State Of Washington, V John Thomas Black

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two

February 15, 2022
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 54352-4-II
(consolidated with)
Respondent,

v.

JOHN THOMAS BLACK,

Appellant.

In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of No. 55237-0-II

JOHN THOMAS BLACK,
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Petitioner.

GLASGOW, J.—John Thomas Black’s wife caught him having intercourse with his 16-year-

old stepdaughter, LDR, in February 2019 in Grays Harbor County. LDR told her mother that Black

had been sexually abusing her since at least 2013, when the family lived in Snohomish County.

The State charged Black in Grays Harbor County with two sets of offenses—four charges arising

from Black’s conduct in Grays Harbor County and four charges arising from conduct in

Snohomish County. The trial court denied Black’s motion to sever and change venue for the

Snohomish County offenses.

After a bench trial, Black was convicted of one count of first degree rape of a child, one

count of first degree child molestation, one count of third degree rape of a child, one count of third
Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

degree child molestation, two counts of first degree incest, and two counts of second degree incest,

with four of these counts occurring entirely in Snohomish County.

Black appealed and filed a personal restraint petition (PRP). Black argues the trial court

improperly denied his motion to sever and change venue on the four Snohomish County counts.

He also contends the trial court improperly imposed a community custody condition prohibiting

use of the Internet, as well as community custody supervision fees. The State concedes the four

Snohomish County counts should be reversed and the community custody condition should be

stricken. Black filed a statement of additional grounds for review (SAG). In his PRP, Black raises

multiple arguments, including that he received ineffective assistance of counsel and there was

insufficient evidence to convict him.

We reverse the four convictions that were based on conduct that occurred in Snohomish

County (counts 1, 2, 5, and 7) and remand for the trial court to dismiss those convictions without

prejudice and resentence Black accordingly. Upon resentencing, the trial court must strike the

Internet use prohibition and may revisit the community custody supervision fee. We otherwise

affirm. We deny Black’s PRP.

FACTS

A. Background

LDR was 6 years old when her mother, Keisha Rowe, began dating Black. Rowe and Black

married roughly a year later. The family moved from Colorado to Lynnwood in Snohomish

County, Washington in 2013 when LDR was about 10 years old. Around that time, Black began

having sexual contact with LDR, eventually engaging in intercourse with her. The abuse occurred

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

“a couple of times a week” for the next 6 years. Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Dec. 19,

2019) at 70.

The family moved from Lynnwood to California in 2014, then to Colorado in 2016, then

to Ocean Shores in Grays Harbor County, Washington in 2017. In February 2019, Rowe walked

in on Black having intercourse with then-16-year-old LDR. LDR told her mother that Black had

been abusing her for several years. Rowe called the police, and Black was arrested.

B. Pretrial

The State initially charged Black with first, second, and third degree rape of a child; first,

second, and third degree child molestation; and two counts of first degree incest. The information

alleged that all the offenses were committed in Grays Harbor County. After receiving notice that

some of the alleged acts occurred entirely in Snohomish County, the State amended the

information in April 2019 to charge first degree rape of a child (count 1), first degree child

molestation (count 2), third degree rape of a child (count 3), third degree child molestation (count

4), two counts of first degree incest (counts 5 and 6), and two counts of second degree incest

(counts 7 and 8), alleging the offenses were committed in the state of Washington. Counts 1, 2, 5,

and 7 were alleged to have occurred between January 2013 and October 2014, when the family

lived in Lynnwood. Counts 3 and 4 were for abuse of LDR that occurred between when the family

moved to Ocean Shores and LDR’s 16th birthday. Counts 6 and 8 were for conduct in the time

between the move to Ocean Shores and the day Black was arrested.

Black sent Judge David Edwards several letters asking for a change of venue—two in April

2019 and a third in May 2019—that Black framed as a pro se motion to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction and venue. Black identified counts 1, 2, 5, and 7 as those that were not charged in the

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

correct venue. The trial court sent copies of these pleadings to both counsel and did not take further

action.

Black’s first attorney sought to discourage him from raising the venue issue because

severance would allow Snohomish County to charge him for the crimes committed there and, if

convicted, his sentence would run consecutively to whatever sentence Black would receive in

Grays Harbor County if found guilty.

Black’s first attorney withdrew in September 2019 due to a conflict of interest. Black’s

second attorney filed a motion to sever and change venue for counts 1, 2, 5, and 7 because the

State acknowledged that those offenses occurred in Snohomish County. At a pretrial hearing, the

trial court ruled that a consolidated trial would not cause undue prejudice and denied Black’s

motion. Black then waived his right to a jury trial.

C. Trial and Reconsideration

At the bench trial, Black argued LDR and Rowe were lying about the abuse because Black

was about to divorce Rowe and she would lose his “Section 8” housing voucher if they divorced,

but not if he was incarcerated while still married. Id. at 14-15. Black asserted that he was guilty

only of second degree incest for the sexual contact of the February 2019 incident. LDR testified

Black began to sexually abuse her in Colorado when she was approximately 10 years old,

continuing when the family moved to Lynnwood in 2013. She testified that the sexual contact

included Black putting his hands on her genitals and that penile-vaginal intercourse began when

she was 10 years old. She testified the abuse occurred “a couple of times a week” from when she

was 10 until she was 16, and she did not report the abuse because she was afraid of Black. Id. at

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

70. She testified that Black would write her notes about the sexual contact and one of these notes

was admitted as evidence.

LDR and Rowe both testified about the events of the day that Black was arrested. Rowe

testified that Black had slept on the couch the night before and that she observed him pass her

bedroom door to enter the kitchen area, then later she went into the kitchen. She found him there

having intercourse with LDR. LDR testified that she was walking back to her room after using the

restroom in the morning, when Black stopped her and told her “to get naked” and have intercourse

with him. Id. at 77. LDR testified that shortly thereafter Rowe walked into the kitchen area and

saw Black having sexual intercourse with LDR.

The trial court also admitted four letters into evidence. Black sent the letters to Rowe’s

address shortly before the trial—the letters were addressed to Black’s daughter, who had never

lived at that address and had not shared any address with the family for six years. The four letters

arrived in the course of eight days. The letters asserted that Black still loved Rowe and hoped she

would not appear or testify against him on grounds of spousal immunity. Rowe gave the letters to

the police and testified that they were in Black’s handwriting.

Sergeant David McManus collected LDR’s rape kit from the hospital for transport to the

crime laboratory and testified that he opened the kit to check whether there were any liquid samples

as a biohazard precaution. Defense counsel did not object to the admission of the rape kit into

evidence. There was not enough DNA on LDR’s vaginal swabs from the rape kit to test for

contributors.

McManus also testified that while he was transporting Black to jail after arresting him,

Black made repeated unprompted assertions that DNA evidence would exonerate him. McManus

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

obtained a warrant for the collection of DNA samples from Black’s penis and underwear on the

day of his arrest. Jennifer Hayden, the State’s DNA expert, testified that it was 15 nonillion (15

followed by 30 zeros) times more likely the DNA mixture on Black’s penis originated from Black,

LDR, and an unknown third person than from Black and two unknown individuals. Hayden

testified it was 22 nonillion times more likely the DNA mixture on the inside of Black’s underwear

originated from Black, LDR, and an unknown third person than from Black and two unknown

individuals.

Black’s sole witness, Dr. Monty Miller, testified that the amount of LDR’s DNA on Black’s

penis indicated strong friction or pressure and “multiple passes” across the surface. Id. at 178. Dr.

Miller testified that conditions such as Black sleeping naked in LDR’s bed could have resulted in

that amount of DNA transfer without requiring sexual contact. Black did not argue that he had

slept naked in LDR’s bed.

The trial court found Black guilty of all charges and entered findings of fact and

conclusions of law, in which the court found LDR to be credible. Black moved for reconsideration,

arguing insufficiency of the evidence for all charges except one count of first degree incest. The

trial court denied the motion.

D. Sentencing

At sentencing, the trial court found that Black was indigent as defined in RCW

10.101.010(3)(a)-(c) and signed an order of indigency for purposes of appeal. The trial court also

imposed community custody conditions, including that Black “shall have no [I]nternet access” and

must “[p]ay supervision fees as determined by [Department of Corrections].” Clerk’s Papers at

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

135. The only other legal financial obligation (LFO) the trial court imposed was the mandatory

$500 victim assessment. Black’s judgment and sentence was entered in February 2020.

Black appeals and he has filed a SAG. His direct appeal has been consolidated with a timely

pro se PRP.

ANALYSIS

I. DIRECT APPEAL AND SAG

A. Motion to Sever

Black argues the trial court violated his constitutional right to be tried in the county where

the offenses were alleged to have occurred when it denied his motion to sever and change venue

for the four Snohomish County offenses. The State concedes the failure to order a change of venue

for the Snohomish County charges constituted a violation of article I, section 22 of the Washington

Constitution and asks that we remand for dismissal without prejudice.

The Washington Constitution guarantees defendants the right to “a speedy public trial by

an impartial jury of the county in which the offense is charged to have been committed.” WASH.

CONST. art. I, § 22. CrR 5.1(a) provides, “All actions shall be commenced: (1) In the county where

the offense was committed; [or] (2) [i]n any county wherein an element of the offense was

committed or occurred.”

A trial court’s decision regarding a motion to change venue is reviewed for abuse of

discretion, which occurs when a decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable

grounds. State v. Stearman, 187 Wn. App. 257, 264-65, 348 P.3d 394 (2015). A trial court may

rely on the State’s offer of proof to determine whether an element of each offense occurred in the

charging county in compliance with CrR 5.1(a). Id. at 265.

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

The remedy for constitutional error is a new trial unless the error was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. State v. Coristine, 177 Wn.2d 370, 380, 300 P.3d 400 (2013). And where

no facts establish venue in the county of conviction, “this error cannot be harmless.” Stearman,

187 Wn. App. at 272. Otherwise the constitutional right loses all force. Id.

Here, the State made no offer of proof attempting to establish that the four Snohomish

County counts occurred in Grays Harbor County. At trial, the State never sought to prove that

counts 1, 2, 5, or 7 occurred in Grays Harbor County, and LDR’s testimony confirmed that any

offenses from that time period occurred in Snohomish County.

On appeal, the State concedes, “[T]here is no doubt that the crimes charged in counts 1, 2,

5 and 7 occurred entirely in Snohomish County, Washington; none of the elements occurred in

any other county.” Br. of Resp’t at 10-11.1 Because no facts established that counts 1, 2, 5, and 7

occurred in Grays Harbor County, the refusal to sever and transfer venue was an error that cannot

be harmless. See Stearman, 187 Wn. App. at 272. We accept the State’s concession, reverse

Black’s convictions on counts 1, 2, 5, and 7, and remand for the trial court to dismiss these counts

without prejudice and resentence Black accordingly.

B. Community Custody Conditions and LFOs

1. Internet use prohibition

Black argues the community custody condition ordering that he “‘shall have no [I]nternet

access’” is not crime related and is overbroad in violation of the First Amendment to the United

States Constitution. Br. of Appellant at 12. The State concedes that the condition is not crime

1
Although the State argued below that Black had waived any venue challenge by not raising it
earlier, the State does not argue waiver on appeal.
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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

related in this case but asks this court to hold that restrictions on Internet access may be imposed

as part of sex offender treatment.

The trial court can only impose community custody conditions authorized by statute. State

v. Kolesnik, 146 Wn. App. 790, 806, 192 P.3d 937 (2008). A trial court may impose crime-related

prohibitions as part of a term of community custody. RCW 9.94B.050(5)(e). In State v. O’Cain,

Division One remanded for the trial court to strike an Internet use prohibition because there was

no evidence that the defendant accessed the Internet before committing his crime or that Internet

use contributed in any way to his crime, and the trial court made no finding that Internet use

contributed to the rape. 144 Wn. App. 772, 775, 184 P.3d 1262 (2008). Much like O’Cain, there

is no evidence in this case that the Internet contributed in any way to Black’s abuse of LDR, and

the trial court made no such finding. Because the Internet use prohibition is not crime related, the

trial court must not include this provision upon resentencing. We decline the State’s request that

we order the trial court to adopt a different condition requiring compliance with sex offender

treatment. On remand, the State can request that the trial court impose, pursuant to RCW

9.94A.703(3)(c) and (d), a condition requiring Black to participate in crime-related treatment and

follow all recommendations of the treatment provider.

2. Community custody supervision fee

Black argues that the trial court erred in imposing the costs of community custody

supervision in his judgment and sentence because Black is indigent, the supervision fees are

discretionary, and the trial court conducted no individualized inquiry into Black’s ability to pay.

The State argues that the supervision fees are not costs under RCW 10.01.160 and that the trial

court did not err by imposing them.

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

RCW 10.01.160(3) provides, “The court shall not order a defendant to pay costs if the

defendant at the time of sentencing is indigent as defined in RCW 10.101.010(3)(a) through (c).”

This court recently held that the supervision fee is not a “cost” as defined in RCW 10.01.160, but

trial courts nevertheless have discretion to waive the fee under RCW 9.94A.703(2)(d). State v.

Spaulding, 15 Wn. App. 2d 526, 536-37, 476 P.3d 205 (2020). In Spaulding, the court imposed

only the mandatory victim assessment, struck all other discretionary fees, but without comment

did not strike the supervision fee. Id. at 531. We encouraged the trial court to reevaluate the

supervision fee on remand. Id. at 537.

Here, the trial court found that Black was indigent. Much like Spaulding, the trial court did

not impose any discretionary LFOs, but also did not comment on the community custody

supervision fee, which is boilerplate language in the judgment and sentence. Because we are

remanding for resentencing, on remand, the trial court may revisit the imposition of the community

custody supervision fees.

C. SAG Issues

In addition to the venue issue, Black alleges a chain of custody violation when McManus

opened the rape kit “for unjustifiable reasons.” Reply to Resp’t at 1. “The trial court is necessarily

vested with a wide latitude of discretion in determining admissibility, which will not be disturbed

absent clear abuse.” State v. Campbell, 103 Wn.2d 1, 21, 691 P.2d 929 (1984).

McManus testified that he opened the rape kit to check for the presence of liquid samples

before sending it to the crime lab because of biohazard concerns. Defense counsel did not object

to the admission of the rape kit as an exhibit or to testimony about the resulting DNA tests.

Additionally, there was insufficient DNA in LDR’s vaginal swabs to identify contributors—the

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

inculpatory DNA was collected from Black’s penis and underwear. Defense counsel did not object,

there is no evidence of tampering besides Black’s posttrial assertion, and there is no apparent

prejudice to Black given that there was insufficient DNA to test for contributors. Thus, the trial

court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the rape kit into evidence.

II. PRP

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In his pro se PRP, Black argues that his first trial counsel conspired with the prosecutor by

not moving to sever the Snohomish County charges, failed to interview witnesses, did not

appropriately investigate the State’s DNA evidence, and stole public funds because money for a

private investigator was approved but one was never hired. He argues that his second trial counsel

failed to secure a second opinion regarding the DNA evidence, did not call or question “my

witnesses,” and failed to object to the admission of the rape kit evidence. PRP at 10. We disagree.

A petitioner must provide this court with evidence to support their factual allegations. In

re Pers. Restraint of Yates, 177 Wn.2d 1, 18, 296 P.3d 872 (2013). “Bald assertions and conclusory

allegations” will not suffice; Black “must state with particularity facts which, if proven, would

entitle him to relief.” In re Pers. Restraint of Rice, 118 Wn.2d 876, 886, 828 P.2d 1086 (1992). “If

the petitioner’s allegations are based on matters outside the existing record, the petitioner must

demonstrate . . . competent, admissible evidence to establish the facts that entitle [them] to relief.”

Id.

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of the

Washington Constitution guarantee effective assistance of counsel to criminal defendants. State v.

Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 32, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). To demonstrate that he received ineffective

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

assistance of counsel, Black must show (1) defense counsel’s performance was deficient and (2)

the deficient performance resulted in prejudice. State v. Linville, 191 Wn.2d 513, 524, 423 P.3d

842 (2018). Defense counsel’s performance is deficient if it falls “‘below an objective standard of

reasonableness’” in light of “‘all the circumstances.’” State v. Estes, 188 Wn.2d 450, 458, 395 P.3d

1045 (2017) (quoting State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995)).

Prejudice ensues if there is “a reasonable probability” the result of the proceeding would have been

different had counsel not performed deficiently. Id. Because both prongs of the ineffective

assistance of counsel test must be met, the failure to demonstrate either prong will end this court’s

inquiry. State v. Classen, 4 Wn. App. 2d 520, 535, 422 P.3d 489 (2018).

We strongly presume defense counsel’s performance was not deficient. State v. Emery, 174

Wn.2d 741, 755, 278 P.3d 653 (2012). To overcome this presumption, Black must show “‘the

absence of legitimate strategic or tactical reasons supporting the challenged conduct by counsel.’”

Id. (quoting McFarland, 127 Wn.2d at 336). Decisions on whether and when to object are a

“classic example of trial tactics.” State v. Madison, 53 Wn. App. 754, 763, 770 P.2d 662 (1989).

To the extent that Black alleges ineffective assistance against his first attorney for the

failure to seek a change of venue, this issue is moot given our resolution of the venue issue in his

direct appeal. With regard to the alleged failure to interview witnesses, Black provides no evidence

regarding additional witnesses that Black wanted either of his attorneys to interview or call. He

offers no further information on who these witnesses were or what they would have testified about.

Similarly, Black does not produce any evidence indicating whether or why a private investigator

was or was not employed. It is the petitioner’s burden to provide evidence to support the petition

and this court will not rely on mere speculation. Yates, 177 Wn.2d at 18; Rice, 118 Wn.2d at 886.

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

To the extent that Black alleges ineffective assistance from his second attorney’s failure to

object to the admission of the rape kit because McManus opened the kit to check for biohazard

material before sending it to the crime laboratory, it is not apparent what objection counsel should

have lodged. The decision not to object was well within the realm of trial tactics. Madison, 53 Wn.

App. at 763. Finally, defense counsel did secure a second opinion of the State’s DNA evidence,

hiring Dr. Miller, who testified at trial. The fact that defense counsel was not able to secure an

expert willing to testify that the DNA results were unreliable does not constitute deficient

performance.

We hold Black has failed to establish that his two attorneys performed deficiently.

Therefore, we need not reach the question of prejudice.

B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Black argues LDR’s testimony was too vague to constitute sufficient evidence to convict

him of any charges.2 We disagree.

The test for determining sufficiency of evidence is whether, viewing the evidence in a light

most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could find the elements of the charged crime

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Dreewes, 192 Wn.2d 812, 821, 432 P.3d 795 (2019). This

court resolves all reasonable inferences based on the evidence in favor of the State and interprets

inferences most strongly against the defendant. Id. at 821-22. The State’s evidence is admitted as

true, and circumstantial evidence is considered equally reliable as direct evidence. State v. Scanlan,

2
In this portion of his PRP, Black also argues that “the prosecutor was vindictive” and asserts the
prosecutor and defense counsel “lied in open court” about the testing of the DNA evidence. PRP
at 20. A PRP must contain a statement of “evidence available to support the factual allegations”
therein. RAP 16.7(a)(2). Black offers no evidence or argument to substantiate these claims.
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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

193 Wn.2d 753, 770, 445 P.3d 960 (2019). And we defer to the fact finder’s resolution of

conflicting testimony and their evaluation of the evidence’s persuasiveness. State v. Homan, 181

Wn.2d 102, 106, 330 P.3d 182 (2014).

First degree rape of a child requires sexual intercourse with a person who is less than 12

years old when the defendant is at least 24 months older than the victim. RCW 9A.44.073(1). First

degree child molestation requires the defendant to have, or knowingly cause someone under the

age of 18 to have, sexual contact with a victim who is less than 12 years old, when the defendant

is at least 36 months older than the victim. RCW 9A.44.083(1). Sexual intercourse requires

penetration; “‘[s]exual contact’ means any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person

done for the purpose of gratifying sexual desire of either party or a third party.” RCW

9A.44.010(2). Third degree rape of a child requires intercourse with a victim who is between 14

and 16 years old when the defendant is at least 48 months older than the victim. RCW

9A.44.079(1). Third degree child molestation requires the defendant to have, or knowingly cause

someone under the age of 18 to have, sexual contact with a victim who is between 14 and 16 years

old when the defendant is at least 48 months older than the victim. RCW 9A.44.089(1). First degree

incest requires intercourse with a person who the defendant knows they are related to, and second

degree incest requires sexual contact with a person who the defendant knows they are related to.

RCW 9A.64.020(1)(a), (2)(a). Stepparents and stepchildren are relatives under the incest statute.

RCW 9A.64.020(3)(a).

Black was LDR’s stepfather and there is no dispute that he was at least 48 months older

than LDR. The trial court found that LDR was a credible witness. LDR’s testimony about the

abuse, which covered the time span from when the family moved to Washington when she was

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

approximately 10 years old to when they moved to California when she was approximately 12

years old supported the first degree rape of a child, first degree child molestation, and first and

second degree incest charges for that time period. LDR’s testimony about the abuse also covered

the time from when the family returned to Washington up to her 16th birthday and supported the

first and second degree incest, third degree rape of a child, and third degree child molestation

charges for that time period. DNA evidence, as well as Rowe and LDR’s testimony, supported the

incest charges from the February 2019 incident. Black’s witness, Dr. Miller, proposed the theory

that LDR’s DNA could have been on Black’s penis if Black had slept in her bed naked, which

nobody suggested he did. Dr. Miller acknowledged that, otherwise, strong friction and “multiple

passes,” for example with LDR’s hand, would have been necessary to leave behind so much DNA.

VRP (Dec. 19, 2019) at 178.

Taking the State’s evidence as true, a rational trier of fact could find Black guilty beyond

a reasonable doubt of first degree rape of a child and first degree child molestation for the time

period before LDR turned 12, third degree rape of a child and third degree child molestation when

LDR was between 14 and 16 years old, and first and second degree incest for the February 2019

incident and other instances of sexual intercourse and contact after Black became LDR’s

stepfather.

We hold that sufficient evidence supported Black’s convictions.

C. Other PRP Issues

In addition to the chain of custody and venue issues also raised in his direct appeal and

SAG, Black raises several additional arguments in his reply to the State’s response to his PRP.

Black argues that his right to due process was violated because Rowe opened the letters he sent to

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

her home and gave them to the police, that his right to confrontation was violated because he was

not allowed to personally question LDR, and that his convictions for first and second degree incest

for the time period after LDR’s 16th birthday are based on the same facts and violate double

jeopardy.

RAP 10.3 governs the content, format, and length of briefs for PRPs as well as traditional

appellate briefs. RAP 16.10(d). RAP 10.3(c) provides that a reply brief should “be limited to a

response to the issues in the brief to which the reply brief is directed.” And this court has repeatedly

declined to consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief. See State v. Wilson, 162

Wn. App. 409, 417 n.5, 253 P.3d 1143 (2011). We do the same here.

In sum, we deny Black’s PRP.

CONCLUSION

We reverse and remand for the trial court to dismiss without prejudice counts 1, 2, 5, and

7 and resentence Black accordingly. Upon resentencing, the trial court must strike the Internet

access prohibition and it may revisit the community custody supervision fee. We deny the PRP

and otherwise affirm.

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Nos. 54352-4-II and 55237-0-II

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

Glasgow, J.
We concur:

Lee, C.J.

Veljacic, J.

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