If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
TIMMIE DEWIGHT COLLINS, JR., UNPUBLISHED
January 20, 2022
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v Nos. 354510; 354871
Grand Traverse Circuit Court
VINCENT MICHAEL NIZZI and MICHAEL LC No. 2019-035000-NI
ANTHONY NIZZI,
Defendants,
and
AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: SAWYER, P.J., and SERVITTO and RICK, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In Docket No. 354510, plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s entry of judgment in
favor of plaintiff, following a jury trial, on whether plaintiff was entitled to additional personal
injury protection (PIP) benefits under Michigan’s no-fault statute, MCL 500.3101 et seq. The
judgment awarded plaintiff $366.67 for medical mileage. The jury found that plaintiff was not
entitled to additional PIP benefits for replacement services and wage loss. In Docket No. 354871,
plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s denial of plaintiff’s motion for costs and no-fault
attorney fees. We affirm the jury’s verdicts and the trial court’s denial of attorney fees, but vacate
the trial court’s denial of court costs and remand for further proceedings.
On May 17, 2018, plaintiff Timmie Collins, Jr., was involved in a car accident in which
his car was struck from behind by a vehicle owned by defendant Michael Nizzi and driven by
defendant Vincent Nizzi. Plaintiff maintained that he sustained injuries and was entitled to PIP
benefits from his insurer, defendant Auto-Owners Insurance Company, which initially paid
benefits, but then stopped. Plaintiff’s complaint included claims against the Nizzi defendants for
negligence, and a claim against Auto-Owners for recovery of first-party PIP benefits. Plaintiff
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settled his claims against the Nizzi defendants and the case proceeded to trial on plaintiff’s claim
against Auto-Owners.
A jury found that plaintiff sustained an accidental bodily injury arising from the May 2018
auto accident, and incurred allowable expenses arising from his injury, but did not incur any
allowable expenses that had not already been paid by Auto-Owners. In particular, the jury found
that plaintiff did not incur additional replacement services or work loss arising out of the accidental
bodily injury. However, the jury found that Auto-Owners failed to reimburse plaintiff for 668
miles, and that this amount was overdue. Consistent with the jury’s verdict, the trial court entered
a judgment awarding plaintiff $366.67 for medical mileage, inclusive of interest. The trial court
subsequently denied plaintiff’s motion for no-fault attorney fees. The court also denied plaintiff’s
motion for recovery of costs on the basis of its conclusion that plaintiff was not the prevailing party
entitled to costs.
I. RECOVERY OF NO-FAULT ATTORNEY FEES
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for recovery of no-fault
attorney fees pursuant to MCL 500.3148(1). Plaintiff notes that the jury found that he was entitled
to $313.96, plus interest, and that this amount was overdue. Plaintiff argues that he is entitled to
no-fault attorney fees because Auto-Owners did not present any evidence to rebut the presumption
that its failure to pay this amount was unreasonable. We disagree.
In Ross v Auto Club Group, 481 Mich 1, 7; 748 NW2d 552 (2008), this Court explained:
The no-fault act provides for attorney fees when an insurance carrier
unreasonably withholds benefits. The trial court’s decision about whether the
insurer acted reasonably involves a mixed question of law and fact. What
constitutes reasonableness is a question of law, but whether the defendant’s denial
of benefits is reasonable under the particular facts of the case is a question of fact.
[Citations omitted.]
“A finding is clearly erroneous where this Court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made.” Adanalic v Harco Nat’l Ins Co, 309 Mich App 173, 194-195; 870 NW2d
731 (2015) (citation omitted).
The trial court did not err by determining that plaintiff was not entitled to no-fault attorney
fees even though the jury found that payment for mileage was overdue.
MCL 500.3148(1) provides:
An attorney is entitled to a reasonable fee for advising and representing a
claimant in an action for personal or property protection insurance benefits which
are overdue. The attorney’s fee shall be a charge against the insurer in addition to
the benefits recovered, if the court finds that the insurer unreasonably refused to
pay the claim or unreasonably delayed in making proper payment.
Our Supreme Court has held that MCL 500.3148(1) establishes two prerequisites for an
award of attorney fees. First, the benefits must not have been “paid within 30 days after an insurer
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receives reasonable proof of the fact and of the amount of loss sustained.” Moore v Secura Ins,
482 Mich 507, 517; 759 NW2d 833 (2008). Second, the trial court must determine if the insurer
“unreasonably refused to pay the claim or unreasonably delayed in making proper payment.” Id.
“[A]n insurer’s refusal to pay benefits is not unreasonable [i]f the insurer’s refusal or delay in
payment is the product of a legitimate question of statutory construction, constitutional law, or a
bona fide factual uncertainty.” Id. at 520 (quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Gobler
v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 428 Mich 51, 66; 404 NW2d 199 (1987). Thus, attorney fees are not
warranted when the benefits “were reasonably in dispute, or, stated slightly differently, benefits
[were] not yet overdue.” Moore, 482 Mich at 519. When an insurance company refuses to tender
payment of benefits, a rebuttable presumption will arise that requires the insurance company to
justify its refusal. Slocum v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 328 Mich App 626, 643; 939 NW2d
717 (2019). The determinative inquiry “is not whether the insurer is ultimately held responsible
for benefits, but whether its initial refusal to pay was unreasonable. Ross, 481 Mich at 11.
According to plaintiff, the jury’s finding that the mileage benefit was overdue necessarily
meant that the initial refusal to pay was unreasonable.1 We disagree. A finding that a benefit is
owing and overdue does not require a trial court to find that the initial failure to pay was
unreasonable. Id. The trial court found that Auto-Owners’ initial decision to refuse to pay mileage
was not unreasonable. The court focused on the total amount sought, and the relatively small
award for mileage, and found that the failure to pay was an oversight that was not significant.
Plaintiff submitted his request for reimbursement of his medical mileage at some point
after October 2, 2019, and Auto-Owners’ claims adjuster, Amanda Service, sent plaintiff a letter
on October 18, 2019, denying payment. Therefore, the reasonableness of Auto-Owners’ denial is
properly reviewed as of the date of Service’s response, or October 18, 2019. At that point, Auto-
Owners had already suspended payment on all of plaintiff’s claims for no-fault benefits while the
claim was under investigation. Contrary to plaintiff’s argument on appeal, the decision to put
plaintiff’s claim under investigation was reasonable under the circumstances.
At trial, conflicting evidence was presented about the continued severity of plaintiff’s
injuries and recommended courses of treatment. Several physicians indicated that some of
plaintiff’s ailments were degenerative in nature, that plaintiff’s injuries were not that severe, that
they consisted only of “soft tissue” injuries, and that they should have resolved within six months
after the accident. Service explained that her decision to discontinue benefits was made on the
basis of her review of the claim as a whole. Service acknowledged that some of the requested
reimbursement was for services that occurred as early as August 2018, and that plaintiff was
entitled to reimbursement for mileage for the earlier visits. When asked why this had not been
reimbursed, Service stated that the request for payment was submitted with other documents that
had not been previously submitted. This supports the trial court’s finding that it may have been
an oversight for Service to include the small amount sought for mileage among plaintiff’s other
payment requests and not treat this claim for benefits separately. Such an approach is reasonable
here, where plaintiff requested approximately a years’ worth of mileage at once, particularly where
1
Although the jury found that payment was overdue for mileage reimbursement for 668 miles, it
did not make a finding that the initial refusal to pay was unreasonable.
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the reimbursement form requests the insured to submit mileage requests monthly. In addition,
plaintiff was awarded reimbursement for 668 miles, but his reimbursement form requested
compensation for 2,324 miles. Thus, the jury awarded plaintiff less than a third of the mileage he
requested. This award also supports the trial court’s finding that Auto-Owners’ initial decision not
to reimburse plaintiff for the 668 miles the jury ultimately found reimbursable was not
unreasonable. Plaintiff does not explain how Auto-Owners would have been able to calculate the
amount of mileage actually reimbursable among the amounts that the jury ultimately decided were
not. Accordingly, the trial court did not clearly err when it determined that Auto-Owners’ initial
refusal to pay for the mileage ultimately awarded by the jury was reasonable under the
circumstances. Plaintiff has not shown that he is entitled to no-fault attorney fees even though the
jury found that payment for some mileage was overdue.
II. PREVAILING-PARTY COSTS
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for prevailing party
costs of $2,058.50 pursuant to MCR 2.625. “This Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion
for costs under MCR 2.625 for an abuse of discretion.” Fansler v Richardson, 266 Mich App 123,
126; 698 NW2d 913 (2005). An abuse of discretion occurs when the decision resulted in an
outcome falling outside the range of principled outcomes. Hayford v Hayford, 279 Mich App 324,
325; 760 NW2d 503 (2008). “The determination whether a party is a “prevailing party” for the
purpose of awarding costs under MCR 2.625 is a question of law, which this Court reviews de
novo.” Fansler, 266 Mich App at 126.
MCR 2.625 provides, in relevant part:
(A) Right to Costs.
(1) In General. Costs will be allowed to the prevailing party in an action,
unless prohibited by statute or by these rules or unless the court directs otherwise,
for reasons stated in writing and filed in the action.
* * *
(B) Rules for Determining Prevailing Party.
* * *
(2) Actions With Several Issues or Counts. In an action involving several
issues or counts that state different causes of action or different defenses, the party
prevailing on each issue or count may be allowed costs for that issue or count. If
there is a single cause of action alleged, the party who prevails on the entire record
is deemed the prevailing party.
* * *
(C) Costs in Certain Trivial Actions. In an action brought for damages
in contract or tort in which the plaintiff recovers less than $100 (unless the recovery
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is reduced below $100 by a counterclaim), the plaintiff may recover costs no greater
than the amount of damages.
Thus, MCR 2.625(A)(1) provides that the prevailing party may recover costs, unless prohibited by
statute or court rule, or unless the court directs otherwise for reasons stated in writing and filed in
the record. And MCR 2.625(C) provides for a $100 minimum recovery requirement for a breach-
of-contract claim in order to recover costs greater than the award of damages.
Similarly, MCL 600.2421b(3) provides:
“Prevailing party” means as follows:
(a) In an action involving several remedies, or issues or counts which state
different causes of actions or defenses, the party prevailing as to each remedy, issue,
or count.
(b) In an action involving only 1 issue or count stating only 1 cause of action
or defense, the party prevailing on the entire record.
Also, “in order to be considered a prevailing party, that party must show, at the very least, that its
position was improved by the litigation.” Fansler, 266 Mich App at 128, quoting Forest City
Enterprises, Inc v Leemon Oil Co, 228 Mich App 57, 81; 577 NW2d 150 (1998). The decision to
award costs is discretionary, but a trial court must justify the failure to award costs. Mason v City
of Menominee, 282 Mich App 525, 532; 766 NW2d 888 (2009); Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mich
v Eaton Rapids Community Hosp, 221 Mich App 301, 308; 561 NW2d 488 (1997).
In the instant case, plaintiff sought approximately $79,000 in total additional PIP benefits.
Plaintiff recovered $313.96 for the nonpayment of mileage. With interest, the total plaintiff
recovered in damages was $366.67. Plaintiff sought $2,058.50 in costs. However, the trial court
determined that plaintiff was not the prevailing party because the overall outcome was more
favorable to Auto-Owners, given that it did not have to pay a greater amount in additional
requested PIP benefits. We disagree with this conclusion. Contrary to Auto-Owners’ argument
on appeal, and the trial court’s apparent conclusion below, the instant case did not involve multiple
causes of action or issues. Plaintiff presented only one claim against Auto-Owners, that being a
claim for first-party no-fault benefits. Auto-Owners has presented nothing to support its position
that multiple issues or claims were involved here because plaintiff sought amounts for different
types of benefits he argued were owed to him. Further, Auto-Owners did not raise different
defenses to each type of benefit plaintiff claimed should have been paid. Rather, it argued that it
did not owe plaintiff any additional benefits because plaintiff’s injury had “resolved” as of April
2019. Therefore, the trial court should have reviewed plaintiff’s motion under MCL
600.2421b(3)(b) and the second sentence of MCR 2.625(B)(2) to determine whether plaintiff was
the prevailing party.
Under the applicable provisions, plaintiff was the prevailing party. A party need not
recover the full amount of requested damages to be a prevailing party entitled to costs under MCR
2.625. Rather the party must only show that its position was improved by the litigation. Pontiac
Country Club v Waterford Twp, 299 Mich App 427, 437; 830 NW2d 785 (2013); Forest, 228 Mich
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App at 81. The fact that plaintiff did not recover the full amount sought is not dispositive of
whether he was the prevailing party under MCL 600.2421b(3)(b) or MCR 2.625. In addition, the
plain language of MCR 2.625(C) clearly contemplates that a person can recover even less than
$100 and still be a prevailing party, albeit with limited entitlement to costs. Indeed, at the hearing
on plaintiff’s motion for costs, defense counsel admitted that caselaw did not support Auto-
Owner’s position. Plaintiff improved his position, even if only slightly and not nearly as he had
hoped. Therefore, the trial court erred by ruling that plaintiff was not the prevailing party.
However, contrary to plaintiff’s position on appeal, he is not automatically entitled to costs
simply because he is a prevailing party. An award of costs remains within the trial court’s
discretion. Under plaintiff’s argument, a contract recovery of $101 would necessarily entitle the
party to recover all costs. However, this is not supported by the plain language of MCR 2.625.
The trial court’s explanation, while erroneous in its conclusion, presented a rationale that the court
could conceivably have used to exercise its discretion to deny an award of costs. But because the
trial court believed that plaintiff was not a prevailing party as a matter of law, and thus did not
exercise its discretion whether to award or deny costs, we remand this case to the trial court to
determine, within its discretion, whether plaintiff’s motion for costs should be denied even though
he is the prevailing party under MCR 2.625.
III. USE OF FACE MASKS
Plaintiff next argues that he was denied a fair trial because jurors wore face masks that
covered their mouth and nose during voir dire and during trial, the attorneys wore such masks
during trial, and certain witnesses wore face masks while testifying during video depositions. The
masks were worn in conformity with COVID-19 safety protocols.
The record discloses that defense counsel only timely objected to the continued use of
masks by seated jurors. Generally, an issue is preserved if it is raised below and decided by the
trial court. Polkton Twp v Pellegrom, 265 Mich App 88, 95; 693 NW2d 170 (2005). The purpose
of requiring a timely objection is to give the trial court an opportunity to correct the error. People
v Jones, 468 Mich 345, 355, 662 NW2d 376 (2003); see also People v Grant, 445 Mich 535, 551;
520 NW2d 123 (1994) (discussing the purpose of requiring criminal defendants to raise an
objection “at a time when the trial court has an opportunity to correct the error, which could thereby
obviate the necessity of further legal proceedings and would be by far the best time to address a
defendant’s constitutional and nonconstitutional rights”). In this case, although plaintiff
challenged the trial court’s requirement that the jurors wear masks during voir dire, he did so only
after the jury was selected. Plaintiff argued below and does so on appeal that because the voir dire
occurred in a high school auditorium, the first chance to object was after the jury was selected.
However, plaintiff does not explain why counsel could not have requested a sidebar or requested
that the parties and the court move to a different room in the school to discuss the matter outside
the presence of the jury. Accordingly, plaintiff’s objection was untimely.
Plaintiff also did not argue below that he was prejudiced because the jurors could not
observe counsels’ faces or plaintiff’s face during voir dire, or could only fully view some witnesses
during trial. Plaintiff’s objection to the jurors’ continued use of masks did not preserve these other
claims of error. “An objection based on one ground at trial is insufficient to preserve an appellate
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attack based on a different ground.” People v Asevedo, 217 Mich App 393, 398; 551 NW2d 478
(1996).
“Whether a party has been afforded due process is a question of law, subject to review de
novo.” In re Contempt of Henry, 282 Mich App 656, 668; 765 NW2d 44 (2009). However, to the
extent that this issue is unpreserved, this Court’s review is for plain error affecting substantial
rights. Duray Dev, LLC v Perrin, 288 Mich App 143, 150; 792 NW2d 749 (2010). “Plain error
occurs at the trial court level if (1) an error occurred (2) that was clear or obvious and (3) prejudiced
the party, meaning it affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id.
This Court has explained the nature of “constitutionally sufficient” procedure in a civil case
as follows:
Due process in civil cases generally requires notice of the nature of the proceedings,
an opportunity to be heard in a meaningful time and manner, and an impartial
decisionmaker. The opportunity to be heard does not mean a full trial-like
proceeding, but it does require a hearing to allow a party the chance to know and
respond to the evidence. [Cummings v Wayne Co, 210 Mich App 249, 253; 533
NW2d 13 (1995) (citation omitted).]
Moreover, with respect to plaintiff or the jury’s ability to view witnesses without a face mask, as
plaintiff acknowledges, “[t]he Confrontation Clause does not apply to civil proceedings.” Hinky
Dinky Supermarket, Inc v Dep’t of Community Health, 261 Mich App 604, 606; 683 NW2d 759
(2004).
In accord with these requirements, plaintiff received timely notice and a full trial, during
which he was provided with the opportunity to present evidence, examine and cross-examine
witnesses, and respond to the evidence presented by the defense. In addition, as discussed by
Auto-Owners, plaintiff’s underlying claim that he was denied due process because the jurors or
others wore face masks is undercut by the caselaw cited by plaintiff in support of his position.
Plaintiff cites United States v Crittenden, unpublished order of the United States District
Court for the Middle District of Georgia, issued August 21, 2020 (Docket No. 4:20-CR-7), which
plaintiff maintains stands for the proposition that clear face shields or plexiglass could be used as
a substitute for cloth masks. However, in Crittenden, the court, discussing a criminal defendant’s
rights, disagreed with the government’s objections to the court’s proposed protocols during trial,
which included directing that witnesses wear masks while testifying, that jurors wear masks during
jury selection, and that defendant sit six feet from his counsel. Id., unpub op at 1. The government
had argued that these restrictions could infringe upon the defendant’s constitutional rights, but
after providing a detailed discussion of the development of these protocols and the underlying
reasons for them, the court found that they would not violate the defendant’s rights. With respect
to the alternative of using face shields, the court noted that the Center for Disease Control had
found that face shields were not an adequate substitute for the use of masks. The court stated:
Here, the mask requirement is necessary to further an important public
policy: ensuring the safety of everyone in the courtroom in the midst of a unique
global pandemic. Without this procedure, everyone in the courtroom would face
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the risk of being infected with a lethal virus. The Court’s masking requirement is
based upon the best available scientific information and advice. The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) strongly recommends that to avoid
infection from the dangerous coronavirus, individuals should practice social
distancing and wear masks over the nose and mouth. The wearing of the mask not
only protects the wearer of the mask, but more significantly, protects others who
may be in the same room with the person. These precautions are particularly
important inside of a building. The CDC also makes a distinction between “masks”
and “face shields,” which is what the Government recommends here. The CDC
finds that face shields are not as effective as masks, and it does not recommend
substituting face shields for masks. Given the CDC recommendations, which are
based on the best available science in this area, the Court finds that its social
distancing and mask protocols are necessary and essential to protect the courtroom
participants during a trial. The Court further finds that face shields and plexiglass
screens are not an adequate substitute and standing alone do not provide reasonable
protection for the trial participants. Thus a compelling policy reason exists for the
mask requirement—protection of the health and safety of the trial participants and
members of the public who may attend the trial. [Id., unpub op at 5-6 (citations and
footnote omitted).]
The court also discussed the concern that plaintiff here raises—that the jury would not be able to
see a witness’s nose and mouth while testifying—and found that witnesses’ use of masks would
not violate the defendant Confrontation Clause rights, stating:
As Justice Scalia observed in Coy v Iowa, [487 US 1012; 108 S Ct 2798;
101 L Ed 2d 857 (1988)], the plain language of the Confrontation Clause
“guarantees the defendant a face-to-face meeting with witnesses appearing before
the trier of fact.” 487 US at 1016. This guarantee “enhances the accuracy of
factfinding by reducing the risk that a witness will wrongfully implicate an innocent
person” and it serves a “strong symbolic purpose” by “requiring adverse witnesses
at trial to testify in the accused’s presence.” [Maryland v Craig, 497 US 836, 846-
847; 110 S Ct 3157; 111 L Ed 2d 666 (1990).] After all, “[i]t is always more
difficult to tell a lie about a person ‘to his face’ than ‘behind his back’ ” and “even
if the lie is told, it will often be told less convincingly.” Coy, 487 US at 1019. In
Coy, the Supreme Court found that a courtroom procedure which involved placing
a large screen between the defendant and witnesses so the witnesses could not see
the defendant violated the defendant’s right to a face-to-face confrontation with his
accusers. Id. at 1014. Here, the Court’s masking procedure is nothing like the
procedure in Coy. The only thing that will stand in the way of the Defendant and
his accusers is a tiny piece of cloth covering only each witness’s nose and mouth.
Therefore, the masks will in no way prohibit the Defendant and witnesses from
directly looking upon each other in person during the testimony while in the
presence of the jury. There is no reason to believe that it is any less difficult to tell
a lie to a person’s face just because the liar’s nose and mouth are covered.
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Of course, the masks will eliminate two aspects of demeanor for the jury to
consider: movement of the nose and mouth. But the Confrontation Clause does not
require that the jury be able to see every language of the body . . . .
The Court finds that being able to see a witness’s nose and mouth is not
essential to testing the reliability of the testimony. Demeanor consists of more than
those two body parts. Demeanor includes the language of the entire body. Here,
the jurors will be able to observe most facets of the witnesses’ demeanor. They can
observe the witnesses from head to toe. They will be able to see how the witnesses
move when they answer a question; how the witnesses hesitate; how fast the
witnesses speak. They will be able to see the witnesses blink or roll their eyes,
make furtive glances, and tilt their heads. The Confrontation Clause does not
guarantee the right to see the witness’s lips move or nose sniff, any more than it
requires the jurors to subject the back of a witness’s neck to a magnifying glass to
see if the hair raised during particularly probative questioning. Just as appropriate
clothing will cover other parts of witnesses’ bodies and potentially cover certain
muscle twitches in those areas, the jury will not be able to see the masked witness’s
entire facial expressions. The masks, however, will not prevent observation of
other aspects of their body language. [Crittenden, unpub op at 6-7 (emphasis
added).]
The court also rejected the government’s argument that covering prospective jurors’ noses and
mouths during jury selection would violate the defendant’s rights, explaining:
The Government did not cite, and the Court could not find, any authority to
suggest that requiring jurors to wear masks under the exceptional circumstances of
the COVID-19 pandemic would impair Defendant’s right to a fair and impartial
jury. Rather, the Government’s cases simply observe that a juror’s demeanor is
important and can provide a non-discriminatory explanation for striking a juror.
The Government’s argument suggests that observation of the nose and mouth are
essential to evaluating demeanor. As explained in the preceding discussion,
demeanor includes many aspects of body language which will still be present for
evaluation. Of course, under normal circumstances, being able to see a potential
juror’s full facial expressions may be tactically preferable. But the Court is
unconvinced that it is required by the Constitution. Through their review of
informative juror questionnaires and questioning during voir dire, the parties should
be able to obtain sufficient information to detect bias, disqualify jurors for cause,
and exercise peremptory challenges. That is what the Constitution requires.
[Crittenden, unpub op at 7.]
Crittenden supports Auto-Owners’ position, and we find its analysis persuasive. In
contrast, plaintiff has presented no caselaw or other support for his argument that the trial court
reversibly erred when it permitted prospective jurors to wear masks during voir dire and during
trial, or that plaintiff has been deprived of due process where some of the witnesses may have worn
masks during trial.
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Moreover, any perceived prejudice was shared equally by the parties. Plaintiff argues that
the potential prejudice was not the same, because the jury could have been biased against those
witnesses, such as plaintiff’s experts, who wore masks while testifying in video depositions. This
is mere speculation, especially where the face masks were being worn in conformity with national,
if not global, safety protocols against the COVID-19 pandemic. Plaintiff has presented nothing to
overcome the presumption that jurors are impartial. See People v Miller, 482 Mich 540, 550; 759
NW2d 850 (2008). In addition, the trial court instructed the jurors that they were not to let
sympathy, prejudice, or other factors unrelated to the evidence presented at trial influence their
decision, and that deposition testimony should be treated the same as testimony presented in court.
Jurors are presumed to follow their instructions. People v Abraham, 256 Mich App 265, 279; 662
NW2d 836 (2003).
In sum, plaintiff has not shown that he is entitled to relief because the jurors, attorneys, or
some of the witnesses wore cloth face masks during trial.
IV. GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
Plaintiff argues that the jury verdicts with respect to additional PIP benefits for replacement
services and work loss are against the great weight of the evidence.2 To preserve such a claim, a
party must raise the issue below in a motion for a new trial. Sherman–Nadiv v Farm Bureau Gen
Ins Co of Mich, 282 Mich App 75, 80; 761 NW2d 872 (2009); Brown v Swartz Creek VFW, 214
Mich App 15, 27; 542 NW2d 588 (1995). Plaintiff concedes that he did not file an appropriate
motion in the trial court, and as such, his appellate claims are unpreserved. Accordingly, we review
plaintiff’s unpreserved claims for plain error affecting plaintiff’s substantial rights. Duray Dev,
LLC, 288 Mich App at 150.
As explained in Allard v State Farm Ins Co, 271 Mich App 394, 406-407; 722 NW2d 268
(2006):
When a party challenges a jury’s verdict as against the great weight of the evidence,
this Court must give substantial deference to the judgment of the trier of fact. If
there is any competent evidence to support the jury’s verdict, we must defer our
judgment regarding the credibility of the witnesses. The Michigan Supreme Court
2
Although plaintiff also suggests that he is entitled to judgment notwithstanding the verdict
(JNOV) on his claims for additional replacement-service and work-loss PIP benefits, he did not
move for JNOV in the trial court. Moreover, his substantive discussion of these claims relies on
his argument that the jury’s verdicts are against the great weight of the evidence, and he cites legal
authority that applies to a great-weight challenge. Plaintiff’s request for relief also requests that
this Court find that the jury verdicts are against the great weight of the evidence and he requests a
new trial, which is the remedy for a great-weight claim. In contrast, the relief for a determination
that the trial court erred by denying a motion for JNOV is a judgment for the moving party. See,
e.g., Sniecinski v Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mich, 469 Mich 124, 140; 666 NW2d 186 (2003).
Accordingly, we confine our analysis to whether the jury’s verdicts are against the great weight of
the evidence.
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has repeatedly held that the jury’s verdict must be upheld, even if it is arguably
inconsistent, if there is an interpretation of the evidence that provides a logical
explanation for the findings of the jury. Every attempt must be made to harmonize
a jury’s verdicts. Only where verdicts are so logically and legally inconsistent that
they cannot be reconciled will they be set aside. [Quotations and citations omitted.]
A. REPLACEMENT SERVICES
An insurer is liable for claimed benefits that are casually connected to the accidental bodily injury
arising out of an automobile accident. Griffith v State Farm Mut Ins Co, 472 Mich 521, 531; 697
NW2d 895 (2005). Pursuant to MCL 500.3107(1)(a), PIP benefits are generally payable for
“[a]llowable expenses consisting of reasonable charges incurred for reasonably necessary
products, services and accommodations for an injured person’s care, recovery, or rehabilitation.”
Pursuant to MCL 500.3107(1)(c) this includes
[e]xpenses not exceeding $20.00 per day, reasonably incurred in obtaining ordinary
and necessary services in lieu of those that, if he or she had not been injured, an
injured person would have performed during the first 3 years after the date of the
accident, not for income but for the benefit of himself or herself or of his or her
dependent.
The insured bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence whether an expense
was reasonable and necessary. Douglas v Allstate Ins Co, 492 Mich 241, 269; 821 NW2d 472
(2012). Whether an expense is reasonably necessary is reviewed under an objective standard. Id.
at 265.
At trial, plaintiff sought approximately $11,900 for PIP replacement services. Plaintiff
essentially maintains that he proved that he was entitled to this amount by presenting the testimony
of himself and his wife, and providing a calendar listing of the services in question. However,
plaintiff ignores testimony and other evidence that undermined his claim for replacement-service
expenses. Although plaintiff reported his neck pain at a 7 out of 50 at the end of his first round of
physical therapy, and reported that he continued to have difficulty performing chores, he was
presented with his June 4, 2019 responses to Dr. Marin Bleiberg, M.D., in which he indicated that
he was able to perform those chores. Plaintiff also acknowledged that his physical therapy
discharge summary of September 6, 2018, reported that he told his physical therapist that he had
used a power washer to wash his deck the day before. Plaintiff also acknowledged that the therapy
discharge paperwork recorded that he reported having a pain level of only “1,” or very mild, and
that he could perform most of his work, but that lifting heavy weights continued to cause him
“extra” pain. Plaintiff’s wife also acknowledged that plaintiff told Dr. Bleiberg that he could
perform household chores. She maintained that plaintiff could only do so with pain “at times,”
but she also conceded that Dr. Bleiberg’s records indicated that plaintiff had reported pain when
bending and twisting, but not while performing housework tasks. On cross-examination, plaintiff
acknowledged that he told Dr. James R. MacKenzie, M.D., on March 4, 2019, that he spent
approximately 12 hours a day in bed and could not perform any type of physical activity. But
plaintiff’s credit card statements for the applicable time period showed 43 visits to the hardware
store. Dr. MacKenzie also testified that he would expect the vast majority of individuals suffering
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injuries similar to plaintiff’s to be significantly better after six months, and that it would be
“somewhat atypical” for the injuries to persist for two years.
In sum, there was substantial evidence from which the jury could have found that plaintiff
and his wife were overstating the need for replacement services. Plaintiff has not shown that there
was no competent evidence to support the jury’s verdict, or that the verdict was logically or legally
inconsistent. Accordingly, plaintiff is not entitled to relief with respect to the jury’s verdict
refusing to award additional PIP benefits for replacement services. Allard, 271 Mich App at 406-
407.
B. WORK-LOSS BENEFITS
Likewise, plaintiff is not entitled to relief with respect to the jury’s verdict concerning
additional work-loss benefits.
Pursuant to MCL 500.3107(1)(b), PIP benefits are generally payable for “[w]ork loss
consisting of loss of income from work an injured person would have performed during the first 3
years after the date of the accident if he or she had not been injured.” The claimant bears the
burden of proof to establish his actual loss of earnings. Sullivan v North River Ins Co, 238 Mich
App 433, 437; 606 NW2d 383 (1999).
In the instant case, the jury’s decision not to award plaintiff additional work-loss benefits
is supported by competent evidence. As noted, the parties presented opposing testimony about the
continued severity of plaintiff’s injuries and recommended courses of treatment. Several
physicians agreed that some of plaintiff’s ailments were degenerative in nature, that plaintiff’s
injuries were not that severe, that they consisted only of “soft tissue” injuries, and that they should
have resolved within six months of the accident. Dr. MacKenzie testified that he would expect the
vast majority of persons with injuries similar to plaintiff’s to be significantly better after six
months, and that it would be “somewhat atypical” for the injuries to persist for two years. Dr.
Sohail Jilani, M.D., similarly testified that the typical period of time for resolution of a sprain or
strain injury is a couple of weeks to a couple of months. Amanda Service also stated that she had
not had any insureds with a soft-tissue neck injury who remained unable to work, or who continued
to require treatment, after two years. Plaintiff’s primary care physician, Dr. Andrew Long, D.O.,
similarly testified that when plaintiff came to see him on March 12, 2019, he recommended a
work-hardening program and provided a referral to a program.3 Dr. Jilani and Dr. MacKenzie also
recommended that plaintiff enroll in a work-hardening program. Plaintiff did not enroll in such a
program. Considering this body of evidence, plaintiff has not shown that there was no competent
evidence to support the jury’s verdict, or that the verdict was logically or legally inconsistent.
Accordingly, plaintiff is not entitled to relief with respect to the jury’s verdict refusing to award
additional PIP wage-loss benefits. Allard, 271 Mich App at 406-407.
3
Dr. Long testified that a work-hardening program is a combination of physical therapy and
learning alternate methods to perform tasks without risking injury. Dr. MacKenzie testified that
such programs typically last six to eight weeks.
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Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs, neither party having prevailed in full.
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
/s/ Michelle M. Rick
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