The question to he determined is presented upon the return to a writ of habeas corpus.
The relator has been arrested and is held by virtue of a *492warrant of arrest isned by a city .magistrate on the charge of having, on the 3d day of October, 1911, in the county of Hew York, violated the provisions of section 27la of the Stock Transfer Tax Law in that he sold adhesive stamps issued pursuant to the said law by the State Comptroller without having the written consent of said State Comptroller. This law as originally enacted did not require that those, who sold stamps should first obtain the written consent of the State Comptroller. Laws of 1909, chap. 62. It was amended by' chapter 12 of the Laws of 1911 so as to require the written consent of the State Comptroller. The amendment went into effect March 9, 1911.
Section 27la of the Stock Transfer Tax Law, as amended, provides as follows: “ Sale of stamps. Ho person, firm, company, association or corporation other than a corporation organized under the banking law of the State or under the national bank act of the United States, or a duly authorized agent of the comptroller, shall sell or expose for sale any stamp issued pursuant to this article without first obtaining from the comptroller his- written consent, .except that in connection with a sale of or agreement to sell stock a broker or agent of the principal making such sale or agreement to sell may supply and affix the stamp or stamps required by this article. Ho person shall sell any stamp for a sum less than the face value thereof without the written consent of the comptroller. Any person violating any provision of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.” The relator’s claim is that when section 2Yla was amended he had in his lawful possession about $1,000 worth of stamps which he had purchased under the original law, and that the amendment which makes the consent of the State Comptroller necessary to enable him to sell such stamps is in violation of those constitutional provisions, Federal and State, which • protect liberty and property from invasion without due process of law and abridges the rights, privileges and immunities secured to citizens and takes private property for public use wthout due compensation.
The proprietary interest which one has in stamps purchased under the provisions of' this law is of a *493limited and peculiar character. Thus the owner can use the stamps as stamps only for the purposes prescribed by law. The value of such stamps springs entirely from the 'statute pursuant to which they are issued. Such attributes of property as these stamps possess attach to them solely by virtue of the statute. The legal nature of a stamp is evident from an inquiry into the history of stamp duties. Stamp duties first originated in Holland in 1624. In order to provide funds for carrying on a contest with Spain the Holland government offered a reward to any one who should devise the best new tax. Among the taxes suggested was the stamp duty. In England the first stamp duty was provided for in 5 William & Mary (chap. 21, 1694) to aid in raising revenue toward carrying on the war then pending with France. Edwards Stamp Act, 3. Adam Smith, writing in 1776, speaks of stamp duties as a “ very modern invention,” and remarks that “ in the course of little more than a century * * * stamp duties-have, in Europe, become almost universal,” and adds that “ there is no art which one government sooner learns of another than that of draining money from the pockets of the people.” Wealth of Hations '(Cannan Ed.), 346. Stamp duties are therefore a means of raising revenue and a branch of the system of taxation. Presumably they are levied r,because the Legislature deems a necessity to exist for raising revenue, and when the necessity no longer exists the Legislature may repeal them. They are issued for governmental purposes, and any one purchasing them does so subject to the right of the government to repeal the law pursuant to which they are issued and upon which their value depends. If, as I think is evident from the nature of a stamp duty, the Legislature may repeal the law pursuant to which the duty is levied at any time, it follows that it is competent for the legislative power to provide that stamps shall be sold only by those duly licensed to sell them. The fact that such a restriction may impair the right of those who have purchased stamps to sell them is a mere incident of the exercise of such undoubted legislative power. If the law itself were repealed the owner could not then sell the stamps for the purpose for which they were originally designed, and the *494stamps would be without any value at all. Yet the right of the Legislature to repeal at any time a tax which it has levied is beyond dispute. If the Legislature may do this it is difficult to see why it may not limit the right to sell stamps to those who are licensed to sell them. The statute seems to me to be free from any constitutional objection, and the writ is dismissed and the relator remanded.
Writ dismissed. .