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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
EDWARD DAMIAN STEWART :
:
Appellant : No. 847 WDA 2021
Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered July 20, 2021
In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-02-CR-0007235-2016
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED: MARCH 8, 2022
Edward Damian Stewart (Stewart) appeals the order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Allegheny County (PCRA court) denying his petition for post-
conviction relief.1 In 2017, Stewart was found guilty after a jury trial of the
following counts: rape of a child, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse with
a child, unlawful contact with a minor, indecent assault against a person under
the age of 13, endangering the welfare of children, and corruption of a minor.
He was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 16.5 to 33 years. On appeal,
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1Stewart’s ineffectiveness claims were raised pursuant to the Post-Conviction
Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546.
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Stewart argues that the PCRA court erred in finding that his claims of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel have no merit. We affirm.
I.
The underlying facts are gleaned from the certified record. In 2012,
Stewart began residing with his romantic partner, T.H., whose oldest daughter
at the time, K.W., was 11 years old. Shortly after the relationship between
Stewart and T.H. ended in 2015, K.W. confided to a therapist and to her great-
grandmother (B.H.) that Stewart had sexually abused her. The allegations
against Stewart were then passed on to the police and the Commonwealth
filed criminal charges.
At a jury trial in 2017, a number of witnesses testified, including K.W.;
T.H.; B.H.; Detective Daniel Honan, an investigating officer; and Jamie Mesar,
a qualified expert in the fields of child welfare and child sexual abuse. The
central allegation was that from 2012 to 2015, when K.W. was 11 to 14 years
old, Stewart would force her into oral, vaginal and anal intercourse. These
episodes would usually take place when K.W.’s mother was working night
shifts as a hospital nurse.
K.W. testified that Stewart threatened to kill her if she told anyone what
had happened. See Trial Transcript, 2/13/2017, at p. 91. She also recalled
that Stewart had once prefaced a sexual encounter with a particular phrase:
Commonwealth: Other than [Stewart] saying that he wanted to
be with you at [your mother’s house on Dersam Street], did he
ever say anything else to you when these things were happening?
I can ask that a different way if that would help.
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K.W.: I don’t remember.
Commonwealth: I’m sorry, can you say that again?
K.W.: I don’t remember.
Commonwealth: Did he ever say anything to you before these
things would happen? Do you remember if he would say anything
to you before these things would happen at Dersam?
K.W.: Yes.
Commonwealth: What would he say?
K.W.: “You know the routine.”
Commonwealth: Okay. And what did that mean to you?
K.W.: Like I already knew what was going to happen.
Commonwealth: And did he say that to you at Dersam one time
or more than one time?
K.W.: One time.
Commonwealth: I’m sorry?
K.W.: One time.
Trial Transcript, 2/13/2017, at pp. 99-100 (emphasis added).
The above testimony coincided with that of her great-grandmother,
B.H., who described at trial how K.W. had disclosed the abuse to her:
Commonwealth: During the course of your walk [with K.W.], did
[K.W.] say anything to you about Edward Stewart?
B.H.: At first she didn’t. We was walking, and she didn’t say at
first, and then she came over to me and she said, “Grandma,” she
said, “I told [my therapist] that [Stewart] put his hands on me.”
And I stated, “Did he hit you?” And she said, “No, not in that
way.”
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Commonwealth: What happened after she said that?
B.H.: After she said that, I told -- I said, “Sexually, [K.W.]?” She
said, “Yes.” I said, “Well, I’ll tell you what, before you tell me
anything else, I don’t want you to repeat it again.”
So I told her to wait until we all get back in the house, and when
we all get back in the house, everybody that was in the house, I
just want you to tell us all at the same time so you won’t have to
tell me and then repeat it to them.
Commonwealth: So you had like a family meeting when you got
home?
B.H.: Right, when we went back in the house.
Commonwealth: And after this family meeting, did she then
explain what she meant during this family meeting?
B.H.: Yes. At first she was hesitant and she was kind of drawn
back, and then we just told her go ahead, you know, just tell us
what happened, and then after we told her to tell us what
happened, she said that [Stewart] made her take all of her
clothes off, and he told her, “You know what to do,” and
everything and all.
So at that point, we just all broke down, you know, and there
wasn’t nothing else stated until we – I called her therapist, and I
told her she has to come in.
Trial Transcript, 2/13/2017, at pp. 73-75 (emphasis added).
Once K.W.’s allegations were passed on to the police, the case was
assigned to Detective Honan. The officer testified at trial that he had
interviewed K.W. about two weeks after the alleged abuse had first been
reported. As to the content of the interview with K.W., Detective Honan
testified generally that the child had “disclosed to [him] that Edward Stewart
had sexually assaulted her on multiple occasions at multiple locations over like
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a three-year period.” Trial Transcript, 2/13/2017, at p. 160. The officer went
forward with the filing of charges against Stewart based on what K.W. had
told him.
K.W. was also interviewed by Mesar, who worked as a case manager for
UPMC Children’s Hospital Child Advocacy Center. In this role, Mesar would
speak with potential child victims of abuse to gather information and assess
their behavioral responses. Mesar’s qualifications as an expert in the field of
“child sexual abuse, victim disclosure and behavior” were never disputed.
While on the stand, Mesar testified at length about child victims’
memories of abuse:
Commonwealth: And have you had any experience with the topic
of memory of the victim as it pertains to behavior after disclosure?
Mesar: In regards to behavior after disclosure did you say?
Commonwealth: Yes.
Mesar: So, yes. So looking at memory, so we all store our
memories different in our minds. Some of us remember the things
that are very important to us based on dates and that’s how we
remember it. Where some people remember specifically to the
event: -- where it was, what was going on, and then there are
some things that we just block out in our memory.
We can’t recall those things, and partially that’s a coping
mechanism. Or we don’t remember them in details. Especially
when things are done -- if you even think about your daily life, if
someone were to ask you to tell you about something that you do
every day, like brush your teeth, you probably wouldn’t remember
the exact details if it occurs the same way each time because your
memory doesn’t store that way.
So for kids, behavior after disclosure, like they may tell us they
don’t remember and people think that it’s, you know, a coping
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mechanism for kids not to disclose or not to make a statement,
but truly they may not remember the event based on all of those
things.
Commonwealth: And I’m going to ask you a hypothetical question
now. If a victim of sexual abuse as a child, a female who was
approximately age 11 or 12 when the abuse began, approximately
age 14 when she disclosed, if she would when recalling those
incidents not be able to remember the exact number of times she
was anally raped or vaginally raped or forced to perform oral sex,
would that sound any sort of alarm to you?
Mesar: No, it wouldn't sound an alarm. As I said, we don’t
necessarily recall numbers of times. Like I can't tell you how many
times I’ve gone to the store in a week per se, but I know that I
have gone there. I can maybe tell you what I bought there
because those are the things that were important at that time. So
for a child, they may talk about their disclosure in regards to the
acts because that’s when they remember, possibly because it was
painful, possibly because it was something new that occurred, and
that’s how their brain has stored it, and they may want to recall
those numbers of times, but they just can’t do it.
Id. at pp. 147-49.
Mesar’s testimony was relevant because the defense’s theory of
innocence at trial was that K.W. had falsely accused Stewart to take revenge
on him for breaking up with her mother.2 The jury’s verdict, therefore, hinged
on whether it found K.W. credible. The jury was properly instructed that it
could make that credibility determination based on the content of K.W.’s
allegations and the circumstances in which they came to light.
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2 Mesar also conducted a forensic interview with K.W. and testified to those
facts, but that portion of the testimony is not at issue in the present appeal.
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At the conclusion of the trial, Stewart was found guilty of six offenses
and he was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 16.5 to 33 years.
Stewart’s post-sentence motions were denied, and he did not timely file a
direct appeal. A direct appeal nunc pro tunc was granted, and this Court
affirmed the judgment of sentence in Commonwealth v. Stewart, 1877
WDA 2017 (Pa. Super. March 5, 2019) (unpublished memorandum).
Stewart timely filed a pro se post-conviction petition in 2020, and he
was appointed PCRA counsel who filed an amended petition on his behalf. See
Amended PCRA Petition, 9/6/2020. In this amended petition, Stewart
asserted that his trial counsel had been ineffective in failing to object to
inadmissible hearsay and prior inconsistent statements introduced through
the testimony of B.H. and Detective Honan. Stewart maintained that the
statements K.W. made to those witnesses were used to improperly bolster
K.W.’s credibility.
The second of Stewart’s two ineffectiveness claims was that his trial
counsel failed to object to Mesar’s testimony concerning how victims of child
abuse form and recall memories of their experiences. Stewart relied on the
limited scope of 42 Pa.C.S. § 5920, which permits expert witnesses to opine
on “specific types of victim responses and victim behaviors.” Under Stewart’s
interpretation of that statute, Mesar’s discussion of memory did not relate to
a victim’s “response” or “behavior,” and his trial counsel performed
ineffectively by not challenging the admissibility of such testimony.
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The PCRA court summarily denied Stewart’s ineffectiveness claims,
finding that they have no underlying merit. As to the hearsay/prior consistent
statement claim, the PCRA court found that trial counsel could not have been
ineffective in failing to object because the subject testimony was not hearsay,
as it was admitted for a purpose other than to prove the truth of the matter
asserted. As to Mesar’s disputed testimony, the PCRA court likewise found
that an objection would have been futile because the witness had testified
within the scope of the applicable evidentiary rules.3
Stewart now raises two appellate issues for our consideration:
1. Was trial counsel ineffective in failing to object to hearsay
testimony that further acted as prior consistent statements of the
complainant, which would have the natural impact of improperly
bolstering the complainant’s credibility?
2. Was trial counsel ineffective in failing to object to portions of
expert witness Jamie Mesar’s testimony that went beyond the
scope of the authorization provided by 42 Pa.C.S. § 5920(b)(2)?
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3 The PCRA court presented the reasons for its ruling in a Rule 907 Notice of
Intent to Dismiss Stewart’s petition for post-conviction relief. See Rule 907
Notice, 6/16/2021 at 1-4; see also Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 (outlining procedure for
dismissing a PCRA petition without a hearing). The PCRA court permissibly
relied on this notice in lieu of entering a separate 1925(a) opinion. See PCRA
Court Order, 7/20/2021, at 1; Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(1) (a separate opinion
setting forth reasons for the appealed order is not necessary if the appellate
court has been directed to the place in the record where those reasons may
be found).
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Appellant’s Brief, at 3.4
II.
Stewart’s first ineffectiveness claim concerns the testimony of B.H. and
Detective Honan. Specifically, Stewart contends that his trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to object to portions of their testimony relaying K.W.’s
out-of-court statements, especially her claim that Stewart once told her, “You
know what to do,” suggesting a long-term pattern of sexual abuse. Stewart
categorizes the statements of these witnesses as hearsay and prior consistent
statements which would have been excluded from the evidence at trial had
his counsel timely objected to them.
“To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner
must overcome the presumption that counsel is effective by establishing [by
a preponderance of the evidence] all of the following three elements: (1) the
underlying legal claim has arguable merit; (2) counsel had no reasonable basis
for his or her action or inaction; and (3) the petitioner suffered prejudice
because of counsel’s ineffectiveness.” Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 30 A.3d
1111, 1127–28 (Pa. 2011) (citing Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973,
975-76 (Pa. 1987)). “Counsel cannot be found ineffective for failing to pursue
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4This Court must affirm an order denying PCRA relief as long as the order is
supported by evidence in the certified record and free of legal error. See
Commonwealth v. Halley, 870 A.2d 795, 799 n.2 (Pa. 2005).
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a baseless or meritless claim.” Commonwealth v. Poplawski, 852 A.2d
323, 327 (Pa. Super. 2004).
Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered “in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted.” Pa.R.E. 801(c). “Hearsay testimony is per se inadmissible
in this Commonwealth, except as provided in the Pennsylvania Rules of
Evidence, by other rules prescribed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, or by
statute.” Commonwealth v. Cunningham, 805 A.2d 566, 572 (Pa. Super.
2002).
However, “evidence that would constitute inadmissible hearsay if
offered for one purpose may be admitted for another purpose[.]”
Commonwealth v. Underwood, 500 A.2d 820, 822 (Pa. Super. 1985). For
example, “an out-of-court statement offered to explain a course of conduct is
not hearsay.” Commonwealth v. Cruz, 414 A.2d 1032, 1035 (Pa. 1980).
“[C]ertain out-of-court statements offered to explain the course of police
conduct are admissible on the basis that they are offered not for the truth of
the matters asserted but rather to show the information upon which police
acted.” Commonwealth v. Jones, 658 A.2d 746, 751 (Pa. 1995).
Similarly, while the hearsay rule would preclude a prior consistent
statement from being used as substantive evidence, such a statement may be
admissible “as rebuttal or rehabilitation.” Commonwealth v. Bond, 190
A.3d 664, 668 (Pa. Super. 2018). To be used in this manner, “the opposing
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party [must be] given an opportunity to cross-examine the witness about the
statement and the statement is offered to rebut an express or implied charge
of . . . fabrication, bias, improper influence or motive, or faulty memory and
the statement was made before that which has been charged existed or
arose[.]” Pa.R.E. 613(c)(1).
In the present case, we find that Stewart’s trial counsel could not have
been ineffective because the underlying legal claim has no arguable merit.
Although the disputed testimony would not be admissible as prior inconsistent
statements,5 B.H. and Detective Honan both briefly recounted what K.W. said
in order to explain their own courses of conduct. This was relevant because
K.W. came forward about three years after the abuse had begun, and
Stewart’s defense was that the child had fabricated the accusations to retaliate
against Stewart for breaking up with K.W.’s mother. What the child told these
witnesses and how she told them was introduced to establish the timeline of
events, not the truth of the matter asserted. Accordingly, the testimony was
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5 At trial, Stewart asserted that K.W.’s motive to fabricate her accusations
stemmed from his decision to break up with K.W.’s mother. Since that motive
preceded the statements, they would not serve as rehabilitation or rebuttal
evidence for the purposes of Pa.R.E. 613(c)(1), which would require the
statements to be made “before that which has been charged existed or
arose[.]”
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not inadmissible hearsay. See Commonwealth v. Rega, 933 A.2d 997,
1017 (Pa. 2007).6
Further, both witnesses, as well as K.W., were available for cross-
examination. Neither B.H. nor Detective Honan vouched for K.W.’s credibility
or otherwise suggested that the events described by K.W. actually occurred
merely because the child said they did.7 Under the circumstances, there was
no meritorious basis on which trial counsel could have objected to the subject
portions of the witnesses’ testimony. Thus, the PCRA court did not err in ruling
that there is no legal merit to the underlying claim of ineffectiveness.
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6 As to testimony relaying to K.W.’s claim that Stewart said, “You know what
to do,” shortly before an episode of sexual abuse occurred, the statement is
not hearsay. Whether K.W., in fact, “knew what to do” has little to no
relevance in this case. The statement is significant, rather, because of its
subtext. There would have been an implicit understanding between the
speaker and the listener that something was about to happen that had
happened regularly before. The statement was, therefore, admissible and
probative as to whether K.W. had been subjected to years of sexual abuse as
she had alleged.
7 Stewart argues in his brief that B.H.’s reiteration of the phrase, “You know
what to do,” was especially prejudicial because the prosecutor repeated the
line to the jury, using it to demonize Stewart and improperly bolster K.W.’s
credibility. However, the underlying merit of the ineffectiveness claim
concerns whether trial counsel failed to object to testimony that was, as a
matter of law, inadmissible. Once admitted, the prosecutor had wide latitude
in commenting on the evidence to the jury. See e.g., Commonwealth v.
Spotz, 18 A.3d 244, 288 (Pa. 2011) (“A prosecutor may make fair comment
on the admitted evidence and may provide fair rebuttal to defense
arguments”). The prosecutor’s comment on the evidence had no retroactive
bearing on whether that evidence was admissible in the first place.
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III.
Stewart’s second ineffectiveness claim is that his counsel failed to object
to improper testimony by the Commonwealth’s expert witness, Jamie Mesar.
According to Stewart, this testimony went beyond the permissible scope of 42
Pa.C.S. § 5920(b)(2), which governs the qualifications and use of experts in
certain criminal proceedings, including those relating to sexual abuse. Again,
as with Stewart’s first asserted ground of ineffectiveness, we find that the
PCRA court did not err because there is no merit to the underlying legal claim.
Section 5920(b)(2) allows a qualified expert to opine on “types of victim
responses and victim behaviors.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 5920(b)(2). Conversely, the
statute prohibits experts from giving an “opinion regarding the credibility of
any other witness, including the victim[.]” Id. at § 5920(b)(3). The stated
use of experts under the statute is to “assist the trier of fact in understanding
the dynamics of sexual violence or domestic violence, victim responses to
sexual violence or domestic violence and the impact of sexual violence or
domestic violence on victims during and after being assaulted.” Id. at
§ 5920(b)(1).
In this case, the Commonwealth elicited testimony from a qualified
expert, Mesar, concerning how victims of sexual abuse might create, store
and access memories of those events. Mesar explained in pertinent part that
the development and accessibility of traumatic memories can vary to a broad
extent, causing some victims to delay their reporting of those events or even
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forget them entirely. Stewart argues that such testimony goes beyond the
permissible scope of Section 5920(b)(1) because memory function is not the
type of “response” or “behavior” that is contemplated by the law.
However, the record shows that the substance of Mesar’s disputed
testimony was that victims can respond or behave in a variety of different
ways after being sexually assaulted. She relied on her expertise to explain,
hypothetically, why a victim might report instances of abuse either
immediately or long after their occurrence, depending on a host of
psychological factors. We find nothing in the language of Section 5920(b)(1)
or in any other relevant authority suggesting that such reasons for the timing
of a victim’s reporting of abuse cannot be discussed by a qualified expert in
that field.
We note further that Mesar did not opine specifically on K.W.’s
credibility, presume to know what happened in K.W.’s case, or otherwise
invade the province of the jury. As the jury necessarily had to assess the
credibility of allegations lodged years after the fact, Mesar’s testimony would
have been a valid consideration falling squarely within the scope of Section
5920(b)(1). See generally Commonwealth v. Carter, 111 A.3d 1221,
1223 (Pa. Super. 2015) (holding that expert’s testimony was “clearly
admissible” because the witness had “expounded upon some of the reasons
why a child sexual abuse victim may delay in reporting” but did “not testify
regarding this victim specifically or whether or not the alleged incidents
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actually occurred” nor “offer any opinion regarding the victim’s credibility.”).
Thus, Stewart’s trial counsel could not have been ineffective for failing to
object to such testimony, and the order denying his amended PCRA petition
must stand.
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 03/08/2022
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