OPINION OF THE COURT
Simons, J. P.The Governor and the Attorney-General seek permission to publish excerpts of evidence before the Wyoming County Grand Juries. The evidence is contained in volumes 2 and 3 of the Final Report of the Special Attica Investigation, known as the Meyer Report. They appeal from an order of Special Term which held them bound by the statutory provisions requiring that Grand Jury proceedings be secret (see CPL 190.25, subds 3, 4; Penal Law, § 215.70),1 and which, as a discretionary *222matter, denied permission to disclose the evidence. There are also various cross appeals seeking other or different relief. We affirm the order of Special Term.
The genesis of the Attica investigations is well known. On September 9, 1971 inmates at the Attica Correctional Facility took over a portion of the prison and held control of it until it was retaken by law enforcement personnel on September 13. After the retaking, then Governor Rockefeller directed the Attorney-General to supersede the Wyoming County District Attorney to investigate the events surrounding Attica and to prosecute those charged with Attica-related crimes. Robert E. Fischer, a respondent in this proceeding, was designated a Special Deputy Attorney-General for that purpose. He later resigned to assume judicial office and Anthony Simonetti succeeded him. The Meyer Report was an investigation of the Attica prosecution during the period that Judge Fischer and Special Deputy Simonetti headed it. The investigation was precipitated by the resignation of respondent, Malcolm H. Bell, a Special Assistant Attorney-General and a member of the Attica prosecutorial staff, who publicly criticized the handling of the prosecution, specifically the investigation and prosecution of crimes allegedly committed by law enforcement personnel. He charged that the prosecution "lacked integrity” and he amplified his charges in a written report submitted to the Governor. Appellants responded by appointing former State Supreme Court Justice Bernard S. Meyer as a Special Assistant Attorney-General on April 17, 1975 and directing him to "evaluate the conduct of the investigation into the retaking of the Attica Correctional Facility on Sept. 13, 1971, and related events subsequent thereto.” When Judge Meyer finished his investigation in October, 1975, he reported the results in a three-volume 570-page report. The first volume contained his findings and recommendations and was published on December 22, 1975. It did not contain quotations from the minutes of the Wyoming County Grand Juries. The second and third volumes, which appellants now propose to release, provide the factual basis for Judge Meyer’s conclusions in volume 1 and contain quotations of Grand Jury testimony and references to Grand Jury testimony.
*223On December 16, 1975 Alfred J. Scotti was appointed Special Deputy Attorney-General to carry out the recommendation of the Meyer Report that Attica convictions, pending indictments and possible future indictments be reviewed to determine what steps should be taken to assure evenhanded prosecution of crimes committed at Attica. At that time Governor Carey and Attorney-General Lefkowitz made clear, as they had when they received the Meyer Report, that the entire report was to be made public upon the conclusion of the investigation.
Subsequently, Mr. Scotti recommended dismissal of all but one of the pending indictments, stating that the investigation by the State Police immediately after the retaking was too deficient to permit the successful prosecution of crimes committed by law enforcement personnel during the retaking. He also recommended executive clemency for eight inmates convicted of Attic-related crimes and he recommended disciplinary action against eight State troopers, two State Police officers, eight correction officers and two correction employees. On December 31, 1976 Governor Carey pardoned seven inmates and granted executive clemency to an eighth. He requested the Attorney-General to take whatever legal action was necessary to effect prompt release of volumes 2 and 3 of the Meyer Report and this application followed.
Special Term’s order insofar as we are concerned with it on this appeal ordered redaction of all references to Grand Jury testimony from the Meyer Report, directed that volumes 2 and 3 as redacted then be submitted to all persons criticized in the report 30 days prior to publication, and that the report not be released until further order of the court. The obvious purpose of these directions was to assist the court and assure that redaction was complete before publication was permitted.
Appellants challenge Special Term’s order on two grounds. First, they submit that inasmuch as the Governor now has possession2 of portions of the Grand Jury minutes and nothing in the statutes prohibits him from publishing them, he may do so without the necessity of a court order. Further than that, they assert that even if it can be said that the court may monitor the use of Grand Jury evidence in the Governor’s *224hands, the sole standard by which the court may judge his action is reasonableness (see Matter of Pell v Board of Educ., 34 NY2d 222, 231), and the proposed publication is reasonable because the public interest requires the release of the entire Meyer Report, including Grand Jury evidence. Appellants have volunteered to redact individual names appearing in the report, as necessary, to avoid injury to reputations. We deem such action at this time to be a matter for appellants’ determination, not the court’s.
i
We conclude that the Governor is bound by the statutory requirement that Grand Jury proceedings are secret. Pertinent to our decision are two discrete subdivisions of section 63 of the Executive Law, subdivisions 8 and 2.
Subdivision 8 of section 63 provides that the Attorney-General may, and when directed by the Governor he shall, inquire into matters "concerning the public peace, public safety and public justice” when the public interest requires it. The subdivision was originally enacted as a war measure to enable the executive to cope with sabotage and subversion at the time of World War I. It has remained in effect continuously since then and the Court of Appeals has construed it as having general application (Matter of Sigety v Hynes, 38 NY2d 260, cert den 425 US 974; Matter of Di Brizzi [Proskauer], 303 NY 206; but see Matter of Friedman v Hi-Li Manor Home for Adults, 42 NY2d 408). The subdivision confers general investigative powers and provides a means whereby the Governor and the Attorney-General may acquire information to guide them in the performance of their executive duties.
Subdivision 2 of section 63 serves quite another purpose. It authorizes the Governor to direct the Attorney-General to supersede local District Attorneys. That subdivision is based upon the Governor’s historic duty to see that the laws are enforced (NY Const, art IV, § 3; and see Mulroy v Carey, 58 AD2d 207, 212, affd 43 NY2d 819; Pitler, Superseding District Attorneys in New York City—The Constitutionality and Legality of Executive Order No. 55, 41 Fordham L Rev 517, 520-521). An Attorney-General who supersedes a local District Attorney is empowered to manage and conduct specified criminal actions and proceedings and for that purpose he, or his deputy, steps into the shoes of the local District Attorney and exercises all powers and performs all duties with respect *225thereto that the local District Attorney would otherwise perform. The Special Deputy Attorney-General’s access to Grand Jury evidence and his disposition of it in the matters in which he is authorized to act is the same as .that possessed by the superseded District Attorney (CPL 1.20, subd 32). A designee of the Attorney-General acting under subdivision 8, however, does not step into the shoes of a District Attorney, for subdivision 8 is not intended to be used to initiate the criminal indictment or prosecution of any individual (see Matter of Di Brizzi [Proskauer], 303 NY 206, 216-217, supra; Matter of Sigety v Hynes, 38 NY2d 260, 266, supra; Ward Baking Co. v Western Union Tel. Co., 205 App Div 723, 728-729).
Special Deputy Attorney-General Meyer did not supersede the District Attorney of Wyoming County (or respondent Fischer or Simonetti). His appointment was made "in connection with” the prior gubernatorial executive orders appointing respondent Fischer, but he was not directed to prosecute crimes committed during the Attica uprising and retaking and he did not undertake to do so. His function was to investigate respondent Bell’s charges pursuant to subdivision 8 of section 63 and when he concluded his investigation, the Attorney-General appointed Special Deputy Scotti to take over responsibility for the Attica prosecutions and conclude them.
There is a serious question, therefore, whether the Special Deputy Attorney-General was entitled to access to the Grand Jury minutes or to deliver excerpts of them to the Governor without a court order.3 Special Term did not believe that he was (92 Misc 2d 316, 324-325). Whether or not that be so, we need not now decide. Regardless of how the Governor obtained the evidence, the statutory command is that Grand Jury *226proceedings are secret and nothing contained in subdivision 8 expressly or implicitly authorizes the Governor’s access to such evidence or gives him the power to disclose it. Nor should we construe the statute broadly to accomplish that purpose, for it makes little sense to impose the obligation of secrecy on those directly concerned with the Grand Jury but permit it to be circumvented once delivery of the evidence has been made to others.4 Significantly, recent amendments to the CPL and the Penal Law strengthen the secrecy requirements of those statutes by expanding the restrictions to include all public officers and public employees (see L 1977, ch 451; L 1978, ch 415). Manifestly the statutes express the legislative intention that the secrecy of Grand Jury minutes be carefully guarded and that any decision for disclosure be made by a court, not by the District Attorney, by a Special Deputy Attorney-General superseding him, or even by the Governor.
Furthermore, nothing said by this court in Mulroy v Carey (58 AD2d 207, supra) should be construed as holding that the Governor has implied or inherent power to obtain Grand Jury evidence or disclose it without prior judicial approval. The decision in that case related only to the Governor’s authority to supersede a local District Attorney. The Grand Jury constitutes a part of the court impaneling it (CPL 190.05) and fundamental principles of separation of powers require prior court approval before the Governor discloses Grand Jury evidence.
The leading case permitting disclosure of Grand Jury evidence is People v Di Napoli (27 NY2d 229). In Di Napoli, certain contractors were convicted of conspiring to rig bids on work performed for various public utilities. The Court of Appeals authorized delivery of the related Grand Jury testimony to the Public Service Commission for assistance in its determination of whether the utilities had charged customers "just and reasonable rates” or whether the rates were affected by costs resulting from rigged bids. By analogy, the limited abridgment of the Grand Jury’s secrecy permitted in Di Napoli has already taken place in this case; in the public interest the evidence of the Attica Grand Juries has been released to Special Deputy Attorney-General Meyer and by him to the Governor so that the State’s executive officers *227might be advised on respondent Bell’s charges and the Attica investigation generally.
ii
Holding as we do that the Governor, is bound by the secrecy requirement of CPL 190.25 (subd 4), we next determine whether Special Term abused its discretion in denying appellants’ application to publish the Grand Jury evidence contained in volumes 2 and 3 of the Meyer Report.
The customary reasons for requiring secrecy (and therefore the pertinent considerations for a court in exercising its discretion to release or not release) are set forth in People v Di Napoli (supra, p 235), "Those most frequently mentioned by courts and commentators are these: (1) prevention of flight by a defendant who is about to be indicted; (2) protection of the grand jurors from interference from those under investigation; (3) prevention of subornation of perjury and tampering with prospective witnesses at the trial to be held as a result of any indictment the grand jury returns; (4) protection of an innocent accused from unfounded accusations if in fact no indictment is returned; and (5) assurance to prospective witnesses that their testimony will be kept secret so that they will be willing to testify freely. (See, e.g., People ex rel. Hirschberg v. Board of Supervisors, 251 N. Y. 156, 165; Matter of Temporary State Comm, of Investigation, 47 Misc 2d 11, 14, supra; Matter of Attorney-General of U. S., 160 Misc. 533, 534; People v. Ewald, 144 Misc. 657, 660; United States v. Amazon Ind. Chem. Corp., 55 F. 2d 254, 261; see, also, 8 Wigmore, Evidence [McNaughton Rev., 1961], §§ 2360-2362.)”
In authorizing release of the evidence to the Public Service Commission in Di Napoli, the court noted that the criminal prosecutions had been completed and there was no danger that escape, interference with the Grand Jury’s deliberations, perjury or subornation would result from the disclosure. Nor was there a need to protect innocent persons. The only consideration militating against release was the possibility that if permitted, disclosure would have a "chilling effect” on the ability of future Grand Juries to obtain the co-operation of witnesses. The court found that factor alone did not outweigh the obvious public purpose to be served by delivery of the evidence to the Public Service Commission.
The present case differs from Di Napoli in three respects.
*228First, in this case there is a continuing need to protect unindicted individuals from unfounded accusations against them because some of the evidence pertinent to Judge Meyer’s investigation relates to individuals who were accused but no-billed by the Grand Jury. Furthermore, because the proceedings terminated before the investigation was concluded, some accusations were never resolved one way or the other. They remain in limbo. Perhaps, with skillful redaction, the identity of the affected persons could be concealed and their reputations protected, but it is doubtful that it could be done successfully given the extensive writing that has occurred on the subject of Attica.
Second, the nature of the disclosure sought here far exceeds anything previously authorized by any court. For example, the courts have authorized release of Grand Jury testimony to official agencies for limited investigative purposes (Matter of Temporary State Comm, of Investigation, 47 Misc 2d 11; People v Behan, 37 Misc 2d 911 [to the State investigation commissions]; Matter of Crain, 139 Misc 799 [to State for investigation for fish and food markets]; Matter of Attorney-General of U. S., 160 Misc 533 [to Attorney-General to investigate fraud by a title company]), and they also have authorized the release of testimony of or concerning public officials to their superiors for disciplinary purposes (see People ex rel. Hirschberg v Board of Supervisors, 251 NY 156, 170-171; Matter of City of New Rochelle, 35 Misc 2d 254; Matter of Scro, 200 Misc 688; Matter of People ex rel. Sawput Gymnasium, 60 NYS2d 593). Indeed, this court recently authorized release of the Grand Jury minutes in these same Attica investigations to the Division of State Police, but in doing so, we limited the disclosure, specifying that the minutes were to be used for departmental discipline and no other purpose (Matter of Scotti, 53 AD2d 282, 285, 289, supra; cf. Matter of City of Buffalo, 57 AD2d 47). No case is cited, however, in which a court has authorized dissemination of Grand Jury evidence to the public generally or even a substantial segment of the public. Perhaps the closest that any court has come to permitting public release of Grand Jury evidence was the disclosure permitted to a group of interested citizens who sought removal of a village tax collector (Matter of Quinn [Guión], 293 NY 787, affg 267 App Div 913). But even in that case the disclosure was to resident taxpayers who had initiated a statutory removal proceeding pursuant to section 36 of *229the Public Officers Law so that they might prosecute a court action. Significantly, Chief Judge Fuld, speaking for the court in Di Napoli (supra, p 237), cautioned, "Quite obviously, our affirmance [of the Appellate Division’s order authorizing release of the testimony to the commission] will not sanction any general disclosure or widespread publication of the minutes.” Appellants here seek precisely that which the Chief Judge said was impermissible, generalized publication of portions of Grand Jury evidence.
Third, it is appropriate to look at the public interest to be served by granting this application. Appellants assert that publication of the Meyer Report in full is necessary because of "the strong public interest involved in knowing the extent to which the criminal justice, press and police systems were or were not lacking in integrity” during the Attica investigation. They assert that volumes 2 and 3 of the Meyer Report are meaningless unless the Grand Jury evidence is included.
The public’s access to knowledge and the confidence it has in the conduct of public officials are matters of first importance in a democratic society. The cases demonstrate, however, that such considerations are customarily present in applications of this nature to a greater or lesser degree (see, e.g., Matter of City of Buffalo, 57 AD2d 47, supra; Matter of Grand Jury of Erie County, 192 Misc 857; Matter of Bar Assn, of Erie County [Hagarty], 182 Misc 529; Matter of Attorney-General of State of N. Y., 145 Misc 331). They do not necessarily justify disclosure. No less important is the obligation of the judicial branch of government to protect the reputations of persons accused of crimes but not indicted or convicted,5 and to protect the court’s investigative machinery. The secrecy of the Grand Jury is jealously guarded because the confidentiality of its proceedings must be ensured if it is to continue to be effective. Particularly is that so in investigations such as this which are the subject of broad publicity and which are highly sensitive. The Attica uprising, and the investigations and the criminal proceedings which followed it, were unique in the history of this State. No similar prosecution may ever occur in the future. But if it should, those persons possessing needed evidence must have the assurance that they may come forward without fear of reprisal or intimidation. An able Trial Justice, experienced with Attica matters, has weighed these *230competing considerations, each singularly important to a free government, and in a thoughtful decision he has ruled against publication of the Grand Jury evidence. After examining the record, we are not able to say that he abused his discretion when he made that decision.
The order, insofar as appealed, should be affirmed.
. Subdivision 4 of CPL 190.25: "Grand Jury proceedings are secret, and no grand juror or other person specified in subdivision three may, except in the lawful discharge of his duties or upon written order of the court, disclose the nature or substance of any grand jury testimony, or any decision, result or other matter attending a grand jury proceeding.”
Subdivision 3 lists: (a) the District Attorney; (b) a clerk; (c) a stenographer; (d) an interpreter; (e) a public servant holding a witness in custody. The statute was amended by chapter 415 of the Laws of 1978 to incorporate those persons proscribed by amended section 215.70 of the Penal Law.
Section 215.70 of the Penal Law: "A person is guilty of unlawful grand jury disclosure when, being a grand juror, a public prosecutor, a grand jury stenographer, a grand jury interpreter, a peace officer guarding a witness in a grand jury proceeding, or a clerk, attendant, warden or other public servant having official duties in or about a grand jury room or proceeding, he intentionally discloses to another the *222nature or substance of any grand jury testimony, or any decision, result or other matter attending a grand jury proceeding which is required by law to be kept secret, except in the proper discharge of his official duties or upon written order of the court.” The statute was amended by chapter 451 of the Laws of 1977 to include within the publication "a public officer or a public employee”.
. The facts of the case differ in this respect from the gubernatorial application considered in Matter of Third, Dec., 1959 Grand Jury (20 Misc 2d 475) and Matter of Attorney-General of State of N. Y. (145 Misc 331).
. Appellants assert the following statutory language authorizes the Attorney-General’s receipt of the evidence and his delivery of it to the Governor. Subdivision 8 of section 63 of the Executive Law: "It shall be the duty of all public officers, their deputies, assistants and subordinates, clerks and employees, and all other persons, to render and furnish to the attorney-general, his deputy or other designated officer, when requested, all information and assistance in their possession and within their power. Each deputy or other officer appointed or designated to conduct such inquiry shall make a weekly report in detail to the attorney-general, in form to be approved by the governor and the attorney-general, which report shall be in duplicate, one copy of which shall be forthwith, upon its receipt by the attorney-general, transmitted by him to the governor. Any officer participating in such inquiry and any person examined as a witness upon such inquiry who shall disclose to any person other than the governor or the attorney-general the name of any witness examined or any information obtained upon such inquiry, except as directed by the governor or the attorney-general, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.”
. Even the courts are without power to permit disclosure of Grand Jury evidence in some cases (see Matter of Proskin v County Ct. of Albany County, 30 NY2d 15).
. Special Term indicated secrecy of the minutes was necessary to protect those public officials Bell criticized but that consideration would not prevent disclosure.