[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FEBRUARY 19, 2008
THOMAS K. KAHN
No. 07-13184
CLERK
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 06-00202-CR-W-N
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
EUGENE L. CLECKLER,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Alabama
_________________________
(February 19, 2008)
Before CARNES, BARKETT and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
After a jury trial, Eugene Cleckler appeals his convictions and sentences for
conspiracy to defraud the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 2,
and for corrupt or forcible interference with the administration of the internal
revenue laws, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7212(a) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. After review,
we affirm.
I. Alleged Giglio Violation
Defendant Cleckler owned a business called “Ezy-Ryder” and co-owned
another business called “Gene’s Marine.” Tanya Morris and Cleveland Brown are
Cleckler’s former employees. Morris and Brown testified that they falsified
documents to reflect sales by Ezy-Ryder that were actually attributable to Gene’s
Marine. Cleckler submitted the fabricated documents to the Internal Revenue
Service (“IRS”) during its audit into the proper allocation of income among Gene’s
Marine and Ezy-Ryder.
In arguing on appeal for a new trial, Cleckler alleges that the government
had immunity agreements with witnesses Morris and Brown and failed to disclose
them, thereby violating the district court’s standing discovery order and its
obligations under Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 S. Ct. 763 (1972).1
1
Where a witness’s credibility is at issue, the government’s obligation under Brady
includes the disclosure of “evidence of any understanding or agreement as to a future
prosecution” of such witness for impeachment purposes. Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154-55, 92 S. Ct. at
766 (citing Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 1196-97 (1963)).
We review for an abuse of discretion the district court’s denial of a motion for new trial
based on a claim that the government failed to disclose material evidence. United States v.
Brown, 441 F.3d 1330, 1350 (11th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 1149 (2007).
2
Cleckler contends that information about these immunity agreements was material
to his defense, as the government’s case hinged on the credibility of these
witnesses. Cleckler has not shown reversible error for two reasons.
First, Cleckler has not proved that either witness actually had an immunity
agreement with the government in exchange for testimony against Cleckler.
Brown denied having any discussion with IRS Agent Kyle Clarke regarding
immunity from prosecution in exchange for his testimony.2 Morris did testify that
when she met with Agent Clarke, she confirmed with him that she would not be
prosecuted, but Morris never stated that Agent Clarke explained she would not be
prosecuted in exchange for her testimony. There is no evidence that the
government’s decision to forgo prosecution was in exchange for her testimony.
Rather, Agent Clarke’s testimony demonstrates that no such immunity
agreement existed. Agent Clarke testified about the meeting with Morris and
Brown. According to Agent Clarke, after the meeting, Morris asked if she was
“going to get in trouble for this.” Agent Clarke explained this IRS policy: before
the IRS talks to a person, if the person is under investigation, the IRS must notify
her that she is under investigation and does not have to answer any questions.
2
Morris did testify that Brown told her the government would not prosecute them if they
provided information, but Morris also admitted that she only assumed Agent Clarke told this to
Brown and she did not know if Brown ever actually talked to anyone from the government about
immunity.
3
Agent Clarke told Morris that because he did not have an investigation on her and
her IRS non-custody rights had not been read to her, he could not use anything she
told him in prosecution against her. Thus, according to Agent Clarke, he merely
informed Morris that her statements that day could not be used against her and
never indicated that she would not be prosecuted based on her willingness to
testify.
Second, and even if a factual issue exists as to whether Morris and Brown
believed they had immunity agreements, Cleckler has not shown that he suffered
prejudice in the delayed disclosure of the alleged agreements. “Delayed disclosure
may be grounds for reversal, but only if the defendant can show prejudice, e.g., the
material came so late that it could not be effectively used.” United States v.
Bueno-Sierra, 99 F.3d 375, 379 (11th Cir. 1996) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). In this case, Cleckler’s attorney had the full opportunity to cross-
examine Morris, Brown, and Agent Clarke after Morris’s testimony, and, in fact,
did question Morris and Brown about their understanding regarding potential
prosecution. See id. at 379-80 (noting that prejudice was averted on Brady claim
where, following delayed disclosure, additional cross-examination of the witness
was allowed and impeaching material was fully explored). Accordingly, we
cannot say the district court erred in denying Cleckler’s motion for a new trial.
4
II. Crime-Fraud Exception
Cleckler next argues that the district court improperly compelled his attorney
Edward Selfe to testify concerning privileged information under the crime-fraud
exception.3 “The attorney-client privilege does not protect communications made
in furtherance of a crime or fraud.” In re Grand Jury Investigation (Schroeder),
842 F.2d 1223, 1226 (11th Cir. 1987). We employ a two-part test to examine the
applicability of the crime-fraud exception:
First, there must be a prima facie showing that the client was engaged
in criminal or fraudulent conduct when he sought the advice of
counsel, that he was planning such conduct when he sought the advice
of counsel, or that he committed a crime or fraud subsequent to
receiving the benefit of counsel’s advice. Second, there must be a
showing that the attorney’s assistance was obtained in furtherance of
the criminal or fraudulent activity or was closely related to it.
Cox v. Adm’r U.S. Steele & Carnegie, 17 F.3d 1386, 1416 (11th Cir. 1994)
(citation omitted). “The first prong is satisfied by a showing of evidence that, if
believed by a trier of fact, would establish the elements of some violation that was
ongoing or about to be committed.” Schroeder, 842 F.2d at 1226. “The second
3
We review the district court’s findings on the applicability of both prongs of the crime-
fraud exception for an abuse of discretion. See In re Grand Jury (G.J. No. 87-03-A), 845 F.2d
896, 898 (11th Cir. 1988); In re Grand Jury Investigation (Schroeder), 842 F.2d 1223, 1226-27
(11th Cir. 1987).
As an initial matter, Cleckler’s brief makes a passing reference to protected “attorney
work product” that Selfe was ordered to reveal. Because Cleckler failed to develop an argument
on this issue, he abandoned it. See United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1284 n.8 (11th Cir.
2003).
5
prong is satisfied by a showing that the communication is related to the criminal or
fraudulent activity established under the first prong.” Id. at 1227.
In this case, Selfe represented defendant Cleckler in his appeal of IRS Agent
Frank Brand’s finding that funds deposited into Ezy-Ryder’s account actually
represented sales by Gene’s Marine. Selfe told Cleckler it would be helpful to
document any sales Ezy-Ryder made of boats or trailers to third parties. Selfe later
received documentation from Cleckler, including invoices and deposit slips, and
produced them to Agent Brand. Agent Brand requested additional documentation
to support the submitted invoices. Selfe asked Cleckler if he had any additional
documentation, and Cleckler provided the alleged back-up documentation.
In his brief on appeal, Cleckler argues the following testimony by Selfe
violated the attorney-client privilege:
[Government’s lawyer]: Did you speak with Gene Cleckler about
Frank Brand’s request for additional documentation?
[Selfe]: Yes, I did.
[Government’s lawyer]: Can you describe that conversation, please.
[Selfe]: I cannot describe the conversation other than to say I asked
him if there was any backup information to support those invoices.
[Government’s lawyer]: And what was Mr. Cleckler’s response?
[Selfe]: He said he would make an–my best recollection is that he said
he would make an investigation and see.
We cannot say the district court abused its discretion in finding that Selfe’s
above testimony fell within the crime-fraud exception to the attorney-client
6
privilege.4 Here, the evidence shows that the IRS reported that Cleckler owed
additional taxes and that Cleckler obtained Selfe’s representation in the wake of
that IRS report. After Selfe told Cleckler it would help his IRS appeal to produce
documents of Ezy-Ryder’s sales to third parties, Cleckler submitted fabricated
documents, through Selfe, to Agent Brand that reflected fictitious third-party sales
by Ezy-Ryder. Cleckler further submitted additional fabricated documents after
Agent Brand’s request for back-up documentation. Cleckler submitted these
fabricated documents as part of his ongoing conduct to defraud the IRS. Thus,
Cleckler “committed a crime or fraud subsequent to receiving the benefit of
4
Cleckler’s brief cites only to “R2-276” for the attorney conversation. However, Selfe
testified regarding another conversation with Cleckler at R2-270-71, as follows:
[Government’s lawyer]: Now, did you ask Gene Cleckler whether Ezy-Ryder had
sold boats to customers other than–other than Gene’s Marine?
[Selfe]: Yes, I did.
[Government’s lawyer]: Okay. . . . What was Mr. Cleckler’s response–Mr. Gene
Cleckler’s response to your question about Ezy-Ryder sales to third parties?
[Selfe]: Well, my best recollection is he did think that there were some sales of boats
or trailers by Ezy-Ryder to third parties.
[Government’s lawyer]: And did you talk to Eugene Cleckler about documenting
those third-party sales?
[Selfe]: I did say that if Ezy-Ryder did sell boats or trailers to third parties, it would
be helpful to document those sales.
The arguments in Cleckler’s brief seem broader than the conversation above, and there is
an issue as to whether Cleckler adequately challenged this conversation as well. We need not
resolve these questions because, as to this conversation, our analysis of the crime-fraud
exception would apply equally to this testimony. To the extent Cleckler appeals Selfe’s
testimony “about all facets of the IRS audit,” the attorney-client privilege does not apply to
conversations that Selfe had with people other than Cleckler, for instance, an IRS administrative
officer. See Schroeder, 842 F.2d at 1224-25 (“The attorney-client privilege attaches only to
communications made in confidence to an attorney by that attorney’s client . . . .” (emphasis
added)).
7
counsel’s advice.” Cox, 17 F.3d at 1416. As to the second prong, the
communications at issue were related to the fraudulent activity: Cleckler obtained
Selfe’s assistance to further his fraudulent activity and used Selfe to provide
additional fabricated documents to Agent Brand.
III. Alleged Hearsay Violation
Cleckler also argues that the district court improperly admitted into evidence
IRS reports and memoranda that contained inadmissible hearsay statements.5
Specifically, the district court admitted government’s exhibit 25, a work paper that
Agent Brand prepared during his audit of Ezy-Ryder and as part of his official
duties for the IRS.6 Exhibit 25 outlined Agent Brand’s findings and contained the
hearsay statements of Cleckler’s former accountant Janice Hull. The district court
admitted exhibit 25 as both a record of a regularly conducted business activity and
a record of a public agency, under Federal Rules of Evidence 803(6) and 803(8)
5
We review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for clear abuse of discretion. United
States v. Dickerson, 248 F.3d 1036, 1046 (11th Cir. 2001). The district court’s factual findings
concerning the trustworthiness of a business or public record are “reversible only if clearly
erroneous.” United States v. Petrie, 302 F.3d 1280, 1288 (11th Cir. 2002).
6
Cleckler also alleges that the district court admitted other government exhibits “that each
contained many alleged witness statements and conclusions by the tax auditor.” Some of the
exhibits that Cleckler identifies were not even admitted by the district court. As to the one
exhibit that was admitted, exhibit 101, Cleckler fails to identify the particular statement or
statements that should not have been admitted. Because Cleckler did not develop this argument
in his brief, we deem it abandoned. See Jernigan, 341 F.3d at 1284 n.8. In any event, exhibit
101 was an IRS form prepared by Agent Brand that contained his conclusions about what
changes should be made to Gene’s Marine tax returns, and Cleckler has shown no reversible
error as to the admission of exhibit 101.
8
respectively.
The government argues that Cleckler has not shown that the district court
abused its discretion in admitting exhibit 25, as the document fell within both the
business records and public records exceptions to the hearsay rule. Further, the
government points out that Cleckler has not demonstrated that the district court’s
finding that exhibit 25 was otherwise trustworthy was clearly erroneous. We need
not resolve these issues because we readily conclude that any alleged error in
admitting exhibit 25 was harmless in any event. Through the testimony of Selfe,
Morris, and Brown, and some of the fabricated documents in issue, the government
clearly established that Cleckler directed the fabrication of documents reflecting
fictitious third-party sales and that he submitted these documents to the IRS.
Given the overwhelming evidence of Cleckler’s guilt, we conclude that any such
error would have been harmless.
IV. Obstruction-of-Justice Enhancement
Finally, Cleckler argues that the district court improperly applied an
obstruction-of-justice enhancement to his advisory sentencing guidelines
calculation, under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, based on his trial testimony.7 Cleckler
7
We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and the application of the
guidelines to those facts de novo. United States v. Massey, 443 F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir. 2006).
However, we “accord great deference to the district court’s credibility determinations” in
reviewing “an obstruction of justice enhancement based on perjury.” United States v. Singh, 291
9
contends that the enhancement is not intended to punish a defendant for exercising
his constitutional right to deny or refuse to admit his guilt. According to Cleckler,
he did not perjure himself at trial by concocting false, alternative factual scenarios;
rather, he merely denied the events as portrayed by Brown and Morris.
Section 3C1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides for a two level
enhancement if:
(A) the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to
obstruct or impede, the administration of justice during the course of
the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense of
conviction, and (B) the obstructive conduct related to . . . [the] offense
of conviction and any relevant conduct . . . .
U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 (2000). Examples of covered conduct include “committing,
suborning, or attempting to suborn perjury.” Id. at cmt. n.4(b).
A sentence enhancement based on a finding of perjury does not chill a
defendant’s right to testify, because “a defendant’s right to testify does not include
a right to commit perjury.” United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 96, 113 S. Ct.
1111, 1117 (1993). For purposes of a § 3C1.1 enhancement, we have adopted the
Supreme Court’s definition of perjury as “false testimony concerning a material
matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of
confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.” United States v. Singh, 291 F.3d 756, 763
F.3d 756, 763 (11th Cir. 2002).
10
(11th Cir. 2002) (quoting Dunnigan, 507 U.S. at 94, 113 S. Ct. at 1116).
Accordingly, four elements must be met to support a finding of perjury: (1) the
defendant testified under oath; (2) the testimony was false; (3) the testimony was
material; and (4) the testimony was “given with the willful intent to provide false
testimony and not as a result of a mistake, confusion, or faulty memory.” Id. at
763 n.4.
Upon review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we discern no error with
regard to the application of the § 3C1.1 enhancement here. The record belies
Cleckler’s contention that the district court imposed the enhancement merely
because he testified and was found guilty. Rather, the district court conducted an
independent review of the record and made specific findings of perjury, which are
supported by the record and are not clearly erroneous.
For all of these reasons, we affirm Cleckler’s convictions and sentences.
AFFIRMED.
11