FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
February 10, 2012
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
CHRISTOPHER RAY CALVERT,
Petitioner-Appellant, No. 11-5044
v. (N.D. of Okla.)
WALTER DINWIDDIE, (D.C. No. 07-CV-00714-TCK-FHM)
Respondent-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before O’BRIEN, McKAY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges. **
Christopher Ray Calvert, an Oklahoma state prisoner, challenges the
district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254, arising from his conviction for attempted kidnaping and use of a weapon
in the commission of a felony. He contends his counsel was constitutionally
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
**
After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
ineffective. In July 2011, we granted Calvert a COA and asked the parties to file
supplemental briefing addressing the ineffectiveness issue.
Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253(a), we now
DENY Calvert’s request for an evidentiary hearing, and AFFIRM the district
court’s opinion.
I. Background
In 2005, a woman was kidnaped near her Tulsa, Oklahoma apartment
complex. As she approached the stairway leading to her apartment, she was
intercepted by a man carrying what appeared to be a handgun. At the time, the
woman was talking with her mother on her cellphone. With the gun pointed at the
woman, the kidnaper demanded she drive him to the Creek Nation Casino, which
was less than one mile from the apartment complex.
The woman refused to get in her car with the man and implored her mother
to call the police. Thwarted, the man fled in the direction of the casino. The
woman described her assailant to the police and, soon thereafter, officers arrested
Christopher Calvert at the casino. The police found a pocket knife in Calvert’s
pants and, after reviewing security tapes, found the BB gun he had hidden beside
the casino’s air conditioning unit.
Following a jury trial, Calvert was convicted of attempted kidnaping and
using a weapon in the commission of a felony. In accordance with the jury’s
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recommendation, Calvert was sentenced to 25 years’ imprisonment for the
attempted kidnaping count and an additional 20 years’ imprisonment for the
weapons count—for a total of 45 years’ imprisonment. The Oklahoma Court of
Criminal Appeals (OCCA) affirmed Calvert’s conviction on direct appeal.
Calvert then filed a state habeas corpus petition, which the Oklahoma
district court denied. The OCCA affirmed the denial of post-conviction relief.
In 2007, Calvert filed a federal habeas corpus petition, in which he
contended: (1) his counsel was constitutionally ineffective, both at trial and on
appeal; (2) insufficient evidence supported his attempted kidnaping conviction;
(3) he was subjected to an improper sentencing enhancement on the weapon
charge; (4) his right against double jeopardy was violated; (5) the prosecution
engaged in misconduct; and (6) his sentence is substantively excessive. The
district court denied Calvert’s petition and denied him a certificate of
appealability (COA).
Calvert then sought a COA from this court to enable him to appeal the
denial of his federal habeas petition. He renewed only his ineffective assistance
of counsel claim. In July 2011, we granted Calvert a COA and asked the parties
to file supplemental briefing addressing the ineffectiveness issue.
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II. Discussion
The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA)
provides a limited scope of review by federal courts of state court decisions on
the merits. A federal court can grant habeas relief only if the applicant
establishes that the state-court decision was “contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the
Supreme Court of the United States,” or “was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(d)(1), (2).
Under the “contrary to” clause, we grant relief “only if the state court
arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a
question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than the [Supreme]
Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Gipson v. Jordan, 376
F.3d 1193, 1196 (10th Cir. 2004) (brackets and quotation marks omitted). Relief
is provided under the “unreasonable application” clause only if the state court
identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s
decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s
case. Id. (quotation marks omitted). “Thus we may not issue a habeas writ
simply because we conclude in our independent judgment that the relevant
state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or
incorrectly. Rather, that application must also be unreasonable.” Id.; see also
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Maynard v. Boone, 468 F.3d 665, 670 (10th Cir. 2006) (“[W]e may not grant
habeas relief merely because we disagree with the state court’s application of
[constitutional] principles.”) (quoting Anderson v. Mullin, 327 F.3d 1148, 1153
(10th Cir. 2003)).
Calvert contends his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by
(1) misleading him regarding the elements of Oklahoma’s kidnaping statute, and
(2) neglecting to advise him of a plea offer made by the prosecution. He also
contends his appellate counsel’s assistance was deficient because he failed to
raise meritorious issues. Finally, Calvert asks for an evidentiary hearing.
The OCCA addressed and rejected Calvert’s ineffective assistance claims
on their merits:
With regard to Petitioner’s claims of ineffective assistance at all
phases of trial and appeal of his conviction, we find no basis for
granting relief on this blanket claim of error. . . . [T]he standard
to be used in evaluating trial and appellate counsel’s performance
is determined under the general principles enumerated in
Strickland v. Washington . . . . [Petitioner] must show that
counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency
prejudiced him. We find nothing in the appeal record presented
to this Court indicating that Petitioner’s representation pre-trial,
at trial, and on direct appeal was deficient.
R., Vol. I at 194. The district court agreed, albeit for slightly different reasons.
To prevail on a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, Calvert must
show both that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient
performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
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(1984). A petitioner demonstrates deficient performance by showing counsel’s
representation “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688.
To establish prejudice, a petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.
The challenge for a petitioner is even greater under § 2254, as our review
of state court decisions in such circumstances is “doubly deferential.” Knowles v.
Mirzayance, 129 S. Ct. 1411, 1421 (2009). When assessing a state prisoner's
ineffective assistance of counsel claim on habeas review, we “defer to the state
court’s determination that counsel’s performance was not deficient and, further,
defer to the attorney’s decision in how best to represent a client.” Crawley v.
Dinwiddie, 584 F.3d 916, 922 (10th Cir. 2009). We also recognize that, “because
the Strickland standard is a general standard, a state court has . . . more latitude to
reasonably determine that a defendant has not satisfied [the] standard.” Knowles,
129 S. Ct. at 1420 (citation omitted). Under this standard, Calvert has not shown
the OCCA misapplied the deficient performance or prejudice standards required
under Strickland.
A. Kidnaping
First, Calvert alleges his trial counsel misled him into believing the
kidnaping statute required the prosecution to prove that he had “secretly
confined” the victim. He contends he would have pleaded guilty had he known
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that secret confinement was no longer a prerequisite to conviction under the
statute.
Calvert is correct that an earlier version of Oklahoma’s kidnaping statute
required that the victim be “secretly confined or imprisoned . . . against his will,”
see Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 741 (1999) (emphasis added). He is also correct that in
July 2004, the statute was amended to delete the word “secretly,” see Okla. Stat.
tit. 21, § 741 (2009). The statute, as amended, should have been applied to
Calvert’s conduct. But it was not. Instead, he was charged and convicted under
the prior version of the statute.
Consequently, as the OCCA and district court recognized, Calvert could not
have been prejudiced because the outdated version of the statute was more
favorable to his cause. Cf. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (“[A] court need not
determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the
prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.”). As
reflected in the jury instructions, the court required the prosecution to prove, and
the jury to find, that Calvert “secretly confined” the victim. Thus, it does not
matter whether Calvert’s counsel misapprehended the governing law. Given that
the jury found he secretly confined his victim, there was no prejudice.
B. Plea Deal
Second, Calvert alleges his trial counsel neglected to inform him of the
prosecution’s offer of 8 years’ imprisonment in exchange for a guilty plea.
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Calvert admits he rejected 10- and 12-year plea offers, but in an affidavit filed in
district court he says he would have accepted any offer of less than 10 years’
imprisonment.
The Sixth Amendment right to counsel applies to representation during the
plea process, see Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 57 (1985). But failure to
communicate a plea offer would only be prejudicial if the record shows the
defendant would have been reasonably likely to accept the plea offer, had he
known of it. See Williams v. Jones, 571 F.3d 1086, 1094 (10th Cir. 2009) (a
defendant is prejudiced when “had he been adequately counseled, there is a
reasonable probability that he would have accepted the plea offer [rather than
proceed with trial]”); see also Hill, 474 U.S. at 59 (the prejudice component
“focuses on whether counsel’s constitutionally ineffective performance affected
the outcome of the plea process”).
Calvert contends documents attached to his federal habeas application
demonstrate his counsel’s ineffectiveness. First, he attached letters from his trial
and direct appeals counsel, which suggest he was likely offered 8 years’
imprisonment in exchange for a guilty plea. In addition, Calvert submitted an
affidavit stating he was never notified of the 8-year offer, and further, that he
expressly told his counsel he would have accepted any offer requiring less than 10
years’ imprisonment.
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The problem for Calvert is that none of these documents was part of the
state-court record for Calvert’s state habeas review, and the Supreme Court has
held that AEDPA precludes us from relying on them. In Cullen v. Pinholster, 131
S. Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011), the Court held that our review of a state court’s
decision under § 2254(d)(1) may only consider whether the state court’s decision
was unreasonable given the record before it. The Court explained:
[R]eview under § 2254(d)(1) is limited to the record that was
before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.
Section 2254(d)(1) refers, in the past tense, to a state-court
adjudication that “resulted in” a decision that was contrary to, or
“involved” an unreasonable application of, established law. This
backward-looking language requires an examination of the
state-court decision at the time it was made. It follows that the
record under review is limited to the record in existence at that
same time—i.e., the record before the state court.
* * *
It would be strange to ask federal courts to analyze whether a
state court’s adjudication resulted in a decision that unreasonably
applied federal law to facts not before the state court.
Id. at 1398, 1399.
The record before the OCCA at the time it reviewed Calvert’s ineffective
assistance claim contained no evidence that Calvert’s representation was deficient
or would establish prejudice. Without the letters from the prosecution or
Calvert’s affidavit, the OCCA had no reason beyond a conclusory statement in his
petition to suspect Calvert’s counsel failed to communicate any plea offer or that
if he had, the plea negotiations would have been different. Calvert made no
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attempt to substantiate his ineffective assistance claim, either by attaching
evidence or requesting an evidentiary hearing. Therefore, given the record before
the state court at the time it reviewed the petition, we cannot conclude the OCCA
misapplied Strickland in finding that “nothing in the record presented to [the
OCCA] indicat[es] that Petitioner’s representation pre-trial, at trial, and on direct
appeal was deficient.” R., Vol. I at 194.
Further, even if we were to consider the documents Calvert submitted to the
district court, Calvert’s argument would fail. The record gives no strong
indication that Calvert’s counsel withheld any information regarding a plea offer
from the state, and there is no indication at all, besides a conclusory affidavit, that
Calvert would have accepted an 8-year plea offer.
In fact, contrary to Calvert’s assertions, we agree with the district court that
Calvert would not have accepted an 8-year offer. On the second day of trial,
Calvert told the court that he rejected a 12-year plea offer (and perhaps a 10-year
offer as well), and he expressly stated his desire to proceed with trial:
Counsel: I’ve had extensive conversations with Mr. Calvert
about going to trial in this matter, and I’d just like
to put on the record that I do advise him that this is
against my advice that he go to trial in this
particular matter. I believe that he had an offer,
may not be the best offer in the world, but that he is
facing a minimum of 26 years, and under the facts
and circumstances of this case, I feel that it’s not in
his best interests to go to trial in this particular case.
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The Court: And you’ve told me an offer has been conveyed to
him. What’s that?
Counsel: Twelve years, Your Honor.
The Court: And —
Counsel: It would have required that there only be one on the
second page. Everything would have been dropped
except for one on the second page.
The Court: You understand that to be the offer, Mr. Calvert,
and you are choosing to reject that and you want to
go to trial; is that true?
Calvert: I understood an offer, an opportunity of ten.
The Court: No. I don’t know if that’s — we’re not going down
memory lane. The offer today apparently is 12
years striking the second page all but the former
conviction, $500 fine, 250 VCF, and the like. So
that’s the offer today from the State of Oklahoma
should you choose to plead guilty.
Calvert: Okay. I understand.
The Court: And you want to continue the trial; is that true?
Calvert: Yes, sir.
Supp. R. at 63.
It is clear that, despite the government’s plea offers, Calvert unequivocally
desired to proceed to trial. The record also shows Calvert’s primary defense was
that he was factually innocent; he took the stand and testified the state
misidentified him. For these reasons, even if Calvert was not apprised of an offer
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of 8 years, no reasonable jurist could debate the OCCA misapplied the prejudice
standard set forth in Strickland.
C. Other Issues
Third, Calvert contends his appellate counsel was ineffective because he
“failed to present . . . the issues most likely to warrant relief . . . .” Aplt. Br. at
12. We construe this as a challenge to appellate counsel’s failure on direct appeal
to allege that trial counsel was ineffective. In assessing appellate counsel’s
assistance under Strickland, we examine the merits of the omitted issue. See
Hawkins v. Hannigan, 185 F.3d 1146, 1152 (10th Cir. 1999). “[I]f the issue is
meritless, its omission will not constitute deficient performance.” Cargle v.
Mullin, 317 F.3d 1196, 1202 (10th Cir. 2003). And even if the issue is
meritorious but not obviously compelling, we “assess[] [] the issue relative to the
rest of the appeal” and give “deferential consideration . . . to any professional
judgment involved in its omission.” Id. Here, because Calvert’s ineffective
assistance of trial counsel arguments are meritless, appellate counsel was not
ineffective for failing to raise them.
D. Evidentiary Hearing
Finally, Calvert asks for an evidentiary hearing to develop the factual
record relating to his ineffective assistance allegations. A habeas applicant who
has “failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings” is
entitled to an evidentiary hearing if his claim relies on “a new rule of
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constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme
Court, that was previously unavailable,” or “a factual predicate that could not
have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). Once these prerequisites are met, an evidentiary hearing is
appropriate only if “the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish
by clear and convincing evidence that but for the constitutional error, no
reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying
offense.” Id. § 2254(e)(2)(B).
The Supreme Court has limited the situations where a habeas applicant is
entitled to an evidentiary hearing. In Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. at 1400–01, the Court
explained that, for claims that have been adjudicated on the merits by a state
court, “a federal habeas petitioner must overcome the limitation of § 2254(d)(1)
on the record that was before th[e] state court.” Id. at 1400. While this would
seem to severely limit § 2254(e)(2)’s evidentiary hearing provision, the Court
explained that § 2254(e)(2) remains in “force where § 2254(d)(1) does not bar
federal habeas relief,” such as where the petitioner’s claim was not adjudicated on
the merits by the state court. Id. at 1401. There is no doubt, however, that
Pinholster bars an evidentiary hearing in cases such as this one, where, because
the OCCA denied Calvert’s ineffective assistance claim on the merits, his habeas
claim is subject to review under § 2254(d)(1). This application of Pinholster
dovetails with the purpose of §§ 2254(d)(1) and 2254(e)(2), which is to promote
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“comity, finality, and federalism by giving state courts the first opportunity to
review [a] claim, and to correct any constitutional violation in the first instance.”
Id. (quotation omitted).
Therefore, we deny his request for an evidentiary hearing. 1
III. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, we DENY Calvert’s request for an evidentiary
hearing, and AFFIRM the district court’s opinion.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Circuit Judge
1
Even if we found Pinholster did not preclude an evidentiary hearing, we
nevertheless would find § 2254(e)(2) precludes an evidentiary hearing. Calvert’s
claim does not rely on a new rule of constitutional law, nor does it rely on “a
factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the
exercise of due diligence . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)(A)(ii). Indeed, he did not
diligently develop the factual record in state court. In presenting his ineffective
assistance claim in state post-conviction proceedings, Calvert never requested an
evidentiary hearing, never attached any documentary evidence, and never
attempted to supplement the record. We have every reason to believe that the
letters from Calvert’s trial and appellate counsel, which Calvert provided to the
district court, were readily available to him when he filed his application for state
post-conviction relief. In short, Calvert has not met the requirements for an
evidentiary hearing under § 2254(e)(2).
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