RENDERED: MARCH 24, 2022
TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky
2021-SC-0082-DG
CABINET FOR HEALTH AND FAMILY APPELLANTS
SERVICES, DEPARTMENT FOR
MEDICAID SERVICES; ERIC
FRIEDLANDER, IN HIS OFFICIAL
CAPACITY AS SECRETARY OF THE
CABINET FOR HEALTH AND FAMILY
SERVICES; AND LISA LEE, IN HER
OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS
COMMISSIONER OF THE
DEPARTMENT FOR MEDICAID
SERVICES
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V. NO. 2020-CA-0684
FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT NO. 19-CI-01082
APPALACHIAN HOSPICE CARE, INC. APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE NICKELL
AFFIRMING
On petition of the Cabinet for Health and Family Services, Department
for Medicaid Services; Eric Friedlander, in his official capacity as Secretary of
the Cabinet for Health and Family Services; and Lisa Lee, in her official
capacity as Commissioner of the Department for Medicaid Services, we granted
discretionary review of an opinion of the Court of Appeals affirming the
Franklin Circuit Court’s decision to overturn a final order of the Secretary
dismissing an administrative action against Appalachian Hospice Care, Inc.
The question presented in this appeal centers on whether the Secretary
correctly concluded a non-lawyer’s request for an administrative hearing on
behalf of a corporate entity constitutes the unauthorized practice of law
requiring dismissal of the administrative action. The circuit court and Court of
Appeals held it does not. Discerning no error, we affirm.
Kentucky’s Medicaid program is administered by the Cabinet which is
responsible for recovering overpayments made to providers of Medicaid
services. In 2017, the Cabinet informed Appalachian Hospice a review of
payments from 2010 through 2014 revealed an overpayment of $176,807.14.
After Appalachian Hospice disputed the overpayments and provided additional
documentation, the Cabinet undertook a further review. In a subsequent
letter, the Cabinet notified Appalachian Hospice the alleged overpayment had
been reduced to $106,985.82, and advised an administrative hearing could be
requested if Appalachian Hospice desired to challenge the reduced amount.
Thereafter, Appalachian Hospice’s CEO, Sharon Branham, sent a two-
sentence letter to the Cabinet requesting an administrative hearing.1 On May
16, 2018, a hearing officer entered an order scheduling a prehearing
conference. The order also indicated that since Appalachian Hospice was a
corporation, Kentucky law required an attorney to enter an appearance to
1 Throughout the recoupment process, the Cabinet had dealt directly with
Branham and no attorney had appeared on behalf of Appalachian Hospice. It is
undisputed Branham is not an attorney and Appalachian Hospice does not employ in-
house counsel.
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represent its interests before an administrative tribunal. Appalachian Hospice
retained counsel, the matter proceeded as normal, and an administrative
hearing was scheduled for February 25-27, 2019.
Two and a half months after entry of the scheduling order, on January
15, 2019, the Cabinet claimed because Branham was not an attorney, her
request for an administrative hearing on Appalachian Hospice’s behalf was
improper and constituted the unauthorized practice of law. Further, the
Cabinet asserted since the request was invalid, jurisdiction to hear the matter
had not been properly invoked and dismissal was the only appropriate action.
Appalachian Hospice opposed the motion asserting no statute, regulation, or
practice required a request for hearing be filed by an attorney, dismissal of the
action would violate due process, and the mere penning of a letter requesting
an administrative hearing did not constitute the unauthorized practice of law.
Accepting the Cabinet’s position, the Secretary entered a final order on
September 15, 2019, dismissing Appalachian Hospice’s administrative appeal.
On appeal, the Franklin Circuit Court reversed the Secretary upon
concluding that making a request for an administrative hearing was not
equivalent to the practice of law; determining the Cabinet should be estopped
from seeking dismissal based on its own failure to inform Appalachian Hospice
of the need for an attorney to file the request; and taking judicial notice the
Cabinet had never before taken the position asserted in the instant litigation.
The Cabinet appealed the unfavorable ruling to the Court of Appeals.
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In a well-reasoned opinion, the Court of Appeals reviewed in detail the
authorities cited in support of the Cabinet’s position, concluded all were easily
distinguishable, and determined writing and sending the letter seeking an
administrative hearing was something any literate adult could do without the
necessity of specialized legal knowledge or the giving of any legal advice. The
request did not constitute a pleading filed with a court and did not require
knowledge of the rules of court, but merely requested to continue an ongoing
administrative action first initiated by the Cabinet. Thus, the Court of Appeals
held Branham had not engaged in the practice of law and affirmed the Franklin
Circuit Court. We granted discretionary review.
When a question of law arises out of an administrative hearing, appellate
review is conducted de novo. Aubrey v. Off. of the Att’y Gen., 994 S.W.2d 516,
519 (Ky. App. 1998). In this case, the sole issue presented to this Court is
whether a request for an administrative hearing by a non-attorney on behalf of
his corporate employer constitutes the unauthorized practice of law, thereby
warranting dismissal of the administrative proceedings.2 We conclude it does
not.
As it did below, the Cabinet contends Branham’s request on behalf of
Appalachian Hospice for an administrative hearing was improper and
2 “Our former Court of Appeals has held ‘a corporation is an artificial person,
not capable of performing any act except through the agency of others,’ and may not
draw legal instruments or be represented in court through a nonprofessional officer or
employee.” Smith v. Bear, Inc., 419 S.W.3d 49, 54 (Ky. App. 2013) (quoting Kentucky
State Bar Ass’n v. Tussey, 476 S.W.2d 177, 179 (Ky. 1972)).
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constituted the unauthorized practice of law and thus, dismissal of the action
was appropriate. In support of its position, the Cabinet relies on this Court’s
holding in Kentucky Bar Ass’n v. Henry Vogt Machine Co., 416 S.W.2d 727 (Ky.
1967); the unpublished decision of the Court of Appeals in Bobbett v.
Russellville Mobile Park LLC, No. 2007-CA-0684-DG, 2008 WL 4182001 (Ky.
App. Sept. 12, 2008); the now-overruled and depublished Court of Appeals
decision in Nichols v. Kentucky Unemployment Ins. Comm’n, No. 2017-CA-1156-
MR, 2019 WL 1868589 (Ky. App. Apr. 26, 2019), rev’d, 635 S.W.3d 46 (Ky.
2021); and the Kentucky Bar Association’s (KBA) advisory Unauthorized
Practice of Law Opinion KBA U-64 (Ky. 2012).3 We conclude these authorities
are all distinguishable and not dispositive of the issue presented in this appeal.
In Vogt, a non-attorney employee raised objections and posed questions
to witnesses during an administrative hearing. The former Court of Appeals
determined these actions required specialized knowledge of the law and legal
procedures. Thus, it concluded the company and employee had engaged in the
unauthorized practice of law, held them in contempt, and permanently
enjoined them from engaging in such actions.
3 The Cabinet also contends there is a potential split in the Court of Appeals on
the issue presented based on dicta contained in Almcare, LLC v. Cabinet for Health &
Fam. Servs., No. 2020-CA-0100-MR, 2020 WL 7090831 (Ky. App. Dec. 4, 2020), which
it contends supports reliance on KBA U-64. Our review of Almcare reveals the panel
set forth a general rule and referenced a single, peripherally related precedent. The
Cabinet urges this Court to follow “what would seemingly have been the holding” of
the Court of Appeals had the issue not become moot. We decline to do so. Further,
we note a motion for discretionary review in Almcare filed with this Court is currently
abated pending resolution of the instant matter. Thus, any language contained in
Almcare is of no moment to resolution of the issue at bar.
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In Bobbett, a forcible detainer action was filed on behalf of a mobile home
park that was doing business as a limited liability company by its non-attorney
manager who, along with his wife, was the owner of the park. Because a
forcible detainer is a legal pleading similar to a complaint which initiates a legal
action against a third party, the Court of Appeals held the filing of same
constituted the practice of law as it required a specialized knowledge of the civil
rules and was filed in a court of law. Further, because the action was governed
by the civil rules, especially including CR4 11, the complaint was required to be
signed by an attorney representing the limited liability company.
In Nichols, a non-attorney representing a corporate healthcare entity
during an administrative hearing asked questions of a witness pursuant to a
statutory provision allowing corporate employers to appear pro se through non-
lawyer representatives in unemployment proceedings. The Court of Appeals
held corporations must be represented by an attorney in employment hearings
and found the statutory provision at issue to be unconstitutional. On
discretionary review, this Court reversed on procedural grounds without
reaching the merits of the corporate representation question. Kentucky
Unemployment Ins. Comm’n v. Nichols, 635 S.W.3d 46 (Ky. 2021). However, we
took the opportunity to correct the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of our
holding in Turner v. Kentucky Bar Ass’n, 980 S.W.2d 560, 564 (Ky. 1998), in
which we stated “legal representation by a lay person before an adjudicatory
4 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
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tribunal, however informal, is not permitted . . . [and] such representation
involves advocacy that would constitute the practice of law.” We explained our
holding in Turner was based on the type and extent of the actions taken by the
non-attorneys and not merely because they were performing work in
administrative tribunals. Nichols, 635 S.W.3d at 54. Further, we reiterated
“[i]f no legal advice is being given or legal rights are being adjudicated, it is
unlikely this Court would find that the non-attorney is engaging in the practice
of law.” Id.
KBA Unauthorized Practice of Law Opinion KBA U-64 addressed three
questions related to conduct by non-lawyers and hearing officers at
administrative hearings. Pertinent to the issue at bar, KBA U-64 concluded
non-lawyers may not initiate an administrative hearing, request a hearing, or
file an answer on behalf of an artificial entity in administrative proceedings.
The opinion posed the question and answered it with a simple “no” without
expounding on its reasoning. The body of the opinion discussed precedents
which included non-attorneys answering legal questions, drafting legal
documents, or directly participating in administrative hearings. By its own
plain language, Question 1 of KBA U-64 ostensibly covers the type of situation
presented to this Court today. However, as noted by the Court of Appeals, KBA
unauthorized practice opinions are merely advisory and are not binding on the
courts. Further, under §116 of the Kentucky Constitution, this Court’s
authority to regulate the practice of law includes the power to overrule formal
unauthorized practice of law opinions when necessary. Based on our
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resolution today, to the extent KBA U-64 suggests a non-lawyer cannot simply
invoke a corporation’s right to an administrative hearing, it is hereby overruled.
SCR5 3.020 defines the practice of law as “any service rendered involving
legal knowledge or legal advice, whether of representation, counsel or advocacy
in or out of court, rendered in respect to the rights, duties, obligations,
liabilities, or business relations of one requiring the services.” Performing such
services by “non-lawyers” for “others” represents the unauthorized practice of
law. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. v. Kentucky Bar Ass’n,113 S.W.3d 105,
108 (Ky. 2003). Only this Court has authority to regulate the practice and
determine what constitutes the unauthorized practice of law. Id. See also
Azmat ex rel. Azmat v. Bauer, 588 S.W.3d 441, 448-49 (Ky. 2018).
After considering the foregoing precedents, we conclude Branham was
not engaged in the practice of law when she requested an administrative
hearing on behalf of Appalachian Hospice. As noted by the Court of Appeals,
anyone with a modicum of intelligence and the ability to read and write could
have responded to the directives contained in the Cabinet’s letters regarding
appeal rights from an unfavorable decision. No specific form or format was
required, nor was compliance with the civil rules.
Before January 2018, the Cabinet had never disputed requests for
hearings filed by a non-lawyer but has repeatedly done so since that time.
Until very recently, the Cabinet had not even informed providers of its change
5 Rules of the Supreme Court.
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of position. The Cabinet appears to have changed the rules of the game during
play—seemingly only for its own benefit and to the detriment of opposing
parties. We cannot countenance such gamesmanship. As the trial court
noted, the Cabinet’s current position comes perilously close to announcing a
rule that any communications between a party and an administrative agency
must be accomplished through a licensed attorney. That is not, and has never
been, the law in this Commonwealth.
Further, apart from crafting a simple, two-sentence letter seeking to
continue proceedings initially instituted by the Cabinet, Branham did not
participate in the administrative proceedings, act as an advocate, give legal
advice, file or respond to any motions, nor question any witnesses. Thus,
based on the facts presented—which are clearly distinguishable from those in
the precedents cited in support of the Cabinet’s position—we cannot say any
specialized legal knowledge was required to request an administrative hearing
and certainly no legal rights were being adjudicated at that stage of the
proceedings. There was no unauthorized practice of law.
For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the Court of Appeals is
affirmed.
All sitting. All concur.
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COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS:
Shaun T. Orme
Josh Roberts
Blake A. Vogt
Assistant Legal Counsel
Office of Legal Services
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Anna Stewart Whites
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