The defendant appeals from a judgment of Special Sessions, convicting it of a violation of the Labor Law in connection with, a building at 434-438 Broadway, city of New York.
Section 79-b of the Labor Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 31 [Laws of 1909, chap. 36], added by Laws of 1913, chap. 461, as amd. by Laws of 1914, chaps. 182, 366, and Laws of 1915, chap. 719) provides in part that no factory shall be conducted in any building theretofore erected unless such building, if over two stories in height, shall be provided on each floor with at least two means of exit or escape from fire of the character described in the section. The building in question was nine stories in height; and while no proof was offered that it was erected prior to the enactment of section 79-b, that fact sufficiently appears from the defendant’s admissions shown at the trial that the building was subject to the requirements of the section. Proof was given, and it is not disputed, that a factory was being conducted in the building and that the building did not comply with the requirements of the section in November, 1915, at the time of the offense charged. The Labor Law was, therefore, being violated; and the only question presented by this appeal is whether the defendant, which did not own the building, could be held responsible for the violation and punished under section 1275 of the Penal Law (as amd. by Laws of 1913, chap. 349), which provides that any person who violates or does not comply with any provision of the Labor Law is guilty of a misdemeanor.
The conviction of the defendant was based entirely upon section 94 of the Labor Law. That section (as amd. by Laws of *7541915, chap. 653) provides that the owner shall be responsible for the observance and punishable for the non-observance of the provisions of section 79-b and that “ the term ‘ owner ’ as used in this article shall be construed to mean the owner or owners of the freehold of the premises, or the lessee or joint lessees of the whole thereof, or his, her or their agent in charge of the property.” The defendant was conceded to have been the agent in charge of the property to the extent of collecting rents, negotiating and making minor repairs. But it had no authority to execute leases nor to make such repairs or alterations as would have been necessary to make the building conform to the requirements of section 79-b. The claim is accordingly made that the defendant was not the agent in charge of the property, within the meaning of the statute, and that, if it were, the statute is unconstitutional as applied to it.
The italicized words have not been construed in any case that has been cited to us except People v. Pullman (166 App. Div. 99), and that case is of little help, since it was decided upon another point, and the question here presented was barely mentioned. That the defendant in the present case was the agent in charge of the property, in the sense in which those words are used in the statute, can hardly be disputed. This was illustrated at the trial, when one of its managers, in answer to a question whether the defendant was in charge of the property at the time for the owner, replied that it was. And when the purpose of the statute is considered it seems to me that the meaning ordinarily given to those words was unquestionably the meaning intended.
In a large city like Hew York the owner of a building • similar to the one in question rarely, if ever, resides in it, and seldom personally undertakes its management. In the great majority of cases the building is placed in the hands of an agent, to whom applications for renting space are made, and who conducts all dealings with the tenants. The owner may be, and frequently is, a non-resident, not subject to the jurisdiction of our courts. But the agent is, necessarily, familiar with the conditions existing in the building and available for complaints in connection therewith. In making the agent in charge of the property responsible for the observance of the *755provisions of the Labor Law, therefore, I think that the Legislature had in mind the person who secured the tenants, and to whom complaints respecting the building would naturally be made.
The defendant was such an agent. Notice of the violation in question was served upon it in April, 1915, by the bureau of inspection of the Department of Labor, and it at once took up with the owner the question of making the necessary alterations. It had on prior occasions complied with similar orders relating to minor details; but it had no authority'from the owner to make such extensive alterations, and, for reasons which it is unnecessary to discuss, the alterations were not made and the violation was allowed to continue for several months.
I do not think that the fact that an agent for a building, like the defendant in the case at bar, may not have authority to make the required alterations is by any means decisive of the question. Section 79-b does not provide that every tenant-factory shall be equipped with the two described means of exit on each floor. It provides only that no factory shall be conducted in any building theretofore erected unless the two means of exit shall be provided. It is not the failure to equip the building in the prescribed manner that violates the law, it is the maintenance of a factory in a building not properly equipped, and the violation can be terminated either by altering the building or by discontinuing the factory. Under section 94 both the actual owner and the respective tenants are made responsible if a factory is conducted in a building in violation of section 79-b, and I think it is clear that the agent in charge of the building should likewise be held responsible.
The agent knows whether the building complies with the requirements of section 79-b. He also knows whether the leases permit the tenants to conduct factories in the building. If factories are permitted in the leases in a building not conforming to the law there is no reason why the agent should not be held responsible. If a tenant conducts a factory without permission to do so in his lease in violation of the law the agent is sure to find it out and it is his duty to see that the violation is stopped. If he continues to act as agent for the building, *756knowing that the law is being violated there, he should also be held responsible for the violation. His liability is based upon the existing condition of affairs and not upon the owner’s failure to make alterations.
Under this construction the statute is an effective weapon against non-resident owners, for, if agents refuse to take or continue in charge of buildings where such violations exist, the owners must either make the necessary alterations or take charge of the buildings themselves and thus render themselves amenable to prosecution. Under any other construction non-' resident owners and their agents could permit violations of the statute to continue with impunity.
What has been said disposes of the constitutional question raised by the appellant, if that is properly before us. No one has any vested or constitutional right to act as agent for a building in which a violation of the law is being maintained. The appellant has not been found guilty because .the owner failed to make the alterations directed by the bureau of inspection, but because it remained in charge of the building knowing that the law was being violated there. It could have escaped liability either by terminating the violation or by ceasing to act as agent, but it did neither. It was entirely competent for the Legislature to say that, by voluntarily remaining as agent in charge of the building when it knew that the Labor. Law was being violated there, it became particeps criminis, and punishable, as well as the owner, for the existing violation.
Under the circumstances disclosed in the record, however, I think that the sentence was properly suspended.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
Clarke, P. J., and Davis, J., concurred; Scott and Dowling, JJ., dissented.