of the annual audit of claims, including these. If they had jurisdiction and acted in good faith, probably their audit would not be open to review in a taxpayer’s action (Osterhoudt v. Rigney, 98 N. Y. 222), but their audit could be •annulled for “fraud or bad faith amounting to fraud.” (Weston v. City of Syracuse, 158 N. Y. 274.)
It may be, as stated in People ex rel. Myers v. Barnes (114 N. Y. 317), that where a town officer is authorized. to defend a litigation the board of town auditors has jurisdiction to pass upon the question as to whether or not he defended in good faith. In that case the claim was rejected and it was sought to compel the audit by mandamus, but in the case at bar the defense had not even been authorized by 'the town board at the time of the audit, and the litigation was rendered necessary solely through the gross *185negligence, bad faith or malice of the assessors, and the board of town auditors were aware of the facts. The case last cited, therefore, is not controlling here.
It appears that on the 13th day. of April, 1898, the town board adopted a resolution authorizing the assessors to procure "the services of “Wm. Miller and Sylvester See at ten dollars per day; D. Armstrong at twenty-five dollars per day to serve as witnesses on the tax suit of the Messrs. Rockefeller.” Armstrong was a member of the town board. If these witnesses rendered services in good faith in reliance upon this resolution it is possible that their claims may be sustained, but there is no evidence or finding to that effect and the court has found that the services were rendered on the employment of the assessors.
The respondent Sinnott claims that his employment was also authorized by the town board. This claim is based upon the resolution adopted by the town board on the 4th of February, 1898, reciting that it was the wish of the members “ that the stenographer to take the testimony in the Rockefeller case be a resident of the Town of Mount Pleasant.” This at most was a recommendation, not an authorization. His bill was audited on the 15th day of December, 1898, without protest, but we fail to see how that legalizes his claim. All others whose claims were audited concededly rendered their services solely upon the employment of the assessors, and under the well-settled rule of law those dealing with public officials are chargeable with' the limitations of their power and authority. (Lorillard v. Town of Monroe, 11 N. Y. 392; Brown v. Mayor, 63 id. 239; McDonald v. Mayor, 68 id. 23; People ex rel. Van Keuren v. Town Auditors, 74 id. 310, 314; Smith v. City of Newburgh, 77 id. 130.) There is no injustice in leaving these claimants to their remedy against those who employed them. On the other hand, it would be establishing a bad precedent indeed, and lead to greater laxity in the performance of official duty, if we should hold that these claims may be properly charged against the town. Beyond this, it would be unjust to the other taxpayers of the town and to the relators, who at their own expense have established their claims substantially as alleged in the certiorari proceedings, to require them as taxpayers to contribute to the expense incurred in this apparently unwarranted defense interposed by *186the assessors to obstruct the efforts of the relators in obtaining equality and equity in the assessment of their lands.
We think the members of the town board were properly joined as defendants, as it- may be necessary to enjoin further action on their part or to limit their future action on the claims in suit.
It follows from these views that the judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to appellants to abide the event.
Tan Brunt, P. J., Patterson, Ingraham and Hatch, JJ., concurred.
Judgment reversed and new trial granted, with costs to appellants to abide event.