in Re J. C.

NUMBER 13-21-00380-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

IN RE J.C.

On Petition for Writ of Mandamus.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Hinojosa and Silva
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Hinojosa1

On November 3, 2021, relator J.C. filed a petition for writ of mandamus seeking to

compel the trial court to set aside an order striking relator’s petition in intervention in the

1 See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.8(d) (“When denying relief, the court may hand down an opinion but is not

required to do so. When granting relief, the court must hand down an opinion as in any other case.”); id. R.
47.1 (“The court of appeals must hand down a written opinion that is as brief as practicable but that
addresses every issue raised and necessary to final disposition of the appeal.”); id. R. 47.4 (explaining the
differences between opinions and memorandum opinions).
underlying suit regarding the parent-child relationship. 2 We conditionally grant the

petition for writ of mandamus.

I. BACKGROUND

In the underlying case, the Department of Family and Protective Services

(Department) filed a “First Amended Petition for Protection of a Child, for

Conservatorship, and for Termination in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship”

regarding minor children G.S. and A.S. The two children have the same father, A.M.S.

(father), and different mothers. G.S.’s mother is A.O. (mother), and A.S.’s mother is J.S.

(stepmother). Relator is the maternal grandmother to G.S. The Department sought to

terminate the parental rights of all three parents as to both children.

Relator filed a “Petition in Intervention in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child

Relationship” alleging that she was the maternal grandmother to G.S. She alleged that it

was in the best interest of G.S. that she be appointed sole managing conservator, and

that the “appointment of the parents as joint managing conservators would not be in the

best interest of the children because the appointment would significantly impair the

children’s physical health or emotional development.” Relator alleged that mother had

“engaged in a history or pattern of child abuse and child neglect.” Relator requested that

the court “consider this conduct in appointing [relator] as sole managing conservator or

the parties as joint managing conservators.” Relator asserted that she had standing to

2 This original proceeding arises from trial court cause number A-21-7013-FL, and the respondent
is the Honorable Richard P. Bianchi. See id. R. 52.2. Given the nature of this case, we utilize initials to
identify the minor and family members. See id. R. 9.8(b).

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intervene as a result of her substantial past contact with the child.

Stepmother filed a “Motion to Strike the Petition in Intervention of [Relator] in Suit

Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship.” Stepmother agreed that mother was not

appropriate to have a conservatorship over G.S., however, stepmother moved to strike

relator’s petition in intervention on grounds it would not be in the best interests of the child

because relator: (1) has not had actual care, custody and control of G.S., or substantial

past contact with G.S.; (2) has not made regular or consistent attempts to visit G.S.;

(3) has not bonded with G.S.; (4) has not recently bonded with G.S.; (5) cannot provide a

safe and stable home environment; (6) will not protect G.S. from father; and (7) will not

follow the directives of the Department, as evidenced by her inability to have FaceTime

calls due to the fact she was allowing restricted individuals to have access to the

FaceTime calls. Finally, stepmother asserted that she, as the biological mother of A.S.,

was willing and able to make sure that all of G.S.’s needs were not only met but exceeded.

On June 23, 2021, the trial court held a hearing on the motion to strike. The trial

court heard testimony from relator, father, stepmother, a representative of the

Department, and various members of the family and friends. Mother did not testify

because at the time, she was in jail because she had assaulted father. At the hearing,

relator’s counsel clarified that relator was only seeking to intervene as to G.S., not as to

A.S., and asserted that she possessed standing to do so under § 102.004(b) of the Texas

Family Code. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 102.004(b).

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court verbally granted stepmother’s

motion to strike, and that same day, signed a written order striking relator’s petition in

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intervention. This original proceeding ensued. By two issues, relator asserts: (1) the trial

court abused its discretion by granting stepmother’s motion to strike; and (2) the trial court

abused its discretion by denying relator’s right to intervene in the suit and be heard on

her claim seeking rights of conservatorship, access to and possession of her grandson,

minor child G.S.

This Court requested that the real parties in interest file responses to the petition

for writ of mandamus and thereafter received responses from the Department and father.

The Department argues that the statutory language in § 102.004, stating that the trial

court “may” allow a grandparent to intervene, provides the trial court with the discretion

to deny an intervention even though the intervenor meets the standing requirements of

§ 102.004(b). However, according to the Department, “[f]rom the record established at

the hearing, it is undisputed that [relator] had substantial past contact” with G.S., and

“[t]here is some evidence that being placed with [mother] and [father] would significantly

impair G.S.’s physical health or emotional development.” The Department concluded its

response by stating that, “[h]aving outlined the relevant authority and provided this Court

with the relevant facts, the Department will defer to this Honorable Court to determine

whether to deny” the petition for writ of mandamus.

Father also filed a response to the petition for writ of mandamus. He asserted that

he was in “agreement with the facts, law[,] and argument asserted by [relator],” and that

he was filing a response to the petition in order to assert additional arguments in support

of allowing relator to intervene.

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 II. MANDAMUS

Mandamus is an extraordinary and discretionary remedy. See In re Allstate Indem.

Co., 622 S.W.3d 870, 883 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding); In re Garza, 544 S.W.3d 836,

840 (Tex. 2018) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148

S.W.3d 124, 138 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). The relator must show that (1) the trial

court abused its discretion, and (2) the relator lacks an adequate remedy by appeal. In re

USAA Gen. Indem. Co., 624 S.W.3d 782, 787 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding); In re

Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d at 135–36; Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833,

839–40 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts with

disregard for guiding rules or principles or when it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable

manner. In re Garza, 544 S.W.3d at 840. We determine the adequacy of an appellate

remedy by balancing the benefits of mandamus review against the detriments. In re

Acad., Ltd., 625 S.W.3d 19, 25 (Tex. 2021) (orig. proceeding); In re Essex Ins., 450

S.W.3d 524, 528 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam); In re Prudential Ins. Co. of

Am., 148 S.W.3d at 136.

Due to the unique and compelling circumstances presented in a suit affecting the

parent-child relationship, mandamus relief is an appropriate remedy for an order denying

or granting a motion to dismiss for lack of standing in such a case. See In re Derzapf, 219

S.W.3d 327, 335 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (concluding that the

exceptional circumstances presented by a challenge to temporary orders in a suit for

access to children support the availability of mandamus review); Geary v. Peavy, 878

S.W.2d 602, 603 (Tex. 1994) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (stating that mandamus

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review is appropriate when the trial court’s jurisdiction is challenged in a proceeding

involving child custody issues due to the unique and compelling circumstances presented

in a custody dispute); In re Shifflet, 462 S.W.3d 528, 541–42 (Tex. App—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2015, orig. proceeding) (concluding that there is no adequate remedy on appeal

and mandamus is appropriate to seek relief from an order granting a motion to dismiss

an intervention in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship for lack of standing); see

also In re Martin, 523 S.W.3d 165, 169 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2017, orig. proceeding).

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“Standing, like other issues implicating a court’s subject matter jurisdiction, is a

question of law that we review de novo.” In re H.S., 550 S.W.3d 151, 155 (Tex. 2018);

see In re T.D.L., 621 S.W.3d 346, 350 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2021, no pet.); In re

T.E.R., 603 S.W.3d 137, 141 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2020, no pet.). When a plaintiff’s

standing to bring suit is governed by statute, we apply principles of statutory interpretation

to determine whether the plaintiff has shown that she “falls within the category of persons

upon whom such standing has been conferred.” In re H.S., 550 S.W.3d at 155; see In re

T.E.R., 603 S.W.3d at 141. “The plaintiff bears the burden to allege facts showing the trial

court’s jurisdiction, and we construe the pleadings liberally in the plaintiff’s favor.” In re

T.D.L., 621 S.W.3d at 350; see In re A.D.T., 588 S.W.3d 312, 316 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

2019, no pet.) (“The party asserting standing bears the burden of proving that issue.”);

see also In re Y.B., 300 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, pet. denied).

IV. APPLICABLE LAW

In this case, relator filed a petition in intervention in a pending lawsuit. She alleges

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that she possesses standing to do so based on a statutory provision in the family code

governing intervention by a grandparent. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 102.004. The

relevant section provides:

An original suit requesting possessory conservatorship may not be filed by
a grandparent or other person. However, the court may grant a grandparent
or other person . . . deemed by the court to have had substantial past
contact with the child leave to intervene in a pending suit filed by a person
authorized to do so under this chapter if there is satisfactory proof to the
court that appointment of a parent as a sole managing conservator or both
parents as joint managing conservators would significantly impair the child’s
physical health or emotional development.

Id. § 102.004(b). 3 The phrase “substantial past contact” is not defined by statute or

3 The Dallas and Beaumont courts of appeal have held that a grandparent seeking to establish

standing under this provision need not show “substantial past contact” as would an “other person” under
the statute. See In re Nelke, 573 S.W.3d 917, 922–23 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2019, orig. proceeding); see also
In re M.B., No. 09-19-00247-CV, 2019 WL 4865197, at *3 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Oct. 3, 2019, orig.
proceeding) (mem. op.) (per curiam) (“Section 102.004 required Grandfather to establish only one thing to
intervene into the Department’s [suit affecting the parent-child relationship]—a decision appointing the sole
living parent, Father, to be the children’s managing conservator would significantly impair the children’s
physical health or emotional development.”). In reaching this conclusion, the Dallas court reasoned as
follows:

Maternal Grandmother urges that Paternal Grandmother could not establish the first
requirement for standing under [§] 102.004(b) because Paternal Grandmother did not
allege in her petition that she had substantial past contact with the child, and the evidence
at the hearing showed she had no contact with the child before filing the petition to
intervene. Paternal Grandmother argues in her response the ‘substantial past contact’
requirement does not apply to a grandparent but instead applies only to ‘other person.’ We
agree. If [§] 102.004(b) affords grandparents standing only if they have substantial past
contact with their grandchild, then the word ‘grandparent’ in subsection (b) is rendered
meaningless as ‘grandparents’ are inevitably persons themselves and their separate
inclusion in the text would be pointless. We presume the Legislature intended the words it
used to have effect. See Spradlin v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 34 S.W.3d 578, 580 (Tex.
2000). Further, under the last-antecedent doctrine, which we use to aid in interpreting
statutes, a qualifying phrase should be applied only to the words or phrase immediately
preceding it to which it may be applied without impairing the meaning of the sentence. Id.
at 580–81.

Our conclusion is supported by more than just grammar. A grandparent is commonly and
well understood to stand in a different relation to a child than members of the general public.
See, e.g., Troxel v. Granville, [530 U.S. 57, 64] (2000) (citing States’ recognition of
important role grandparents play in many cases, including that of parental nature); Bos v.
Smith, 556 S.W.3d 293, 296 (Tex. 2018) (‘Grandparents have a special role in the family

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caselaw, and the inquiry into whether a party has had “substantial past contact” with a

child is fact-intensive and focuses on the amount of actual contact. See In re T.E.R., 603

S.W.3d at 142 (collecting cases).

This “grandparent-specific statute requires grandparents seeking to intervene in a

pending suit to demonstrate that appointment of a parent as sole managing conservator

would ‘significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development.’” In re

C.J.C., 603 S.W.3d 804, 816 (Tex. 2020) (quoting TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 102.004(b)).

“This significant impairment language creates a strong presumption in favor of parental

custody and imposes a heavy burden on a nonparent.” In re A.D.T., 588 S.W.3d at 317

(citing Lewelling v. Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d 164, 166–67 (Tex. 1990)). “[T]here must be

evidence of specific and identifiable conduct by the parent that is likely to cause harm to

the child’s physical health or emotional development.” In re A.D.T., 588 S.W.3d at 317.

“Because of the fact-intensive nature of reviewing custody issues, an appellate court must

afford great deference to the factfinder on issues of credibility and demeanor because the

child’s and parent’s behavior, experiences, and circumstances are conveyed through

unit and often serve as safety nets for their children and grandchildren. Lending a hand, a
heart, and an ear can be especially important when loved ones are experiencing the trauma
of divorce.’) . . . . Further, the question of standing is just a first-level inquiry into who may
be heard and not what is to be done. See In re H.S., 550 S.W.3d 151, 155 (Tex. 2018)
(reviewing a trial court’s grant of plea to jurisdiction on grandparents’ standing).
Accordingly, we conclude the qualifying phrase ‘substantial past contact’ modifies the
second term rather than both items in the list of persons with standing. See In re C.J.N.-
S., 540 S.W.3d 589, 592 (Tex. 2018) [per curiam] (applying last-antecedent test to family
code [§] 154.303(a)(1)).

In re Nelke, 573 S.W.3d at 922–23. Here, the parties and trial court proceeded on the assumption that
relator needed to show “substantial past contact.” In this original proceeding, the parties have not provided
briefing or argument regarding the Nelke determination. For purposes of this case, we assume without
deciding that relator was required to show substantial past contact.

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words, emotions, and facial expressions that are not reflected in the record.” Id.

V. ANALYSIS

By two issues, relator asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by granting

stepmother’s motion to strike and by denying relator’s right to intervene in the suit.

A. Discretion

We first address the appropriate standard of review. As stated previously, the

Department contends that § 102.004 allows the trial court to grant a petition in intervention

when the statutory requirements are met but does not require it to do so. According to the

Department, the Legislature’s use of the word “may” mandates this interpretation of the

statute.

We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to strike a petition in intervention for

abuse of discretion. See Mendez v. Brewer, 626 S.W.2d 498, 499 (Tex. 1982); Spurck v.

Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 396 S.W.3d 205, 217 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013,

no pet.); In re N.L.G., 238 S.W.3d 828, 829 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (per

curiam); In re J.P., 196 S.W.3d 434, 440 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). “A trial court

abuses its discretion when a decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, and without reference to

guiding principles,” and a trial court has “no discretion in determining what the law is or

applying the law to the facts.” In re Allstate Indem. Co., 622 S.W.3d at 875–76 (citations

omitted); see Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840.

“While the permissive word ‘may’ imports the exercise of discretion, ‘the court is

not vested with unlimited discretion, and is required to exercise a sound and legal

discretion within the limits created by the circumstances of a particular case.’” Iliff v. Iliff,

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339 S.W.3d 74, 81 (Tex. 2011) (quoting Womack v. Berry, 291 S.W.2d 677, 683 (Tex.

1956) (orig. proceeding)); see Pedernal Energy, LLC v. Bruington Eng’g, Ltd., 536 S.W.3d

487, 494 (Tex. 2017). We thus examine whether the trial court abused its discretion under

the applicable statutory standard.

B. Evidence

We next examine whether relator has met her burden of proof to show standing

under the statutory scheme. See In re T.D.L., 621 S.W.3d at 350; In re A.D.T., 588 S.W.3d

at 316; In re Y.B., 300 S.W.3d at 4. At the hearing, the trial court heard testimonial

evidence from multiple parties.

1. Relator

Relator testified that she is A.O.’s mother and G.S.’s grandmother. G.S. was born

on January 4, 2012, and was approximately nine years old at the time of the hearing.

Relator testified that mother and G.S. moved in with her at her home in Rockport, Texas,

when G.S. was “about six months old.” Relator testified that they moved in with her

because she had “stopped in for a visit” at their home, and there “was a bad situation

going on at the time.” According to relator, mother “was in a severe state or episode of

drug use or her mental condition [was] exasperated by drug use and [relator] packed them

up right then” and moved them into her home. Mother and G.S. lived with relator until

approximately the spring of 2014, when mother began working and obtained her own

apartment, where she lived with G.S. and father.

Relator testified that mother and father “lived together for some time and there

[were] continued problems between the two of them.” At some point, father returned to

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prison and mother began dating M.G. Mother and M.G. married in December of 2016 and

shortly thereafter moved to Conroe. During this period, mother continued to have

episodes of mental illness and relator attempted to have her seen by local mental health

services.

In the fall of 2017, mother asked relator to come pick G.S. up because of “ongoing”

incidents with police. At that time, G.S. had started pre-kindergarten. Relator stated that

mother “was in the middle of an episode” and “in the middle of the fight,” and she asked

relator to, in mother’s words, “come pick up the little bastard.” Relator stated that she had

previously made attempts to pick up G.S. “due to [mother and stepfather’s] inconsistency

with being able to care for him and fighting and police involvement.” She testified that she

contacted father, who was then out of prison, and notified him to ensure that “this time

[she] got to bring [G.S.] home with [her].”

Relator testified that G.S. had “[p]retty much” lived with her since that time, but

“[h]e did go back and forth between [me] and his dad and [stepmother].” After Hurricane

Harvey, G.S. stayed with his father until relator reestablished a residence, “[b]ut he lived

with [relator and husband] in our alternative living [space], our cabin, until we had our

home fixed from the hurricane.” Relator testified that she had actual care, custody, and

control of G.S. during this period. She and father arranged for G.S. to attend school, and

G.S. was enrolled from relator’s address each year. Relator helped G.S. with his

homework, and relator and father attended G.S.’s parent-teacher conferences. Relator

testified that she took care of G.S. and cooked for him and made sure he had a healthy

diet. She took care of his educational needs, medical needs, and emotional needs during

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this time.

Relator testified that on September 19, 2017, father signed a form authorizing her

to be a relative or voluntary caregiver for G.S. in recognition that she was his caregiver

and could act as his parent.

In November of 2017, mother moved back to Rockport, but did not move in with

relator, and G.S. remained in relator’s care. “He would go for visits with his mom[,] but he

did not go to live with her.” Thus, relator continued taking care of G.S. After the pandemic

began, relator homeschooled G.S. from March until October of 2020.

In October 2020, relator went on vacation for approximately three weeks, and G.S.

lived with his father and stepmother during that period. Afterward, G.S. “stayed over there

by choice so that [relator] could spend some time, not only finishing up some remodeling

issues but so that [she] could deal with his mom’s health issues.” Relator testified that

she was trying to obtain medical care for mother, and “in December we tried to have an

involuntary committal.” At this time, mother was not living with relator; however, relator

discovered that mother was living in an abandoned home in Ingleside, and she “could not

stand for that,” so she picked mother up and “brought her home” on condition that mother

obtain assistance with local mental health services. Relator testified that mother did so,

and was receiving treatment three days each week, with medication, until the pandemic

began. At that point, however, mother stopped taking her medication and “was no longer

being seen.” Relator testified that “[t]hings kind of went downhill from there.” Relator

stated that “it was not conducive for G.S. or us to live peacefully” together at that point,

and so she moved mother into one of relator’s rental properties. According to relator:

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 My daughter needs help. [G.S.] wants his mom to get help. He wants his
mom back. It’s just been impossible. I have tried every avenue that I know
from her doctors to police intervention. At some point, even [father] helped
to try to get an involuntary committal case brought before the court in
December. But that went nowhere either[,] because she is an adult.

Relator testified that on the Saturday before the hearing, mother’s husband M.G. had

knocked on her door with “blood coming off his face and glass smashed on his face,” and

they called the police, who eventually arrested mother for assault.

Relator testified that she had a “very close” relationship with G.S., and it would be

appropriate for him to be placed with her. She acknowledged she had a “good home” for

G.S., with three bedrooms, where she lived with her husband, N.M., to whom she had

been married since 2012. Relator testified that N.M. was looking forward to having G.S.

live with them because they had a “very good relationship,” and G.S. was her husband’s

“fishing buddy.” Relator confirmed that she was asking the court to find that she had

substantial past contact with G.S., allow her to intervene in the suit, and to place G.S.

with her as an alternative to foster care. Relator stated that she “raised him,” and he had

“been in [her] home since he was young[,] and this is where he wants to be.” She testified

that she would follow the orders of the trial court regarding G.S.

Relator acknowledged that Texas Child Protective Services (C.P.S.) had concerns

about a potential placement with her because approximately twenty-two years earlier, she

was arrested for possession of drugs. She attended a Drug Court program, went to

counseling, and successfully completed the program, after which her criminal case was

dismissed. She testified that she does not use drugs or have any substance abuse

problems. Relator further acknowledged that she had offered to have a home study

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conducted, however, the Department told her that she was not eligible to have G.S.

placed with her because she also “had a . . .history with C.P.S.” Relator acknowledged

that in 2002 and 2004, C.P.S. found “reason to believe” that she had provided neglectful

supervision for her children. She was unaware that in 2003, C.P.S. found “reason to

believe” that she had committed physical abuse, or that in 2006, C.P.S. found “reason to

believe” that she had provided neglectful supervision. However, relator testified that all

these events occurred prior to her successful completion of the Drug Court program.

Relator further testified that the Department told her that it would not allow her to have

visitation with G.S. because relator’s husband and son interacted with G.S. during a

FaceTime visit, but she testified that she allowed them to speak with G.S. because she

“was only told that [G.S.] was not to have interaction with the parents.” Relator testified

that she did not intend to separate G.S. from his brother A.S., but she did not want G.S.

to continue in foster care because she could not have visitation or contact with him.

Relator testified that father was currently renting a place on the property that she

owned on her block. She further stated that mother was currently incarcerated, but if she

were to get out of jail, she would also live in the property “down the road.” During relator’s

examination, the Department expressed concern that G.S. was not supposed to have

contact with either father or mother, and that relator did not follow the Department’s rules

during her FaceTime visits with G.S.

2. Father

Father testified that he did not disagree with relator’s testimony, and even when

G.S. was living with him, he ensured that relator and G.S. saw each other every day.

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Father testified that relator, stepmother, and he took “very good” care of G.S. He

acknowledged that relator had been a “part of it all” for G.S. “the majority of the time” that

he had been alive. Father agreed that it was traumatic for G.S. not to see relator, and

G.S. would “throw fits” when he did not get to see her. He testified that it was in G.S.’s

best interests to have access to relator.

Father testified that, at the time of the hearing, he was going through a divorce with

stepmother, so there would eventually be a separation between G.S. and A.S., but it did

not have to be permanent, and they could still “interact as brothers do.” He, like relator,

testified that he would follow court orders regarding G.S.

Father acknowledged he was living two properties away from relator in a rental

property at “Lot C,” and when mother is there, she stays at that property in “Lot A.” Father

testified that he did not allow G.S. to “see his mother unsupervised because she is

unable.” According to father, the rental property is approximately a block away from

relator’s home. He testified that mother does not go “at all” to relator’s house, and he

rarely does so. Father testified that he had been taking classes, undergoing drug testing,

and otherwise complying with the Department’s requirements. Father acknowledged

signing the authorization agreement allowing relator to be a caregiver for G.S. He did so

because “[mother] was getting so unstable [he] was going to pull her rights or get in [the]

process of taking her custody rights away,” and he “wanted [G.S.] to still have [relator] in

his life.”

3. J.S.C.

J.S.C. testified that he is relator’s brother, and they speak every two to three days.

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He confirmed that relator had “substantial contact” with G.S. J.S.C. visits relator

frequently, and he believes her home is adequate to raise a nine-year-old. J.S.C.

described relator’s parenting skills as “very caring” and stated that he occasionally leaves

his kids with her “for a little bit” when he visits her, and she “is very good with them.” He

testified that relator has a close bond with G.S., that he believed it would be difficult or

traumatic for G.S. to be kept from her, and it was in G.S.’s best interest that he be placed

with her. J.C.S. did not find relator’s history with C.P.S. concerning. To his knowledge,

relator did not break the Department’s rules, and it was his brother and relator’s husband

who spoke with G.S. on FaceTime. He testified that relator would be protective of G.S.

and that she would be able to follow court orders in order to have him returned to her.

4. J.L.D.

J.L.D. testified that she has been a friend of relator for twenty to twenty-five years.

She keeps in close contact with her and tries to “go back and visit” every couple of years.

She visited last June, and relator was then acting as a parent to G.S., as she had for

“[m]ost of his life.” She described their relationship as “amazing” and patterns her own

relationship with her grandson on it. J.L.D. testified that relator and G.S. had “substantial

contact” with each other and it would “devastate” G.S. to be deprived of that relationship.

She stated that relator is an “amazing” grandmother and that she has an adequate home

for him that is “minutes” from the beach. J.L.D. was aware of the previous issues that

relator had with C.P.S. but testified that relator has been “clean and sober” since that

time. J.L.D. testified that mother’s mental health situation “breaks [J.L.D.’s] heart.”

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 5. L.R.M.

L.R.M. testified that she knows relator because relator’s son and L.R.M.’s daughter

have a child together, so they share a “beautiful grandbaby.” L.R.M. testified that she has

known relator since the early summer of 2016. They have a close relationship. She has

been to relator’s home and observed G.S. interacting with relator, and they have an

“awesome” relationship. According to L.R.M., G.S. was at relator’s house “quite often”

and “quite a bit,” and the house was suitable for a child. To her knowledge, relator is clean

and sober and serves as a good parent figure. According to L.R.M., it would be traumatic

for G.S. to be denied access to relator, and it would be in G.S.’s best interest to be placed

with her.

6. M.C.

M.C. testified that relator is her son M.G.’s mother-in-law. M.C. lives in

Montgomery, Texas, and she has known relator for approximately ten years. She heard

relator testify and she did not disagree with anything she said. She affirmed that relator

and G.S. had a “warm,” close relationship and spent a substantial amount of time

together. According to M.C., there was “nowhere” that G.S. would rather be than with

relator. According to M.C., relator picked G.S. up after school every day and they called

her so G.S. “could talk to grandma [M.C.]” M.C. testified that it would be in G.S.’s best

interest to return to relator, and relator could provide a “good stable home” for him.

7. Stephanie Ortega

Stephanie Ortega testified on behalf of the Department. She testified that she

screened relator to determine if G.S. could be placed with her but could not proceed

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further because of relator’s C.P.S. history. Ortega testified that relator’s C.P.S. history

precluded her from serving as a proper placement for G.S. Further, based on her

experience, the Department would have additional concerns about placing G.S. with

relator because of “the location of both parents.” According to Ortega, the rental property

where father and mother live is “not a block away” from relator’s home, “[i]t’s on the same

property,” and she “can actually see [the rental property] in line of sight.” According to

Ortega, the mother and father are living mere “feet” from relator’s home.

Ortega testified that she told relator that FaceTime visits were limited to those

between relator and G.S., and “[n]o one else is approved and no one else is allowed” to

participate. According to Ortega, the children’s foster mother informed her that relator did

not follow that rule. Ortega testified that she verbally informed relator regarding this

limitation, though she did not provide written instructions, and she believed that relator

violated this instruction on two separate occasions. Ortega testified that this was a “huge

concern” for the Department. She further asserted that relator’s C.P.S. history was

“significant” and involved “very concerning” allegations but conceded that those incidents

were “from [twenty-five] years ago.” Based upon the FaceTime incidents, she believed

that relator would openly defy court orders pertaining to G.S. Ortega testified that the

Department had “different permanency goals” for G.S. and A.S., so they would eventually

be separated.

8. Stepmother

Stepmother testified that she filed a motion to strike relator’s petition in intervention

because she “just [doesn’t] think that’s a good place for [G.S.].” Stepmother first met G.S.

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between April and July of 2017. She believed that father had custody of G.S. and that

G.S. was five years old at that time. Stepmother testified that both father and relator spent

a lot of time with G.S. Stepmother and father began to live together right before Hurricane

Harvey hit. She could not recall where G.S. was living at that time: “I want to say he was

living with me . . . and [father] but I don’t 100 percent remember.”

Stepmother stated that she has seen the September 19, 2017 authorization giving

relator authority to act as a caregiver for G.S. At that time, stepmother believed that G.S.

was living with her and father in Rockport and they were taking him to school. Stepmother

testified that she did not enroll G.S. in school, and as far as she was aware, father enrolled

him in Portland as the “closest open school.” She acknowledged that father might not

have enrolled G.S. in school because father could not find his I.D., and stepmother

explained that an I.D. is required to enroll a child in school. According to stepmother, G.S.

spent weekends, sleepovers, and “maybe” spring break with relator, but “for the most

part,” G.S. lived with stepmother and father. Stepmother testified that this was the case

from 2017 until May 2020, when she and father separated “for a little bit” until August or

September of that year. During that period, G.S. stayed with relator. According to

stepmother, when G.S. returned in August, he had gained “about [thirty] pounds

and . . . his attitude was crummy.” Stepmother explained that “at grandma’s he gets

treated like a grandson and waited on hand and foot and virtually got whatever he

wanted.” Stepmother testified that G.S. “[a]bsolutely” enjoyed time at relator’s home and

that he “loves his grandma very much.” Stepmother acknowledged that G.S. “wants to be

[with relator] and that’s great,” however, “he needs to be somewhere where there are

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schedules and rules and not somewhere where [G.S.] just gets to run the house.” She

agreed that she believed that relator’s house was unstable or chaotic because she “was

there a few times in the four years” that she was with father, and “nothing was ever calm

there.” It “was always very chaotic, always someone coming in or out or something going

on.” She conceded that she only spent the total time of thirty to sixty minutes at relator’s

house over the course of the four years, and that period formed the basis for her opinions.

Stepmother testified that in her opinion, relator is not stable enough to provide a

home for G.S. She testified that relator did not provide the “best” place for G.S., and that

“there are a lot [of] better places for [him] to be.” According to stepmother, G.S. “needs

somewhere stable where people can’t just pop in and see him whenever they feel is

necessary.” She further shared the Department’s concerns that relator would not follow

the Department’s rules because such behavior was “consistent” for relator. Nevertheless,

stepmother could not say “100 percent for sure” that placing G.S. with relator would

“hinder” him.

On cross-examination, stepmother testified that she was trying to have her son,

A.S., placed with her, but not G.S. When asked if she would prefer for G.S. to remain in

foster care, she replied that she “prefer[red G.S.] to be somewhere where he will be best

taken care of and his needs will not be met in a home with grandma.” Stepmother

acknowledged that her testimony conflicted with that provided by relator and father

regarding relator’s care of G.S. in 2020. She further acknowledged that she disagreed

with their testimony that relator homeschooled G.S. from March until October of that year.

According to stepmother, from March until late April “we did not have any schooling

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because nobody had any idea on how to do virtual because it was a new thing.”

Stepmother ultimately testified that if she was not taking care of G.S., then relator

was doing so because father was not his primary caregiver. Stepmother testified that she

separated from father on May 8, 2021, when she kicked him out of the house. She has

filed for divorce, and the divorce proceedings are ongoing and include contested issues

including custody. Stepmother acknowledged that C.P.S. removed her son A.S. from her

custody on February 7, and he was living with L.A., a foster parent. She did not believe

that there was any basis for his removal.

9. L.A.

L.A. testified that she is the boys’ foster mother. She has been “very” good friends

with stepmother for a long time, and they first met when she was four years old. She

testified that the “boys are my family.” L.A. testified that during relator’s first FaceTime

visit with G.S., relator allowed her husband to talk to G.S. L.A. testified that relator had

asked her if that was allowed, and L.A. did not know at that time whether it was prohibited.

After that initial FaceTime visit, L.A. contacted Ortega, who told her that the FaceTime

conversations were limited to relator only and that no other parties could participate.

During a subsequent FaceTime visit between relator and G.S., L.A. stepped away from

the conversation briefly, and when she returned, G.S. was talking to a man that L.A.

assumed was relator’s son. L.A. testified that she cut the conversation short and reminded

relator that other individuals were not allowed to participate. L.A. testified that shortly

thereafter, she received a text message from relator that it was “not a big deal” and she

should just “brush it under the rug” and “make the best decision for the boys.” Based on

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that incident, L.A. does not believe relator is an appropriate caretaker for G.S., and that

relator would allow mother and father to remain in contact with G.S. In short, she has

concerns that relator would not follow court orders. She has no other concerns about

relator. L.A. testified that she would not want to coordinate care with relator in the future

because relator has “worn out her welcome” and overstepped appropriate boundaries

with overly persistent text messages.

On cross-examination, L.A. conceded that G.S. “absolutely” has a very close

relationship with relator and he misses her. She testified that it has been difficult for him

not to see her and possibly traumatic. L.A. testified that she wishes to keep G.S. for “the

time being until a permanent home is found for him,” but she stated that she was “not a

permanent placement for him,” and she has not considered adopting him.

C. Summary

Based on the foregoing testimony, we conclude that relator met her burden to show

that she had substantial past contact with G.S. and that appointment of a parent as a sole

managing conservator or both parents as joint managing conservators would significantly

impair G.S.’s physical health or emotional development. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 102.004(b). All the witnesses who testified regarding relator’s interaction with G.S.

confirmed that relator had substantial contact with G.S. and that she had engaged in such

interaction with him since approximately six months after his birth. See In re T.E.R., 603

S.W.3d at 142; Mauldin v. Clements, 428 S.W.3d 247, 262–66 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2014, no pet.); In re N.L.G., 238 S.W.3d 828, 830–31 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007,

no pet.). The witnesses further testified that mother’s significant mental health issues and

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drug use rendered her “unable” to care for G.S. We note that the record indicates that

mother’s situation involved drugs, violence, frequent police interventions, and unstable

living circumstances. These matters constitute specific and identifiable conduct by mother

that is likely to cause harm to G.S.’s physical health or emotional development. See In re

A.D.T., 588 S.W.3d at 317. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by granting stepmother’s motion to strike and striking relator’s petition for

intervention. Due to the unique and compelling circumstances presented here, we

likewise conclude that relator lacks an adequate remedy by appeal. See In re Derzapf,

219 S.W.3d at 335; Geary, 878 S.W.2d at 603; In re Shifflet, 462 S.W.3d at 541–42. We

sustain both issues raised by relator in this original proceeding.

VI. CONCLUSION

The Court, having examined and fully considered the petition for writ of mandamus,

the responses, and the applicable law, is of the opinion that relator has met her burden

to obtain mandamus relief. In so ruling, we note that whether relator will ultimately

succeed on the merits is a different question than whether she has the right simply to

intervene, and the merits of relator’s claims—that is, whether she should be appointed as

G.S.’s sole managing conservator—are not before us in this original proceeding. See In

re H.S., 550 S.W.3d at 155.

We lift the stay previously imposed in this case. See TEX. R. APP. P. 52.10 (“Unless

vacated or modified, an order granting temporary relief is effective until the case is finally

decided.”). We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus and direct the trial

court to withdraw its order of June 23, 2021, striking relator’s petition for intervention, and

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to enter an appropriate order denying the motion to strike and granting relator the right to

intervene. We are confident the trial court will comply, and our writ will issue only if it does

not.

LETICIA HINOJOSA
Justice

Delivered and filed on the
25th day of February, 2022.

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