I fully concur in the conclusion of Mr. Justice Cochrane that the Bailroad Lav/ and the Public Service Commissions Law are both in full force and effect; that the legislative intent to bring them into harmony is apparent all through the legislation, and that “the two statutes are to be construed practically so far as the question before us is concerned as if they were one statute.” I go further and agree with him that “no portion of either should be given such a construction' as would repeal or render nugatory any portion of either if such a result can reasonably be obviated,” and that “in accordance with a cardinal rule of statutory construction, every part of both statutes should be so construed, if possible, as to give some appropriate meaning and effect to every part of both statutes.” But at this point I diverge from his reasoning and his conclusions, for I am confronted at the outset, in the application of these propositions of law, with the fact that the construction which my learned brother of the bench places upon the two statutes does operate to “repeal or render nugatory” an important portion of section 60 of the Bailroad Law, and fails to give “some appropriate meaning and effect to every part of both statutes.”
While laying down the broad propositions quoted above, the learned justice writing entirely fails to place before us all of the provisions of section 60 of the Bailroad Law (Consol. Laws, *621chap. 49; Laws of 1910, chap. 481), but contents himself with so much of it as he declares to be germane to the question before us. But if we are to give effect to all parts of the act we must know the language of at least the section which we are called upon to construe, and this provides that “Every railroad corporation operating a railroad in this State, the line or lines of which are more than one hundred miles in length, and which is authorized by law to charge a maximum fare of more than two cents per mile, and not more than three cents per mile, and which does charge a maximum fare of more than two cents per mile, shall issue mileage books having either five hundred or one thousand coupons attached thereto, entitling the holder thereof, upon complying with the conditions hereof, to travel either five hundred or one thousand miles on the line or lines of such railroad, for which the corporation may charge a sum not to exceed two cents per mile. Such mileage books shall be kept for sale by such corporation at every ticket office of such corporation in an incorporated village or city, and any of such books shall be issued immediately upon application therefor. * * * Such mileage book shall entitle the holder thereof to the same rights and privileges in respect to the transportation of person and property to which the highest class ticket issued by such corporation would entitle him. Such mileage books shall be good until all coupons attached thereto have been used. Any railroad corporation which shall refuse to issue a mileage book, as provided by this section, or in violation hereof, to accept such mileage book for transportation, shall forfeit fifty dollars, to be recovered by the party to whom such refusal is made; but no action can be maintained therefor unless commenced within one year after the cause of action accrues.”
We both agree that the Legislature has not intended to repeal section 60 of the Railroad Law; that all parts of that act must be given effect in the construction of the statute, and that “no portion of either should be given such a construction as would repeal or render nugatory any portion of either if such a result can reasonably be obviated,” and the question arises what are we going to do with the concluding provisions of section 60 of the Railroad Law, which provide a penalty of fifty dollars, to *622be recovered by the person who is refused one of these mileage books,, if the Public Service Commission is permitted to dispense with them and permit the railroad corporation to issue a different book, or to withdraw them entirely ? If section 60 is not repealed, then this provision for a penalty is not repealed. It is the law of this State that any railroad company, coming within the classification fixed by section 60 of the Bailroad Law, which refuses to provide the mileage book therein described, shall be subject to a penalty of fifty dollars, and we both agree that it is our duty to give effect to all parts of the statute, and to consider all its parts in giving construction to its true intent and meaning. It is not yet suggested that the Public Service Commission has been vested with all the legislative powers of the State, and the rule is well settled that a surrender of the power of the Legislature in any matter of public concern must never be presumed from uncertain or equivocal expressions. (Louisville & Nashville R. R. v. Kentucky, 161 U. S. 677, 685, and authorities there cited; Railroad Co. v. Hecht, 95 id. 168, 170.) If this part of the statute is in force — if the Legislature deliberately permitted it to remain in its revision of the statutes —■ it must be presumed that it was intended to have effect. Whatever powers have been delegated to the Public Service Commission to regulate rates, no power has been given it to repeal penal provisions, and the fact that the Legislature has retained section 60 of the Bailroad Law in its language as existing at the time of the revision seems to me practically conclusive that it intended to have the provision enforced. The object in providing a penalty, which may be collected by the person who is aggrieved, is to insure the enforcement of the law. Where a new right is created or a new duty imposed by statute, if a remedy be given by the same statute for its violation or non-performance, the remedy given is exclusive (City of Rochester v. Campbell, 123 N. Y. 405, 414), and the provision for enforcement is as much a part of the enactment as the right or duty created. The right and the remedy, so long as they are created by the same statute, are of equal sanction; the one cannot exist without the other, except through the interposition of the legislative will. There is the right to a mileage book, such as is provided by the *623section quoted, and there is the remedy to the person who is denied this right. The one would not have been enacted without the other; they are parts of the same thing—the right and the remedy' are one. The legislative intent is clearly to give an absolute right to the individual to purchase a mileage book upon the particular class of railroad described, which is to comply with the provisions of the statute, and the failure to supply such a mileage book or to honor it subjects the offending railroad to a penalty. It certainly could not have been the intention of the Legislature to provide for the abrogation of this right and to maintain the penalty, but we look in vain in the Public Service Commissions Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 48; Laws of 1910, chap. 480) for any suggestion that that body is empowered to change the public policy of the State or to abrogate its statutes. We conclude, therefore, that if effect is to be given to all of the provisions of section 60 of the Bailroad Law in arriving at the intent of the Legislature, we must conclude that it intended that this section, applying, as it does, to a particular class of railroads, was to remain in full force and effect. This being so, it is our duty to find out what powers were intended to be vested in the Public Service Commission in reference to the regulation of rates of transportation.
Before going to this phase of the case, however, it seems proper to go into the examination of the Railroad Law a little more critically, and to understand the state of the law at the time the Public Service Commissions Law and the Railroad Law were revised. Prior to 1895 (Laws of 1895, chap. 1027) there was no provision for mileage books in the statute law of this State. The only existing provisions of law in respect to the compensation which railroads were permitted to charge were those found in chapter 565 of the Laws of 1890, being the Railroad Law (Gen. Laws, chap. 39), that of taking and conveying “ persons and property on its railroad * * * and to receive compensation therefor ” (§ 4, subd. 7, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 676), and that “ every railway corporation may fix and collect the following rates of fare as compensation to be paid for transporting any passenger and his baggage, not exceeding one hundred and fifty pounds in weight, *624for each mile or fraction of a mile,” and this is followed by various classifications of railroads, and concludes with the provision that “inall other cases, three cents * * (§37, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 676.) This was accompanied by a special provision that it should not affect the rate of two cents per mile upon the blew York Central railroad, and section 38 provided that “The Legislature may, when any such railroad shall be opened for use, from time to time, alter or reduce the rate of freight, fare or other profits upon such road; but the same shall not, without the consent of the corporation, be so reduced as to produce with such profits less than ten per centum per annum on the capital actually expended; nor unless on an examination of the amounts received and expended, to be made by the Board of Eailroad Commissioners, they shall ascertain that the net income derived by the corporation from all sources, for the year then last past, shall have exceeded an annual income of ten per cent upon the capital of the corporation actually expended.” (See, also, Laws of 1901, chap. 639, amdg. said § 38.). Here was an early recognition of the rule since largely applied, that the Legislature in granting a franchise is entering into a contract relation with the corporation, and that it cannot arbitrarily so change that contract as to deprive the corporation of a fair return upon its investment. In other words, that the act of reducing fares is one involving judicial determination of the reasonableness of such reduction.
This was the state of the law when chapter 1027 of the Laws of 1895 was enacted, following the lead of Michigan, in which it was provided that “ Every railroad corporation operating a railroad in this State, the line or lines of which are more than one hundred miles in length, and which is authorized by law to charge a maximum fare of more than two cents per mile and not more than three cents per mile, shall issue mileage books entitling the holder thereof to travel one thousand miles on the line or lines of such railroad, for which the corporation may charge a sum not to exceed two cents per mile. Any railroad corporation which shall refuse to issue a mileage book as provided by this section, or, in violation thereof, to accept such mileage book for transportation, shall forfeit fifty dollars, to be
*625recovered by the party to which such refusal is made,” etc. This was subsequently amended by chapter 835 of the Laws of 1896, chapter 484 of the Laws of 1897, and chapter 577 of the Laws of 1898, and as thus amended in 1898 is now contained in section 60 of the Eailroad Law. But the original act of 1895 and the amendment of 1898 were independent statutes; they have merely been adopted into the Eailroad Law under the comparatively recent revision of the statutes, and in taking them over from the domain of independent statutes the Legislature must be deemed to have intended to preserve the policy of the State as it had been fixed by these statutes and the adjudications of the courts in relation thereto.
In 1891 the Legislature of Michigan enacted a mileage book law (Public Acts of 1891, No. 90) similar to the present statute in this State, and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Eailway Company having refused to sell a mileage book to one Smith the latter applied for a writ of mandamus to compel the corporation to obey the law. He succeeded in all of the State courts, over the contention of the railroad company that it was protected by a contract with the State and that the issuing of the mileage book at the reduced rate was taking its property without due process of law, and the case was taken by writ of error to the Supreme Court of the United States where the court declined to determine the question of the contract relation, but held the act invalid as a taking of the property of the plaintiff in error without due process of law. After reviewing the authorities in connection with the facts, the court say: “The question is presented in this case whether the Legislature of a State, having power to fix maximum rates and charges for the transportation of persons and property by railroad companies, with the limitations above stated, and having power to alter, amend or repeal their charters, within certain limitations, has also the right, after having fixed a maximum rate for the transportation of passengers, to still further regulate their affairs and to discriminate and make an exception in favor of certain persons, and give to them a right of transportation for a less sum than the general rate provided by law. It is said that the
*626power to create this exception is included in the greater power to fix rates generally; that having the right to establish maximum rates, it therefore has power to lower those rates in certain cases and in favor of certain individuals, while maintaining them or permitting them to be maintained at a higher rate in all other cases. * * * It does not seem to us that this claim is well founded. We cannot regard this exceptional legislation as the exercise of a lesser right which is included in the greater one to fix by statute maximum rates for railroad companies. The latter is a power to make a general rule applicable in all cases and without discrimination in favor of or against any individual. It is the power to declare a general law upon the subject of rates beyond which the company cannot go, but within which it is at liberty to conduct its work in such a manner as may seem to it best suited for its prosperity and success. This is a very different power from that exercised in the passage of this statute. * * * If the maximum rates are too high in the judgment of the Legislature, it may lower them, provided they do not make them unreasonably low as that term is understood in the law; but it cannot enact a law making maximum rates, and then proceed to make exceptions to it in favor of such persons or classes as in the legislative judgment or caprice may seem proper. * * * But it may be said that as the Legislature would have the power to reduce the maximum charges for all, to the same rate at which it provides for the purchase of the thousand-mile ticket, the company cannot be harmed or its property taken without due process of law when the Legislature only reduces the rates in favor of a few instead of in favor of all. It does not appear that the Legislature would have any right to make such an alteration. To do so might involve a reduction of rates to a point insufficient for the earning of the amount of remuneration to which a company is legally entitled under the decisions of this court. In that case reduction would be illegal. * ‘ * * Prima facie, the maximum rates as fixed by the Legislature are reasonable. This, of course, applies to rates actually fixed by that body. * * * In holding this legislation a violation of that part of the Constitution of the United States which forbids the taking of property with-
*627out due process of law, and requires the equal protection of the laws, we are not, as we have stated, thereby interfering with the power of the Legislature over railroads as corporations or common carriers, to so legislate as to fix maximum rates, to prevent extortion or undue charges, and to promote the safety, health, convenience or proper protection of the public. We say this particular piece of legislation does not partake of the character of legislation fairly or reasonably necessary to attain any of those objects, and that it does violate the Federal Constitution as above stated.” (Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. Co. v. Smith, 173 U. S. 684.)
In Beardsley v. N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R. Co. (162 N. Y. 230, 232) the plaintiff brought an action to recover the penalty prescribed by chapter 1027 of the Laws of 1895, for failure to provide a mileage book, and the court followed the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the Lake Shore Case (supra), as it was bound to do, and the judgment of the lower court in favor of the plaintiff was reversed and the complaint dismissed. In the case of Purdy v. Erie Railroad Co. (162 N. Y. 42, 47) it appeared from the record that the Erie Bail-road Company was incorporated on the 14th day of November, 1895, and that in the year 1896 it refused to issue a mileage book to one Purdy, who thereupon brought an action to recover the penalty of fifty dollars prescribed by chapter 1027 of the Laws of 1895, and the court, in upholding a recovery, pointed out that a statute which is unconstitutional so far as it purports to operate retrospectively, may be upheld as to future cases, and after referring to the point determined in the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Case (supra) says: “We know of no reason, however, why a railroad company may not agree, upon sufficient consideration, to surrender or transfer any specific pecuniary right. The right to contract as to property is one of the inherent rights of a citizen, of which he cannot be deprived. * * * The same liberty of contract exists in the grant of charters by the Legislature. Therefore, a regulation as to the price of transportation, which would be an illegal exaction when sought to be imposed on existing corporations solely by legislative fiat, may, in the case of future corporations, be the mere performance of the obligation of a contract. The
*628authority to construct and operate a railroad is not the natural right of a citizen, but a franchise proceeding from the favor or grant of the State. As a condition of such grant, the Legislature might require the company to transport passengers at any prescribed'rate of fare; equally, it may require that certain classes of passengers be transported at a particular rate of fare, or that any passenger, under certain circumstances and on compliance with certain requirements, be transported at such rate.” It was held in this case that the railroad corporation, having been organized subsequent to the enactment of chapter 1027 of the Laws of 1895, the plaintiff was entitled to recover under the provisions of the act. The same rule was recognized and followed in Minor v. Erie Railroad Co. (171 N. Y. 566) and in Parish v. Ulster & Delaware R. R. Co. (192 id. 353, 356) so late as the year 1908, while the work of statutory revision was under way.
With all of these matters fresh in the minds of the revisers and of the members of the Legislature, the Eailroad Law, revised and remodeled in many respects, was made to include the act of 1895, as amended by chapter 577 of the Laws of 1898, without change. It has no relation to railroads in existence prior to 1895, unless in the case of consolidation of such railroads under new acts of incorporation (Parish v. Ulster & Delaware R. R. Co., supra), but as to railroad corporations created since that time it has entered into the charter as a part of the contract; the Ulster and Delaware Eailroad Company has stipulated as a part of the consideration for its franchises that it will issue the mileage books provided for in section 60 of the Eailroad Law, and it is now asking to have the Public Service Commission of the Second District relieve it of this part of its contract.
And right here it may he well to consider the suggestion, so often made in connection with this case, that the right given to the Public Service Commission to reduce rates should carry with it the right to increase rates above the maximum established by law, and, because it should have this power, that the Legislature must be deemed to have granted it, even though the language used is not clear. But where does this lead us ? No one., doubts that, the Legislature might, in its *629discretion, advance the maximum rates for mileage books to two and one-half or to three cents per mile, but it does not follow that it could by its mere fiat reduce the price of one thousand mile books to fifteen dollars, or one and one-half cents per mile. It has contracted with every railroad corporation of the class of the relator from 1895 that it should have its charter in consideration of its agreement, among other things, that it would furnish mileage books at two cents per mile, and the Legislature has no power to change that rate without the consent of the Ulster and Delaware Eailroad Company, unless upon a judicial investigation such rate should be found too high. The right on the part of the Legislature to increase the rates for mileage does not carry with it the right to violate its contract with the Ulster and Delaware Eailroad Company, and the right on the part of the Public Service Commission to regulate existing rates, by increasing or decreasing the same within certain limitations fixed by the maximum prescribed by the Legislature and by judicial investigation into their reasonableness, does not carry with it the right to violate the contract which the Ulster and Delaware Eailroad Company has made with the People of the State of ISTew York that it will furnish mileage books at the rate of two cents per mile. The relator could not have secured its franchise to operate its railroad properties except upon the condition that it agreed to furnish these mileage books; the Mileage Book Law entered into the contract and became a part of it, and until the Legislature, as the agent of the People, shall amend or repeal the statute, there is no power which can dissolve the contract. It takes two persons or corporations to make a contract, and it takes the same parties to modify or annul it, and section 60 of the Eailroad Law cannot remain in force as an enactment of the Legislature and, at the same time, be taken out of the existing contract with the Ulster and Delaware Eailroad Company. So long as it exists as a law, and the prevailing opinion insists that it is still the law, it cannot cease to be a part of the consideration of the contract existing between the People of this State and the Ulster and Delaware Eailroad Company. The Legislature, as the agent of the People, and the Ulster and Delaware Eailroad Company were the contracting parties, and *630the Legislature alone has the reserved power to modify or repeal the laws which entered into that contract. That is a legislative function and could not properly be delegated, and it is never to be presumed that the Legislature has attempted to abrogate its powers. What has been done — and a careful reading of the statute will disclose the truth — is to vest in the Public Service Commission, not a legislative, but a'judicial function in relation to railroad rates. Nothing that the Public Service Commission is authorized to do can amount to a contract; it is merely authorized to reach a determination of what is reasonable under an existing state of facts, and to make an order governing the matter for such time as the conditions shall remain substantially unchanged, but it is not permitted to interfere in any manner with the contracts of the railroad with the People of this State, nor can any justification be found for contending that it may set aside the maximum rates established by the Legislature, and which have become a part of the contract with existing railroad corporations.
Having conclusively established, as it seems to me, that section 60 of the Bailroad Law is unrepealed and an integral part of the law of the State, controlling in so far as it relates to railroads of the class to which the relator belongs, let us see what has actually been done by the Legislature in enacting the contemporary act, the Public Service Commissions Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 48; Laws of 1910, chap. 480).
By what process of reasoning men justify resorting to negative statutes for the purpose of finding positive powers I am unable to determine, but I find various references to section 33 of the Public Service Commissions Law in this and other cases, and, if we failed to examine the section, we might conclude that it had some bearing upon the question here presented. But an examination must certainly dissipate such a theory. The 1st subdivision provides that “No common carrier subject to the provision of this chapter shall after the first day of November, nineteen hundred and seven, engage or participate in the transportation of passengers or property, between points within the State, until its schedules of rates, fares and charges shall have been filed and published in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. No common carrier *631shall charge, demand, collect or receive a greater or less or different compensation for transportation of passengers or property, or for any service in connection therewith, than the rates, fares and charges applicable to such transportation as specified in its schedules filed and in effect at the time; nor shall any such carrier refund or remit in any manner or by any device any portion of the rates, fares or charges so specified, nor extend to any shipper or person any privileges or facilities in the transportation of passengers or property except such as are regularly and uniformly extended to all persons and corporations under like circumstances.” Clearly there is no power here delegated to the Public Service Commission; it is purely and simply a limitation upon common carriers, which may be railroads or other common carriers.
The next subdivision is equally without power. It provides that “No common carrier subject to the provisions of this chapter shall, directly or indirectly, issue or give any free ticket, free pass or free transportation for passengers or property between points within this State,” with a long list of exceptions. (Amd. by Laws of 1914, chaps. 38, 116.) The 3d subdivision provides further that “ Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the interchange of free or reduced transportion between common carriers of or for their officers,” etc., and a lot of matters of no possible bearing upon the powers of the Commission, and then follows the proviso, “that nothing in this chapter shall prevent the issuance of mileage, excursion, school or family commutation, commutation passenger tickets, half fare tickets for the transportation of children under twelve years of age, or any other form of reduced rate passenger tickets, or joint interchangeable mileage tickets, with special privileges as to the amount of free baggage that may be carried under mileage tickets of one thousand miles or more. But before any common carrier subject to the provision of this chapter shall issue any such mileage, excursion, school or family commutation, commutation, half fare, or any other form of reduced rate passenger tickets, or joint interchangeable mileage ticket, with special privileges as aforesaid, it shall file with the Commission copies of the tariffs of rates, fares or charges on which such tickets are to be based,” etc. *632(Amd. by Laws of 1911, chap. 546, and Laws of 1914, chap. 38.) It is in reference to these inhibitions and limitations upon common carriers, found in section 33 of the Public Service Commissions Law, that subdivision 4 of the section provides that “Nothing in this section or in any other provision of law shall be deemed to limit the power of the Commission to require the sale of, and upon investigation prescribe reasonable and just fares as the maximum to be charged for, commutation, school or family commutation, mileage tickets over railroads or street railroads,- joint interchangeable mileage tickets, round trip excursion tickets, or any other form of reduced rate passenger tickets over such railroads or street railroads; provided that all special round trip excursion tickets, the sale of which is limited to less than thirty days, except round trip excursion tickets to the State Fair and return during the holding thereof, shall be deemed exempt from such regulation by the Commission.” (Amd. by Laws of 1911, chap. 546.)
If we now turn to section 57 of the Railroad Law, we shall find that it is provided that “ subject to the provisions of the Public Service Commissions Law, every railroad corporation may fix and collect the following rates of fare as compensation to be paid for transporting any passenger and his baggage, not exceeding one hundred and fifty pounds in weight, for each mile or fraction of a mile,” and that there has been no re-enactment of the provisions of section 38 of chapter 565 of the Laws of 1890, which permitted the Legislature, from time to time, to “alter or reduce the rate of freight, fare or other profits upon such road.” The result of this modification of the provision of section 37 of the old Railroad Law, which provided that every railroad corporation “may fix and collect the following rates of fare as compensation,” etc., is to take away from the railroad corporations the right to fix the rates arbitrarily, and to place that power in the hands of the Commission, and, of course, it is no longer necessary that the Legislature shall reserve to itself the power to “ alter or reduce the rate of freight, fare or other profits,” for that power is vested in the Commission, with authority to enter into an inquiry to determine whether the rates are proper.
It should be remembered, in this connection, that the Con-
*633solidated Laws of 1909 were not designed as new enactments but as a revision of the laws (Laws of 1904, chap. 664; Laws of 1909, chap. 596); the Board of Statutory Consolidation was not to create new laws but to bring together and harmonize old laws in a comprehensive scheme, and when the Public Service Commissions Law and the Eailroad Law underwent this revision we are not to look for any substantial changes in the law, but merely for a harmonious adjustment of the two statutes. We should not, therefore, expect to find in the Public Service Commissions Law any larger powers of control over the fixing of rates than the Legislature had previously reserved to itself. The original Eailroad Law provided that the railroad corporations might fix and collect certain definite rates, and the power to so fix carried with it, of course, the authority to charge less rates if in the judgment of the corporation such rates were best suited to its purposes (Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. Co., 173 U. S. 684, 691), and the Legislature then reserved to itself the power to “ alter or reduce the rate ” — to regulate the rates fixed by the corporations—and it cannot be presumed that the Legislature, in abrogating this reserved power to itself, has intended to confer a larger power upon the Public Service Commission. Under the provisions of chapter 565 of the Laws of 1890, being the Eailroad Law (Glen. Laws, chap. 39), as well as in the present Eailroad Law, no rates were fixed for freight charges. These, in the very nature of things, could not be fixed by statute to govern classifications, difference in conditions, length of haul, grades to be overcome, etc. It was provided (§ 4, subds. 7, 8, as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 676) that the corporation “subject to the limitations and requirements of this chapter,” should have power “To take and convey persons and property on its railroad * * * and to receive compensation therefor,” and “To regulate the time and manner in which passengers and property shall be transported, and the compensation to be paid therefor,” and then section 37 (as amd. by Laws of 1892, chap. 676) provided the maximum rates which might be charged for passenger fares under various conditions, and section 38 provided that the Legislature might from time to time “ alter or reduce the rate of freight, fare or other profits upon such road,” with the con*634sent of the corporation, or upon an examination by the Board ■of Bailroad Commissioners, when it was found that the net income for the year then last passed had exceeded ten per cent upon the capital of the corporation actually expended. (See, also, Laws of 1901, chap. 639, amdg. said § 38.)
It is to be noted that, except for the provisions of section 38 of the old Bailroad Law, there was no limitation upon the power of raihoad corporations to fix and regulate the compensation to be paid for transporting freight, except the general rule of the common law that such rates must be reasonable (Village of Saratoga Springs v. Saratoga Gas, etc., Co., 191 N. Y. 123, 146), and this simply meant that so long as the corporation did not exceed ten per cent upon its capital it might impose any rates or conditions upon the shipper which the latter would stand without invoking the aid of the courts to protect himself against unreasonable exactions. The railroad corporation could, of course, depend in a large majority of cases upon the acquiescence of the shipper to any rates or conditions prescribed, and it was the abuse of this power, both in the matter of rates and in the facilities afforded shippers, which aroused public sentiment and produced in 1901 the Public Service Commissions Law. (People ex rel. Third Ave. R. Co. v. Public Service Commission, 145 App. Div. 318, 329; affd., 203 N. Y. 299; People ex rel. Binghamton Light, H. & P. Co. v. Stevens, Id. 7.) One of the paramount purposes of the Legislature in establishing the Public Service Commissions was to protect and enforce the rights of the public, and the statute should be construed with that in view. (People ex rel. Binghamton Light, H. & P. Co. v. Stevens, supra.) This is made clear by the provisions of section 26 of the act, which provides that “every corporation, person or common carrier performing a service designated in the preceding section, shall furnish, with respect thereto, such service and facilities as shall be safe and adequate and in all respects just and reasonable. All charges made or demanded by any such corporation, person or common carrier for the transportation of passengers or property or for any service rendered or to be rendered in connection therewith, as defined in section two of this chapter, shall be just and reasonable and not more than allowed by law or by order of the Commission having juris*635diction and made as authorized by this chapter. Every unjust or unreasonable charge made or demanded for any such service or transportation of passengers or properly or in connection therewith or in excess of that allowed by law or by order of the Commission is prohibited.” The only rates “allowed by law ” are the maximum rates fixed for passenger transportation, while the rates for freight and other service are provided for by sections 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32, and then follows section 33, which we have already considered, and which clearly does not give any power to the Commission to allow an increase of passenger rates beyond those fixed by statute, for it deals only with the various forms of “reduced rate passenger tickets,” which, of course, are those passenger tickets which are reduced below the rates “allowed by law,” and which are dealt with in the 2d paragraph of subdivision 1 of section 49 of the Public Service Commissions Law (as amd. by Laws of 1911, chap. 546).
We come then to the question whether, in the construction of section 49 of the Public Service Commissions Law (as amd. supra), we are called upon to so interpret it as to “repeal or render nugatory any portion ” of section 60 of the Eailroad Law, for this is the rule we have agreed is to be applied, and that “ every part of both statutes should be so construed, if possible, as to give some appropriate meaning and effect to every part of both statutes.” If we have reasoned to any purpose we have established that section 60 of the Eailroad Law, originally an independent statute, constitutes the condition of the franchise of every railroad organized or reorganized since 1895, and coming within the classification fixed by the act; that the rate “ allowed by law ” for mileage books upon such railroads is two cents per mile, and that the penal provision, which has been repeatedly adjudicated and held to be in effect as to all railroads of the class which have come into being as corporations since 1895, is constitutional and valid, constituting a vital part of the section, and can have no basis of operation if the Commission is authorized to and actually does change the rate “ allowed by law.” In other words, an increase in the rate for mileage books must either operate to repeal this penal provision of the act, or it must give a cause of action against the corporation where *636the corporation is itself acting within the law, and we agree that “ no portion of either should be given such a construction as would repeal or render nugatory any portion of either if such a result can reasonably be obviated,” but that “every part of both statutes should be so construed, if possible, as to give some appropriate meaning and effect to every part of both statutes.”
Keeping in mind, then, that the Legislature has established maximum rates for passenger fares under various classifications in section 57 of the Eailroad Law, and has, by subdivision 8 of section 8 of the Eailroad Law, permitted the railroad corporations, subject to the provisions of the Public Service Commissions Law and “this chapter” to “regulate the time and manner in which passengers and property shall be transported, and the compensation to he paid therefor,” we are prepared to read section 49 of the Public Service Commissions Law, and to understand that it simply carries out the spirit of section 38 of the old Eailroad Law, and permits the Public Service Commission to determine upon the reasonableness of freight charges, facilities of transportation and to regulate passenger rates within the limits “ allowed by law.” This is clearly giving “some appropriate meaning and effect to every part of both statutes,” and it should not, therefore, be extended to the mutilation of section 60 of the Eailroad Law, which, as we have already seen, enters into the consideration of the contract with the State for the franchises enjoyed by these railroads of the class of the relator.
Subdivision 1 of section 49 of the Public Service Commissions Law (as amd. supra) provides: “ Whenever either Commission shall be of opinion, after a hearing had upon its own motion or upon a complaint, that the rates, fares or charges demanded, exacted, charged or collected by any common carrier, railroad corporation or street railroad corporation subject to its jurisdiction for the transportation of persons or property within the State, or that the regulations or practices of such common carrier, railroad corporation or street railroad corporation affecting such rates are unjust, unreasonable, unjustly discriminatory or unduly preferential, or in anywise in violation of any provision of law, or that the maximum rates, fares or charges, *637chargeable by any such common carrier, railroad or street railroad corportion are insufficient to yield reasonable compensation for the service rendered, and are unjust and unreasonable, the Commission shall with due regard among other things to a reasonable average return upon the value of the property actually used in the public service and to the necessity of making reservation out of income for surplus and contingencies, determine the just and reasonable rates, fares and charges to be thereafter observed and in force as the maximum to be charged for the service to be performed, notwithstanding that a higher rate, fare or charge has been heretofore authorized by statute, and. shall fix the same by order to be served upon all common carriers, railroad corporations or street railroad corporations by whom such rates, fares and charges are thereafter to be observed.” (Amd. by Laws of 1911, chap. 546.)
To understand this thoroughly we must remember that section 28 of the same act requires each railroad company to file with the Oommissióil schedules “showing the rates, fares and charges for the transportation of passengers and property within the State between each point upon its route and all other points thereon,” and that section 29 (as amd. by Laws of 1914, chap. 240) provides that these rates shall not be changed without the approval of the Commission, while section 33, subdivision 1, provides that no common carrier subject to the provisions of this act shall “engage or participate in the transportation of passengers or property, between points within the State, until its schedules of rates, fares and charges shall have been filed and published in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.” The same subdivision of that section further provides that “Ho common carrier shall charge, demand, collect or receive a greater or less or different compensation for transportation of passengers or property, or for any service in connection therewith, than the rates, fares and charges applicable to such transportation as specified in its schedules filed and in effect at the time; nor shall any such carrier refund or remit in any manner or by any device any portion of the rates, fares or charges so specified, nor extend to any shipper or person any privileges or facilities in the transportation of passengers or property except such as are regularly and uniformly extended to all persons and
*638corporations under like circumstances.” Here we find the key to the use of the word “ maximum ” which seems so important to my brother of the bench. Thé schedule of rates having been once fixed and determined, the corporation is forbidden to “ demand, collect or .receive a greater or less or different compensation for transportation of passengers or property, or for any service in connection therewith, than the rates, fares and charges applicable ” as fixed by the schedules The power to “regulate the time and manner in which passengers and property shall be transported, and the compensation to be paid therefor” (Railroad Law, § 8, subd. 8), is limited by this provision; thé corporation is no loiiger permitted to vary its rates or its facilities at its caprice, but must conform to the published rates which have been fixed either by statute or the action of the corporation with the approval of the Commission, and it is in respect to the schedules thus required to be made and enforced impartially, that subdivision 1 of section 49 of the Public Service Commissions Law (as amd. supra) provides that where thS Commission, upon its own motion, or upon complaint, “shall be of opinion, after a hearing had,” that “the rates, fares or charges demanded, exacted, charged or collected, * * * or that the maximum rates, fares or charges, chargeable by any such common carrier, railroad or street railroad corporation are insufficient to yield reasonable compensation for the service rendered, and are unjust and unreasonable, the Commission shall with due regard among other things to a reasonable average return upon the value of the property actually used in the public service and to the necessity of making reservation out of income for surplus and contingencies, determine the just and reasonable rates, fares and charges to be thereafter observed and in force as the maximum to be charged for the service to be performed1, notwithstanding that a higher rate, fare or charge has been heretofore authorized by statute,” etc. In other words, the Commission, taking into consideration all of the factors entering into the problem of reasonable compensation, may make the maximum rates, fares or charges less than they appear in the schedules at the time on file, notwithstanding the fact that the Legislature has by statute fixed a higher maximum, but it nowhere provides
*639that where the Legislature has fixed a maximum rate, fare or charge, the Commission may step in and increase that maximum figure. This is exactly the power which the Legislature reserved to- itself under the provisions of section 38 of the old Railroad Law. The maximum rate fixed by the Legislature is prima Jade a reasonable rate for the particular service (Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. Co. v. Smith, 173 U. S. 684, 695), and if the maximum rates are too high, in the judgment of the Legislature, it may lower them, provided they do not make them unreasonably low, as that term is understood in the law. (Lake Shore Case, supra.) This power may be delegated to the Public Service Commission, and this is the power which has been delegated, but there is no language which would justify us in holding that the Legislature has attempted to delegate the power to increase the maximum rates for passenger service, either by the use of tickets or mileage books.
What the Legislature has done is to definitely fix the rates for mileage books, as well as the maximum rates for passenger tickets upon various classes of railroads, and no power has been given to change those rates upward. If there has been, then the New York Central railroad may claim an increase in its passenger rates, notwithstanding that the statute specially provides that “this chapter shall not be construed to allow any rate of fare for way passengers greater than two cents per mile to be charged or taken over the track or tracks of the railroad known as the New York Central Railroad Company,” etc. (Railroad Law, § 57, subd. 5.) While it has fixed absolutely the rate for mileage books, and has fixed a maximum rate for railroads generally in carrying passengers, it has not put it out of the power of the Commission to provide just and reasonable compensation for the service which the railroad performs to the public. The Commission, taking into consideration all of the facts, among them that railroads of a certain class must issue mileage books at a fixed rate per mile, which books afford all of the privileges of the highest grade of tickets issued by the company, may, if it is of the opinion after an investigation that “ the maximum rates, fares or charges, chargeable by any such common carrier, railroad or street rail-
*640road corporation are insufficient to yield reasonable compensation for the service rendered, and are unjust and unreasonable,” having “ due regard among other things to a reasonable average return upon the value of the property actually used in the public service and to the necessity of making reservation out of income for surplus and contingencies, determine the just and reasonable rates, fares and charges to be thereafter observed and in force as the maximum to be charged for the service to be performed,” etc. This does not require a change in the Mileage Book Law, nor in the law governing the New York Central railroad in so far as its passenger rates are concerned; it simply empowers the Commission to adjust the freight and other service charges to the static rates established for these railroads by law, and to permit them to earn a “ reasonable average return upon the value of the property actually used in the public service.” A reasonable average return does not mean a reasonable return upon the carrying of the particular passengers who happen to hold mileage books, but “ a reasonable average return upon the value of the property actually used in the public service and to the necessity of making reservation out of income for surplus and contingencies.” If, for instance, the mileage book passenger is carried at a loss, this condition of the franchise amounts to an overhead charge upon the resources of the company. The Commission is not authorized to change the Mileage Book Law, but it is authorized to consider the entire earnings of the railroad, subject to this and other overhead charges, and to increase the freight and other service charges, if necessary, to a point where the average earnings of all the departments of the business will result in a “ reasonable average return upon the value of the property actually used in the public service,” etc. In other words it comports with the public policy of the State to require passengers to be carried at figures which may not afford a measure of profit — even at a loss. It grants its franchise to these railroads upon this condition that they wifi, carry passengers at certain fixed rates, or not in excess of such rates, and this it has a perfect right to do. (Purdy v. Erie Railroad Co., 162 N. Y. 42, 49.) But as a common carrier at common law is enti*641tied to reasonable compensation for the service rendered, and it is always within the province of the State to be just, it is provided that the Public Service Commission may, upon a view of the whole subject, so adjust the freight and other charges as to afford a reasonable return upon the property actually made use of in the public service. It has long been contended that the New York Central and Hudson Biver Bail-road Company was carrying passengers at a loss, and many efforts have been made to induce the Legislature to change the rate of fare, but never with success. Under the provisions of section' 38 of the old Bailroad Law (as amd. by Laws of 1901, chap. 639), as well as under the common law, it has always been permitted to earn a fair average return upon the value of the property used in the public service, and no one looks for it to surrender its charter and franchises because one particular portion of its business is conducted at or below the cost of the service. The same principle is found in the popular magazines, many of which furnish their publications to their readers at less than the cost of the blank paper, depending for their revenue upon the advertising rates which they are enabled to command by reason of their large circulations, and it is no uncommon thing to find many business enterprises which lose money upon some feature only to be compensated out of others. It may be that much of the volume of freight and other charges is due to the extensive travel induced by relatively low-priced passenger fares, and the railroads may be actually benefited by this policy on the part of the State.
It may be suggested that this conclusion runs counter to the language of Mr. Justice Kellogg in People ex rel. N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Co. v. P. S. Comm. (155 App, Div. 531, 540), that the “ regulation of rates means that each patron of the road shall pay an adequate compensation for the service he receives, and shall not be required to pay for the service furnished to another.” The question before the court in that case was in reference to a railroad “ differently situated from any other railroad serving New York city,” to quote from the opinion. The relator under a contract was called upon to pay a certain portion of each fare collected from local passengers, the net result being *642that the commuter was being carried at a less price than it actually cost the company to transport him, and it was in reference to this situation and the suggestion that the burden of this contract price for local passengers should be distributed upon the entire passenger business of the relator that the court used the language above quoted. It was not considering the broad question of the power of the Public Service Commission to adjust the average income of railroads, but was considering whether the New York, New Haven and Hartford Eailroad Company, under a contract different from that of any other railroad, could add a charge, based on a contract which considered only local traffic, to the operating expenses of the railroad as a whole, thus increasing the burden upon the general traffic for the benefit of the commuter, whose transportation is subject to the old contract under which the relator was enabled to come into the heart of New York city with its trains. Under the contract, originally designed to cover the normal transportation over the New York and Harlem railroad, before the days of the commuter, the relator is obliged to give such a rate per passenger that it actually carries the commuters at a loss, although the commuter himself is paying a rate equal to that of other railroads under like circumstances, and the question before the court was whether this contract, entirely inconsistent with modern traffic conditions, could be considered as a legitimate charge against the operating expenses of the railroad, and thus to increase the rates for passengers between New York and Boston and intermediate stations, and it was suggested, though not necessary to the decision, that “ each patron of the road shall pay an adequate compensation' for the service he receives, and shall not he required to pay for the service furnished to another,” and to illustrate the point the court say: “It is difficult to see why a passenger traveling from New Haven to Boston should pay more than the service is worth because the commuters from Mount Vernon . to New York are carried by the company at an actual loss.” But in this same connection it was said that “it is not necessary, however, to determine that all of the tollage and ^terminal charges should be borne by the passenger service,” and that is the point which I make, that the average rates of *643all the charges shall afford a reasonable compensation to the railroad, in the case which we are considering the State has required, as a condition of granting a franchise, that the relator shall furnish mileage books at two cents per mile. This is a condition which the State has a right to impose on its corporations (Purdy v. Erie Railroad Co., 162 N. Y. 42), and this unquestionably became a limitation upon the income of the passenger department, which the railroad company had a right to make up by increased charges upon freight and other passenger service to the point where the average income of the railroad would result in a reasonable compensation for the service rendered to the public, and an incidental expression, designed to illustrate a different question, should not be laid hold of to interfere with a just and proper construction of the law as it relates to the facts of the case presented on this review.
This view of the proper construction of the Public Service Commissions Law and of the Railroad Law gives effect to every provision of both enactments; it allows an intelligent application of every section and every clause and every word in both acts, and, as it conforms to the rule asserted by my brother of the bench, I am constrained to dissent from his conclusion, and to hold that the determination of the Public Service Commission that it was without jurisdiction to change the Mileage-Book Law is in harmony with the law and should be sustained.
Determination annulled and proceeding remitted to the Commission for further action.