In re R.S.H.-F.

[Cite as In re R.S.H.-F., 2022-Ohio-549.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY

IN RE: R.S.H.-F. :
:
: Appellate Case No. 29198
:
: Trial Court Case No. G-2015-007346-
: 1H, 1K
:
: (Appeal from Common Pleas Court-
: Juvenile Division)
:

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OPINION

Rendered on the 25th day of February, 2022.

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AMY R. BLAIR, Atty. Reg. No. 0073760, 40 North Main Street, Suite 2160, Dayton, Ohio
45423
Attorney for Appellant, Mother

D.M.F., Kettering, Ohio 45440
Appellee Father, Pro Se

.............

TUCKER, P.J.
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{¶ 1} Mother appeals from the trial court’s order sustaining Father’s objections to

a magistrate’s decision and overruling her motion to transfer jurisdiction over this child-

custody case to Florida. Mother contends the trial court abused its discretion in failing to

find that Ohio is an inconvenient forum to resolve the parties’ dispute. We see no abuse

of discretion in the trial court’s refusal to transfer jurisdiction to Florida. Accordingly, the

trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

{¶ 2} Mother and Father are the parents of a child who was born in August 2014.

At that time, both parents resided in Ohio. In November 2015, Mother and the child moved

to Florida. Shortly thereafter, Father filed a custody complaint in the trial court. The parties

later agreed to Mother’s retaining custody and Father’s having parenting time. The trial

court journalized the agreement in November 2016.

{¶ 3} In December 2016, Father filed a contempt motion and a motion to modify

parenting time. Mother responded with her own motions related to parenting time.

Although the parties purported to have resolved those issues by agreement, no agreed

entry was filed. Their motions eventually were dismissed for want of prosecution.

{¶ 4} In May and June 2018, Father filed motions for contempt, for modification of

parenting time, and for a change of custody. Mother moved to transfer jurisdiction over

the case to Florida on the basis that it was a more convenient forum. The trial court

overruled the motion, and Mother appealed. Father later withdrew his motions after a

magistrate denied a joint request for a continuance. Mother then dismissed her appeal.

{¶ 5} In June 2019, Father again filed motions for contempt and a change of
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custody. In July 2019, Mother moved to transfer jurisdiction to Florida. A magistrate

denied the motion, and Mother filed objections. The trial court vacated the magistrate’s

decision and remanded for a hearing before a newly-appointed magistrate. Following

continuances for reasons including COVID-19, the case proceeded to a July 15, 2020

hearing on Mother’s motion to transfer jurisdiction to Florida. The only witnesses at the

hearing were Mother and Father. Based on the evidence presented, the magistrate found

Ohio to be an inconvenient forum and sustained Mother’s motion. Father filed objections.

After an independent review of the record, the trial court sustained Father’s objections

and overruled Mother’s motion to transfer jurisdiction to Florida. This appeal followed.

II. Analysis

{¶ 6} Mother’s sole assignment of error states:

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN SUSTAINING

FATHER’S OBJECTIONS, WHICH RESULTED IN THE REVERSAL OF

THE MAGISTRATE’S DECISION AND THE DENIAL OF MOTHER’S

REQUEST TO TRANSFER JURISDICTION TO THE STATE OF FLORIDA.

{¶ 7} The parties agree that the trial court possessed home-state jurisdiction to

issue its original custody decree and that, under R.C. 3127.16, it retained exclusive,

continuing jurisdiction by virtue of Father’s continued residence in Ohio. Under R.C.

3127.21(A), however, an Ohio court with exclusive, continuing jurisdiction may decline to

exercise its jurisdiction if it determines that it is an inconvenient forum and that a court of

another state is a more convenient forum. The Revised Code identifies eight non-

exclusive factors for a trial court to consider when deciding whether to relinquish

jurisdiction:
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(1) Whether domestic violence has occurred and is likely to continue in the

future and which state could best protect the parties and the child;

(2) The length of time the child has resided outside this state;

(3) The distance between the court in this state and the court in the state

that would assume jurisdiction;

(4) The relative financial circumstances of the parties;

(5) Any agreement of the parties as to which state should assume

jurisdiction;

(6) The nature and location of the evidence required to resolve the pending

litigation, including the testimony of the child;

(7) The ability of the court of each state to decide the issue expeditiously

and the procedures necessary to present the evidence;

(8) The familiarity of the court of each state with the facts and issues in the

pending litigation.

R.C. 3127.21(B).

{¶ 8} We apply an abuse-of-discretion review to a trial court’s decision to exercise

or to decline jurisdiction on the basis of an inconvenient forum. Baker v. Baker, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 27850, 2018-Ohio-3065, ¶ 34. The phrase “abuse of discretion” implies

a decision that is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. In re S.S., 2d Dist. Miami

No. 2011-CA-07, 2011-Ohio-5697, ¶ 7.

{¶ 9} In the June 21, 2021 order on appeal, the trial court summarized the

evidence, addressed each of the foregoing factors, and made findings on them. Mother

argues that the trial court acted unreasonably in its analysis of the statutory factors. While
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recognizing the trial court’s broad discretion, Mother first asserts that the magistrate was

best positioned to observe witnesses and assess credibility and that the magistrate’s

observations cannot be conveyed in a written transcript. Therefore, Mother argues that

the trial court unreasonably substituted its judgment for that of the magistrate based on

only a review of the written record.

{¶ 10} Mother’s argument lacks merit. When reviewing objections to a magistrate’s

decision, a trial court must conduct an independent review. This means, among other

things, that a trial court is not compelled to defer to a magistrate’s determinations

regarding credibility. Bass v. Bass, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27832, 2018-Ohio-2043,

¶ 10, citing In re A.O., 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 25807, 25996, 2014-Ohio-527, ¶ 11. In

any event, the trial court’s analysis of the R.C. 3127.21(B) factors does not reveal any

meaningful disagreement with the magistrate regarding witness credibility. Instead, the

trial court simply evaluated the evidence in light of the statutory factors and reached a

different conclusion.

{¶ 11} Addressing the first factor, domestic violence, the trial court noted the

parties’ conflicting testimony about whether Father ever had been physically violent with

Mother. Regardless of that dispute, the trial court found future violence unlikely,

reasoning:

* * * The parties had multiple parenting time exchanges with no apparent

issues prior to Mother deciding at some point that she no longer wished to

have direct contact with Father. As the parties presently do not have any

contact with each other during exchanges, since Mother arranges for others

to provide the transportation, it seems unlikely that domestic violence would
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occur in the future.

(June 21, 2021 Order at 6.)

{¶ 12} With regard to the second factor, the trial court observed that since

November 2015 the child primarily had resided with Mother in Florida, while also spending

about 12 weeks a year in Ohio for Father’s parenting time.

{¶ 13} As for the third factor, the trial court noted that the proposed Florida court

was about 900 miles away, necessarily inconveniencing one of parties.

{¶ 14} The trial court then turned to the fourth factor, the relative financial

circumstances of the parties. It reasoned:

Father testified that he makes approximately $47,000 per year.

Father also testified that he borrowed over $85,000 in loans while attending

school, part of which went toward supporting Mother and the child when

they resided in Ohio together after Mother quit her job. Father also expends

over $10,000 per year in travel expenses to exercise his parenting time.

Mother testified that she has been a full time student and has not had

income in 3 years. Mother previously was employed making around

$40,000 in Florida before voluntarily quitting to go to school. Mother

received a $100,000 “restriction free” loan from a private individual, and took

out a line of credit against her home to finance this ongoing litigation.

The Court does not find the financial circumstances of the parties to

be so different as to factor strongly in the court’s decision. The Court does

not find that factor to be dispositive.

(Id.)
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{¶ 15} With regard to the fifth factor, the trial court noted the lack of an agreement

between the parties as to which state should exercise jurisdiction.

{¶ 16} On the sixth factor, the nature and location of needed evidence, the trial

court noted Mother’s belief that much of the evidence is in Florida, where the child spends

the most time. The trial court reasoned, however, that relevant evidence is located in Ohio

and Florida and that out-of-state evidence could be presented by deposition, telephone,

audio-visually, or by other means. Although an in camera interview of the child might be

needed, the trial court reasoned that it could be accomplished during one of the child’s

visits with Father in Ohio.

{¶ 17} As for the seventh factor, the ability of each state’s court to decide the matter

expeditiously and the procedures necessary, the trial court reasoned:

This Court has presided over this case since it was initiated in

November 2015, through multiple rounds of litigation. However, the filing of

multiple Motions to Transfer and resultant objections/motions to set aside

have essentially precluded this case from moving forward on the pending

motions for over two years.

Although Mother contends that there have been no “substantive”

proceedings in this matter, this Court has held multiple hearings, is familiar

with the history of the case and is ready to proceed toward a final resolution

with the scheduling of a hearing. While a Florida Court could review the file

and familiarize itself with the case, this Court already has that familiarity,

has the file on hand and is ready to proceed. This Court has the requisite

technical facilities necessary for presentation of evidence and testimony
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which may be located out of state.

(Id. at 7-8.)

{¶ 18} Concerning the eighth factor, the familiarity of each state’s court with the

facts and issues in the pending litigation, the trial court found:

As previously stated, this Court has presided over this case since it

was initiated in November 2015. There has been near perpetual litigation

pending within this matter during this time frame. This Court is familiar with

the history of the case, and is ready to proceed toward a final resolution with

the scheduling of a hearing. The Magistrate noted that she is well-versed in

the history of the case at this point. (Tr. 120).

Furthermore a Guardian ad Litem has been appointed to this case

and has conducted a thorough investigation over the course of nearly 4

years and has written multiple substantive reports and recommendations.

While the GAL may need to conduct further investigation to update his

reports, a transfer to Florida would not alleviate this. Further, if the Florida

Court would appoint a new GAL, that GAL would essentially have to begin

a new investigation in its entirety, with no familiarity with the parties, child,

or issues pending. The present GAL has conducted a thorough investigation

of this matter over multiple years and has a strong familiarity with the

parties, child and pending issues. If this case were to be heard in Florida,

parties may retain new counsel in Florida unfamiliar with the history and

may appear in front of yet another judge or magistrate with no present

knowledge of the facts or issues pending.
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(Id. at 8.)

{¶ 19} Having conducted its independent review and examined each of the eight

factors, the trial court concluded:

After a review of the statutory factors, the Court finds that Ohio is not

an inconvenient forum, and has had jurisdiction over this matter for multiple

years. The Court recognizes that at this point in time the child has spent

more time in Florida than Ohio, and her ties to Florida continue to grow as

she attends school and spends more time in that state. However, there has

been near perpetual litigation pending in this Court since this matter was

initiated in 2015. Other than the approximately six (6) days between Father

withdrawing his custody motions on June 21, 2019 and re-filing his motions

on June 27, 2019, Father has had motions pending in this Court for nearly

3 years that have not been heard due to the jurisdictional challenges. This

Court is the most familiar with the parties and issues and is ready to

proceed. The Guardian ad Litem has been involved with this case for nearly

four years, has conducted thorough investigation and has written multiple

substantive reports, and is familiar with the parties and child. Therefore, this

Ohio Court is in the best position to hear this matter, is the most familiar

with the parties and the issues, and shall maintain jurisdiction.

(Id.)

{¶ 20} On appeal, Mother addresses each of the eight statutory factors in an

attempt to establish an abuse of discretion by the trial court. With regard to the first factor,

Mother admits that she never filed any domestic-violence charges. Nevertheless, she
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cites her testimony about Father being “obsessive” and “controlling” and about alleged

physical altercations, which Father denied. But regardless of the truth of Mother’s

allegations, the trial court reasonably found future domestic violence “unlikely” because

Mother no longer directly participates in parenting exchanges. That being so, the trial

court implicitly found no concern about which state best could protect the parties and the

child.

{¶ 21} With regard to the second factor, Mother notes that the child resided in Ohio

until reaching 15 months of age. Since then, Mother and the child have resided in Florida,

with the child returning to spend about 12 weeks a year with Father in Ohio. Mother cites

cases in which jurisdictional transfers have been ordered where a child has resided in

another state for less time than the child at issue here. Therefore, Mother contends the

trial court abused its discretion in not giving sufficient weight to this factor. But the precise

weight to give to each factor was for the trial court to decide. The trial court properly

recognized that the child had lived in Florida since 2015, while spending a meaningful

amount of time in Ohio each year.

{¶ 22} As for the third factor, the trial court considered the 900-mile distance

between the Florida and Ohio courts, which necessarily inconveniences one of the

parties. Mother again cites cases involving jurisdictional transfers where the distance was

less. Mother also suggests that Father could coordinate his court appearances in Florida

with his travel to pick up their child for parenting time. On this record, however, it is

speculative to suggest that a Florida court would, or reasonably could, coordinate court

proceedings to coincide with Father’s parenting-time pick-ups. And the fact that other

courts have approved jurisdictional transfers where the distance at issue was less does
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not demonstrate an abuse of discretion here. Each case is fact-specific and requires a

decision based upon consideration of all eight factors.

{¶ 23} With regard to the fourth factor, the parties’ relative financial situations,

Mother testified that she owned a home in Florida free and clear when she arrived there

in 2015. She voluntarily quit a $40,000 per year job in Florida to attend law school. At the

time of the hearing, she had graduated and was preparing for the bar exam. Although she

was not yet employed, she received government assistance as well as rental income of

approximately $7,500 per year. Mother also had proceeds remaining from a $100,000

loan that she could use as she pleased. As for Father, he earned about $47,000 per year

and was repaying $85,000 in loans he had taken out while with Mother. Father testified

that he spent about $1,100 per month for rent and averaged more than $1,000 per month

for travel expenses to Florida for parenting-time exchanges. Notwithstanding Mother’s

argument to the contrary, we see nothing unreasonable in the trial court’s determination

that the parties’ financial situations were not significantly different. Although Father was

employed, his salary was modest and he did not appear to have much discretionary

income. Mother also had little income and appeared to be living in part on borrowed funds,

with hopes of employment after taking the bar exam.

{¶ 24} As for the fifth factor, Mother acknowledges that the parties disagree about

whether jurisdiction should be transferred to Florida. Mother criticizes the trial court,

however, for observing that she acquiesced in the trial court’s exercise of jurisdiction for

a substantial period of time. Although not stated in the trial court’s opinion, Mother

contends the trial court implicitly used her failure to seek a transfer sooner against her,

thereby abusing its discretion. We disagree. The mere fact of delay by Mother in seeking
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a transfer of jurisdiction to Florida does not appear to us to have been a substantial factor

in the trial court’s decision.

{¶ 25} With regard to the sixth factor, the nature and location of the evidence,

Mother contends the majority of the relevant evidence and witnesses related to the child

are in Florida. In particular, Mother mentions the child’s home life, schooling, and extra-

curricular activities in Florida. She also mentions the maternal grandfather, neighbors,

family friends, and others being located there. While acknowledging that means exist to

submit out-of-state information to the trial court, Mother contends it would be less

burdensome and expensive for Father to submit his Ohio-based evidence to a Florida

court. We agree with Mother that the majority of the relevant evidence likely would be

located in Florida, where the child resides 40 weeks a year. It is true, however, that the

child spends 12 weeks a year in Ohio, interacting with Father’s relatives and others. The

trial court also correctly noted that procedures exist for out-of-state evidence to be

presented by deposition, telephone, audio-visually, or by other means. Nevertheless, an

objective examination of the record results in this factor weighing in favor of a transfer to

Florida.

{¶ 26} Concerning the seventh factor, the trial court noted that multiple hearings

had been held since 2015, that it was familiar with the case and its lengthy history, and

that it was ready to resolve the case by conducting a final hearing. Mother challenges the

trial court’s statement about multiple hearings but acknowledges that at least two

“contested hearings” have been conducted. Mother also argues that a Florida court could

handle the matter expeditiously and facilitate the presentation of evidence located in Ohio.

In our view, the trial court reasonably found that this factor weighs in Father’s favor.
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Although Mother questions how much “litigation” has occurred in Ohio, the trial court

certainly has a degree of familiarity with the case and the issues, having presided over it

for several years. The trial court also noted that it was ready to proceed to a final hearing

on the pending custody issues and that it could facilitate the presentation of evidence

located in Florida.

{¶ 27} Finally, as for the eighth factor, Mother reiterates her belief that a Florida

court easily could familiarize itself with the issues. She notes too that a different

magistrate now is involved and that the guardian ad litem will need to update his most

recent report due to the passage of time. Mother contends these facts militate against

finding that the trial court’s familiarity with the case favors retaining jurisdiction. We

disagree. The trial court reasonably found that this factor favors Father. The trial court

itself has been involved with the case since 2015 and indisputably has greater familiarity

with it than a Florida court. The trial court noted that the current magistrate also now has

familiarity with the issues. And the guardian ad litem has been involved with the parties

and the child for years. Although a new guardian ad litem could be appointed in Florida,

the record supports a finding that the current guardian ad litem has a significant history

with the parties and the issues.

{¶ 28} In short, the record reflects that the trial court thoroughly evaluated the

evidence in light of the statutory factors. In so doing, it recognized that the child’s growing

connection to Florida over the years. The trial court also found, however, that it was most

familiar with the parties and the issues and was ready to proceed expeditiously to a final

judgment. Having conducted our own review, we cannot say the trial court abused its

discretion in continuing to exercise jurisdiction. The trial court’s decision is not
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unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Accordingly, Mother’s assignment of error is

overruled.

III. Conclusion

{¶ 29} Having overruled Mother’s assignment of error, we affirm the judgment of

the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division.

.............

WELBAUM, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.

Copies sent to:

Amy R. Blair
D.M.F.
Kenneth J. Krochmal, GAL
Hon. Helen C. Wallace