United States v. Engles

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

v. Criminal Action No. 19-132 (JDB)

FRANCIS ENGLES,
Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

Before the Court is a motion by defendant Francis Engles seeking compassionate release

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1). Engles contends that his age and health conditions heighten

his risk of dying from COVID-19 and that this constitutes an extraordinary and compelling reason

warranting a reduction of his sentence. The government opposes Engles’s motion, principally on

the ground that he is vaccinated against COVID-19. For the reasons set forth below, the Court

concludes that Engles has not demonstrated the existence of an extraordinary and compelling

reason. Accordingly, the Court will deny his motion.

Background

Between August 2015 and February 2017, defendant Francis Engles engaged in a scheme

to defraud the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (“the VA”) by systematically

overbilling the VA’s Vocational Rehabilitation & Employment program. See, e.g., Indictment

[ECF No. 1] ¶ 17. As co-owner and operator of Engles Security Training School, Engles charged

the VA more for veteran enrollees than he would non-veterans, and he repeatedly submitted false

documents overstating the amount of instruction veterans were receiving. See id. ¶¶ 3, 19–25. In

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the end, Engles collected more than $337,000 from the VA over the course of the scheme.

Statement of Offense [ECF No. 17] ¶ 48.

On April 18, 2019, Engles was indicted on fourteen counts of wire fraud and six counts of

making fraudulent statements to the United States government. See Indictment at 11–15. Engles

pled guilty to one count of wire fraud on December 17, 2019, Min. Entry, Dec. 17, 2019; Plea

Agreement [ECF No. 18] at 1, and, after multiple pandemic-related postponements, this Court

sentenced Engles to thirty months’ incarceration on June 14, 2021, Min. Entry, June 14, 2021;

Judgment [ECF No. 35] at 2. Engles reported to FCI Fort Dix in New Jersey to begin serving his

sentence one month later. See Mot. for Compassionate Release Pursuant to 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(1)(A) [ECF No. 37] (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 1. On January 24, 2022, the Court received by

mail a motion for compassionate release submitted by Engles pro se. 1 See generally Def.’s Mot.

The government filed its opposition to Engles’s motion on March 9, 2022, see generally Gov’t’s

Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. [ECF No. 39] (“Gov’t Opp’n”), and the Court has received no reply

submission from Engles. The motion is now ripe for decision.

Legal Standard

Under the First Step Act of 2018, a court may reduce a defendant’s term of imprisonment

if, “after considering the factors set forth in [18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)] to the extent that they are

applicable,” the court concludes that “extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a

reduction.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i). 2 The court must make “two essential determinations”

before granting a motion for compassionate release: first, “whether there are extraordinary and

1
The motion was docketed by order of the Court on February 3, 2022. See Def’s Mot at 1.
2
Defendants must also exhaust their administrative remedies before bringing a motion for compassionate
release. See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A); see generally United States v. Douglas, Crim. No. 10-171-4 (JDB), 2020 WL
5816244, at *1–2 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2020). The parties agree that Engles has satisfied that requirement here. See
Def.’s Mot. at 2; Gov’t Opp’n at 2–3.

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compelling reasons for the reduction,” and second, if so, “whether . . . section 3553(a)’s purposes

of punishment require maintenance of the original prison term.” United States v. Johnson, 464 F.

Supp. 3d 22, 30–31 (D.D.C. 2020). “As the moving party, the defendant bears the burden of

establishing that he is eligible for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(1)(A).” United States v.

Long, Crim. A. No. 10-171-1 (JDB), 2021 WL 3792949, at *1 (D.D.C. Aug. 26, 2021) (citation

omitted). That burden is substantial: “Cutting short a duly authorized prison sentence is, in the

statute’s own words, an ‘extraordinary’ step to take, and it requires a justification which is more

than sympathetic and indeed nothing short of ‘compelling.’” United States v. Shabazz, Crim. A.

No. 17-43 (JDB), 2021 WL 4306129, at *3 (D.D.C. Sept. 22, 2021).

Analysis

In his motion for compassionate release, Engles relies principally on the threat posed by

COVID-19. Engles is 65 years old and suffers from Type 2 diabetes, congestive heart failure, and

hypertension. See Def.’s Mot. at 4; Gov’t Opp’n at 3 (conceding that Engles’s medical records

“reveal that the defendant . . . presents with hypertension and diabetes and a reported history of

congestive heart failure”); see also Gov’t Ex. A [ECF No. 41] at 22–23. And as he notes in his

motion, “[a]ll three of these conditions are listed as contributory co-morbidities leading to

potentially severe consequences, including death if [he] should contract Covid-19.” Def.’s Mot.

at 4; see also People with Certain Medical Conditions, CDC,

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-

conditions.html (last updated Feb. 25, 2022). Indeed, this Court has previously recognized that an

inmate’s “high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes likely do heighten his risk of serious

consequences from COVID-19” and that “early in the pandemic, this combination of conditions

could qualify as ‘extraordinary and compelling’ in some cases.” United States v. Morales, Crim.

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A. No. 06-248-4 (JDB), 2021 WL 4622461, at *5 (D.D.C. Oct. 7, 2021) (citing Johnson, 464 F.

Supp. 3d at 36–39, and United States v. Lacy, No. 15-cr-30038, 2020 WL 2093363, at *6 (C.D.

Ill. May 1, 2020)).

However, as this Court also noted in Morales, “it is no longer early in the pandemic,” and

merely suffering from medical conditions linked to heightened COVID-19 risk is not sufficient on

its own to warrant compassionate release. 2021 WL 4622461, at *5. Instead, courts must also

consider the defendant’s vaccination status and the prevalence of COVID-19 at his site of

incarceration. Id. at *5–6; see also, e.g., United States v. Battle, No. 21-2151, 2021 WL 4550925,

at *2 (3d Cir. Oct. 5, 2021) (affirming denial of compassionate release because “infection rates

were near zero in [defendant’s] place of confinement, and [defendant] was completely vaccinated,

giving him significant protection against reinfection” (footnote omitted)).

Both of these factors weigh strongly against compassionate release in this case. Engles is

fully vaccinated against COVID-19, see Gov’t Ex. A at 72 (Engles’s vaccine card showing that he

has received two doses of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine), 3 and it is now well-established that

“[v]accines reduce the risk of COVID-19, including the risk of severe illness and death among

people who are fully vaccinated,” COVID-19 Vaccines Work, CDC,

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/work.html (last updated Dec.

23, 2021). Indeed, the World Health Organization has noted that the Pfizer vaccine Engles

received “has an efficacy of 95% against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.” The Pfizer

BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 Vaccine: What You Need to Know, World Health Org. (Jan.

3
The government represents that Engles received a booster dose in December 2021, but it provides no
evidence for that assertion. See Gov’t Opp’n at 11. The Court is unable to verify the accuracy of that claim and will
not consider it here.

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21, 2022), https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-can-take-the-pfizer-

biontech-covid-19--vaccine-what-you-need-to-know.

As many judges in this District and around the country have noted, “the remarkable

effectiveness of these vaccines raises an extremely high bar to establishing extraordinary and

compelling reasons for a sentence reduction based on the risk of contracting COVID-19.” United

States v. Clark, Crim. No. 10-0133 (PLF), 2021 WL 5630795, at *4 (D.D.C. Dec. 1, 2021)

(collecting cases from this District); accord Morales, 2021 WL 4622461, at *6 (noting that “[t]his

substantial protection against COVID—and especially against life-threatening courses of the

disease—seriously undermines [defendant’s] purported ‘extraordinary and compelling reason’ for

release” and collecting additional cases); see also, e.g., United States v. Lemons, 15 F.4th 747, 751

(6th Cir. 2021) (“[Defendant’s] access to the COVID-19 vaccine substantially undermines his

request for a sentence reduction. . . . After all, with access to the vaccine, an inmate largely faces

the same risk from COVID-19 as those who are not incarcerated.” (internal citation omitted)).

Engles fails to grapple with the fact that his vaccination reduces the risk posed by COVID-19—

other than his unfortunately common COVID risk factors, 4 Engles has not shown why, in light of

his vaccination, COVID-19 still poses an “extraordinary and compelling” threat to his health

should he remain incarcerated.

Moreover, although FCI Fort Dix has undoubtedly been hit hard by previous waves of

COVID infections, it is presently COVID-free. The Bureau of Prisons reports that zero inmates

or staff at FCI Fort Dix are currently positive for COVID-19, see COVID-19 Cases, Fed. Bureau

of Prisons, https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2022), and the CDC

Cf. Facts About Hypertension, CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm (last updated Sept. 27,
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2021) (“Nearly half of adults in the United States (47%, or 116 million) have hypertension . . . .”); Type 2 Diabetes,
CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/type2.html (last updated December 16, 2021) (“More than 37 million
Americans have diabetes (about 1 in 10), and approximately 90–95% of them have type 2 diabetes.”).

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characterizes the surrounding county’s “community level” as “low,” COVID-19 by County, CDC,

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/covid-by-county.html (last updated Apr.

7, 2022) (data for Burlington County, New Jersey). Moreover, the Bureau of Prisons reports that

it has completed 2,749 inmate inoculations at Fort Dix, see COVID-19 Vaccine Implementation,

Fed. Bureau of Prisons, https://www.bop.gov/coronavirus/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2022), compared

to a current total population at the facility of 3,235, 5 see FCI Fort Dix, Fed. Bureau of Prisons,

https://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/ftd/ (last visited Apr. 8, 2022). FCI Fort Dix’s near-

zero rate of transmission and its vaccination rate comparable to the country as a whole 6 thus further

undermine Engles’s claim of extraordinary and compelling circumstances.

Engles’s impressive collection of other cases in which inmates at FCI Fort Dix received

compassionate release due to COVID-19 runs aground on the same shoal. See Def.’s Mot. at 11–

13. All thirteen of the cases he cites date from before vaccines were widely available. As noted

above, having received (or refused) a vaccine against COVID-19 fundamentally changes the

compassionate release analysis, such that the cases Engles cites have little to no bearing on his

motion. Indeed, courts now routinely deny requests for compassionate release by fully vaccinated

inmates at Fort Dix. 7 There is simply insufficient evidence that Engles is at greater risk from

5
This does not necessarily mean that 2,749 of the facility’s 3,235 occupants are fully vaccinated (an
impressive percentage of 85%), as the recipients of some of those inoculations may have been released and some
unvaccinated inmates may have been admitted since the distribution of vaccines. Nonetheless, it is clear that a
substantial majority of inmates at Fort Dix have been vaccinated. See also Gov’t Opp’n at 6 (noting that, as of March
9, “BOP has fully vaccinated . . . 2,631 inmates (which is 71% of the current inmate population)” at Fort Dix).
6
See COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States, CDC, https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-
tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-total-admin-rate-total (last visited Apr. 8, 2022) (stating that 75.6% of adults age 18 or
older are fully vaccinated).
7
See, e.g., United States v. Scalea, No. 21-2631, 2022 WL 795425, at *1 (3d Cir. Mar. 15, 2022) (affirming
denial of compassionate release because defendant was fully vaccinated, “his preexisting medical conditions . . . did
not place [him] at greater risk of severe illness should he be reinfected[] given the effectiveness of his vaccine,” and
there were “few to no positive cases at [Fort Dix]”); United States v. Schwarzkopf, No. 21-CR-117 (EK), 2022 WL
706508, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2022) (“Mr. Schwarzkopf is fully vaccinated, and COVID-19 rates are (thankfully)
subsiding rapidly. Though the facility at which he resides has struggled (along with the prison system generally) to
manage the pandemic at times, there is no current indication that [Fort Dix] is unable to manage Mr. Schwarzkopf’s
risk profile effectively.” (footnote omitted)); Clark, 2021 WL 5630795, at *4 (“In light of Mr. Clark’s vaccination

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COVID-19 at Fort Dix than he would be if he were released into the community. Accordingly, in

light of his vaccination status and the low levels of transmission at his site of incarceration, the

Court cannot conclude that Engles’s age and health conditions put him at such a high risk of

COVID-19 that compassionate release is warranted. 8

Engles makes two other identifiable arguments in support of his release. These arguments

take the form of a narrative history of COVID-19 at FCI Fort Dix, describing how each wave of

the pandemic hit the facility and, invariably, how the staff botched its response. See Def.’s Mot.

at 6–11. Interspersed throughout this narrative are various complaints about conditions at the

facility, including difficulties in receiving prompt medical treatment, the existence of black mold

in the showers, and an opossum “liv[ing] in a wall in the kitchen near the food storage locker.” Id.

at 6; see also id. at 10. Neither his allegations regarding FCI Fort Dix’s handling of the pandemic

nor his complaints about the facility’s conditions warrant compassionate release.

First of all, Engles did not arrive at FCI Fort Dix until July 2021, see Def.’s Mot. at 1, well

after the events he relates in his motion. He was thus neither subjected to nor did he witness the

alleged failings on which he now relies. Engles thus appears to ask the Court to infer from his

allegations of past incompetence that, in the future, staff at FCI Fort Dix might again respond

improperly to pandemic conditions and subject Engles to a heightened risk of infection and death

from COVID. The Court does not find such a tenuous inference warranted, and even if it did, it is

not persuaded that the possibility of sub-optimal COVID response in the future constitutes an

status and the current COVID-19 case rates and vaccination rates at FCI Fort Dix, the Court concludes that Mr. Clark
has not established extraordinary and compelling reasons for a sentence reduction.”).
8
The government asserts that Engles is scheduled to be released to home confinement “at the end of March,”
a development which “should moot many of his arguments.” Gov’t Opp’n at 21. But the government provides no
support or documentation for this assertion and fails to even specify a date on which the motion would allegedly
become moot. The Court thus has no basis to assess this claim and will not consider it, especially since the Court
would deny the motion regardless.

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extraordinary and compelling reason warranting release now. And of course, this sets to the side

the fact that, whatever struggles FCI Fort Dix may have had in dealing with earlier waves of the

pandemic, it now seems to have hit upon a winning strategy for preventing COVID-19 infections.

Moreover, Engles’s allegations regarding the conditions at FCI Fort Dix, even assuming

their truth, are applicable to every one of the more than 3,000 inmates at FCI Fort Dix (and likely

to thousands more prisoners incarcerated at facilities with similar issues). As a consequence,

without a showing of how these conditions specifically threaten Engles, they cannot support his

compassionate release. Compassionate release is a safety valve designed to ameliorate

extraordinary individual hardships caused by incarceration. See, e.g., Shabazz, 2021 WL 4306129,

at *6 (“Compassionate release is a mechanism built on the recognition that some consequences of

incarceration are so serious as to justify release . . . . But this mechanism is for only the most

exceptional cases.”). And by their very terms, “extraordinary and compelling” reasons must be

“most unusual, far from common, and having little or no precedent.” United States v. Hunter, 12

F.4th 555, 562 (6th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Webster’s Third New

International Dictionary: Unabridged 807 (1971)). The Court simply sees no evidence that delays

in medical appointments and a marsupial visit pose the kind of threat to Engles warranting the

“extraordinary step” of “[c]utting short a duly authorized prison sentence.” Shabazz, 2021 WL

4306129, at *3 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Engles has thus failed to demonstrate the existence of extraordinary and compelling

reasons warranting a reduction in his sentence. The Court therefore need not address the

application of § 3553(a) to his case: “an inmate may not be granted compassionate release without

a finding of an extraordinary and compelling reason, no matter how the § 3553(a) factors shake

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out.” Shabazz, 2021 WL 4306129, at *6. Upon consideration of [37] defendant’s motion for

compassionate release, and the entire record herein, and for the reasons set forth above, it is hereby

ORDERED that defendant’s motion is DENIED.

SO ORDERED.

/s/
JOHN D. BATES
United States District Judge
Dated: April 8, 2022

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