In Re Gracelyn H.

04/04/2022
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs March 2, 2022

IN RE GRACELYN H. ET AL.

Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Crockett County
No. 2019-DN-13 Paul B. Conley, III, Judge
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No. W2021-00141-COA-R3-JV
___________________________________

A grandfather commenced this action for grandparent visitation after his daughter and two
granddaughters moved out of his house. While the action was pending, the trial court
entered an agreed order that granted temporary visitation to the grandfather. When the
mother refused to comply with the agreed order, the grandfather filed a motion for civil
contempt. Following several delays, the petition for grandparent visitation and the motion
for contempt came on for hearing on the same day. After the final hearing, the trial court
denied both the petition for grandparent visitation and the motion for civil contempt. The
court found that the grandfather failed to prove that losing his relationship with the children
would create a risk of substantial harm to the children. The court also found that the
mother’s failure to comply with the agreed order was not willful because she had been
coerced into the agreement by her former attorney. This appeal followed. We affirm the
dismissal of the petition for grandparent visitation. With regard to the motion for civil
contempt, we find the issue is moot because the grandfather no longer had any right to
visitation after this petition was dismissed. Thus, the contempt issue is pretermitted on the
basis of mootness.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed

FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which KRISTI M.
DAVIS and CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JJ., joined.

Will T. Hughes, Alamo, Tennessee, for the appellant, Melvin W.1

Tucker H., Obion, Tennessee, appellee, pro se.

1
This court has a policy of protecting the identity of children by initializing the last name of the
parties.
Andrea D. Sipes, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellees, Austin C. and Candace H.

Kelly F. Tomlinson, Brownsville, Tennessee, guardian ad litem for the minor children,
Gracelyn H. and Cora H.

OPINION

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Gracelyn and Cora H. (“the Children”) were born in June 2013 and April 2017,
respectively, to Candace H. (“Mother”). The Children would often visit the home of their
maternal grandfather, Melvin W. (“Grandfather”), and they moved into his house with
Mother in August 2019. The stay was short-lived, however, as Mother and Grandfather
often disagreed about how the Children should be cared for.

Mother and the Children last moved out of Grandfather’s house in October 2019,
after which Mother cut off all contact with Grandfather.

One month later, in November 2019, Grandfather filed a Petition for Emergency
and Temporary Custody of Dependent and Neglected Children against Mother and the
Children’s fathers, Austin C. and Tucker H.2 Grandfather subsequently amended his
petition to seek grandparent visitation under Tennessee’s Grandparent Visitation Statute,
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-306, and dismissed his dependent and neglect petition.

While the action was pending, the trial court approved an agreed order for temporary
visitation under which Grandfather would visit with the older grandchild, Gracelyn, every
Saturday from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Mother, however, refused to comply with the order,
and Grandfather filed a motion for civil contempt. Because of several procedural delays,
the Motion for Civil Contempt was not heard until the day of the final hearing for
Grandfather’s Petition for Grandparent Visitation, December 18, 2020.

At the outset of the hearing, Mother stipulated that she did not comply with the
Agreed Order. The parties also stipulated that Grandfather had a “significant existing
relationship” with the Children before October 2019, and that Mother opposed visitation.
Thus, the only issues pertaining to visitation were whether the cessation of the relationship
between Grandfather and the Children was likely to cause “substantial harm” to the
Children as required by Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-306(b)(1) and, if so, whether
visitation was in the Children’s best interests.

2
Austin C. is the biological father of Cora H., and Tucker H. is the biological father of Gracelyn
H. Both fathers were served with process, however, Tucker H. did not make an appearance or participate
in the action.

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 The trial court heard testimony from several witnesses, including Mother;
Grandfather; Grandfather’s girlfriend, Joy C.; Grandfather’s brother, Kermit W.; and
Cora’s father, Austin C. Grandfather testified that he used to see the Children “all the time”
and that they were “very close” to him. Grandfather described his house as full of toys and
games that the Children loved to play with, and he said that the Children would always cry
whenever they had to leave. Grandfather also testified that Gracelyn asked for him after
having a medical procedure and wanted to go to his house from the hospital. Grandfather
believed that the girls loved him and that severing their relationship with him would harm
them emotionally.

Grandfather’s testimony was generally corroborated by his girlfriend, Joy C., and
his brother, Kermit W. Both Joy C. and Kermit W. testified that Grandfather had a close
relationship with the Children before Mother cut off contact. Joy C.—who also worked at
Gracelyn’s school—stated that Gracelyn acted differently around her after moving out of
Grandfather’s house. Joy C. stated that, once, Gracelyn was unusually reserved and acted
as if she were not supposed to see Joy C. Joy C. also stated that Gracelyn was not eating
much food from the cafeteria for lunch, but admitted that Gracelyn’s behavior was only “a
little” different than before, and she said that Gracelyn had been “smiling and laughing and
talking” at school.

Cora’s father, Austin C., characterized Grandfather’s house as essentially a “large
playhouse.” He believed that a lack of structure at Grandfather’s house created behavior
problems in the Children. Austin stated the Children were behaving better at home and
school now that they did not see Grandfather. He also testified that Gracelyn had not asked
for or even mentioned Grandfather since she stopped seeing him, and that Cora was too
young to ask about Grandfather.

Mother testified that the Children were doing well and had not asked for Grandfather
since they left his house in October 2019. Mother also stated that the Children were doing
better now that they were not exposed to arguments between Mother and Grandfather. She
explained that Gracelyn used to have nightmares but now sleeps through the night. Mother
said that one reason she did not take Gracelyn to the agreed-upon visitation was that
Gracelyn did not want to see Grandfather. Mother also asserted that she was forced to agree
to the temporary visitation order by her former attorney, who withdrew as counsel soon
after.

In its final order entered on January 8, 2021, the court found that Grandfather offered
no proof that the Children suffered or were suffering “substantial harm” by being denied
contact with him. The court noted that the only evidence about the Children’s welfare
established that they “were doing well at home and in school, and had suffered no ill
effects.” Thus, the court found it was unnecessary to address whether visitation would be
in the Children’s best interests. As for the Motion for Contempt, the court credited
Mother’s testimony and found that her failure to comply with the Agreed Order was not

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willful. Thus, the trial court denied Grandfather’s Motion for Contempt and dismissed his
Petition for Grandparent Visitation.

This appeal followed.

ISSUES

Plaintiff raises three issues on appeal:

I. Whether the trial court erred by finding that the facts would not lead a
reasonable person to believe that the loss or severe reduction of the
relationship between Grandfather and the Children is likely to occasion
severe emotional harm to the Children or present the danger of other
direct and substantial harm to them?

II. Whether the trial court erred by finding that Mother was not in civil
contempt of an agreed order of visitation that was entered by the trial
court prior to the hearing?

III. Whether the trial court erred by applying the wrong burden of proof and
standard to modify an agreed order of visitation?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“In all actions tried upon the facts without a jury, the court shall find the facts
specially and shall state separately its conclusions of law and direct the entry of the
appropriate judgment.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 52.01. If the trial court makes the required findings
of fact, “appellate courts review the trial court’s factual findings de novo upon the record,
accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance
of the evidence is otherwise.” Kelly v. Kelly, 445 S.W.3d 685, 692 (Tenn. 2014); see Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(d). In doing so, we give great weight to a trial court’s determinations of
credibility. See Estate of Walton v. Young, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997). “For the
evidence to preponderate against a trial court’s finding of fact, it must support another
finding of fact with greater convincing effect.” State ex rel. Flowers v. Tennessee Trucking
Ass’n Self Ins. Grp. Trust, 209 S.W.3d 595, 599 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citations omitted).

Our review of a trial court’s determinations on issues of law is de novo, with no
presumption of correctness. See Lind v. Beaman Dodge, Inc., 356 S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tenn.
2011).

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 ANALYSIS

I. DANGER OF SUBSTANTIAL HARM

Grandfather contends that the trial court erred in finding that the severance of his
relationship with the Children did not create a danger of substantial harm to the Children.

To obtain court-ordered visitation with a grandchild, a grandparent must prove—as
a threshold matter—“that the child will be in danger of substantial harm if visitation is not
ordered.” McGarity v. Jerrolds, 429 S.W.3d 562, 570 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Hawk
v. Hawk, 855 S.W.2d 573, 581 (Tenn. 1993); Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-306(b)(1)). This is
because parents have a fundamental right to raise their children as they see fit. See Troxel
v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000) (recognizing that the U.S. Constitution gives parents
the right to make decisions on the care, custody, and control of a child). “Absent substantial
harm to the child, a trial court lacks a sufficiently compelling justification for interfering
with the parents’ privacy rights by ordering grandparent visitation.” Coleman v. Olson, 551
S.W.3d 686, 698 (Tenn. 2018).

Under Tennessee’s Grandparent Visitation Statute, Tennessee Code Annotated §
36-6-306, a grandparent may prove a danger of substantial harm by showing that the child
had a significant existing relationship with the grandparent and that the loss or reduction
of the relationship is likely to cause severe emotional or other substantial harm:

[A] finding of substantial harm may be based upon cessation or severe
reduction of the relationship between an unmarried minor child and the
child’s grandparent if the court determines, upon proper proof, that:

(A) The child had such a significant existing relationship with the
grandparent that loss or severe reduction of the relationship is likely
to occasion severe emotional harm to the child; [or]

. . .

(C) The child had a significant existing relationship with the grandparent
and loss or severe reduction of the relationship presents the danger of
other direct and substantial harm to the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-306(b)(1).3 No expert proof is necessary; instead, courts must
“consider whether the facts of the particular case would lead a reasonable person to believe

3
Grandparents may also establish significant harm by showing that “[t]he grandparent functioned
as a primary caregiver such that cessation or severe reduction of the relationship could interrupt provision

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that there is a significant existing relationship between the grandparent and grandchild or
that the loss or severe reduction of the relationship is likely to occasion severe emotional
harm to the child.” Id. § 306(b)(3).

Mother stipulated that Grandfather had “a significant existing relationship” with the
Children, and Grandfather relies on three pieces of evidence to establish that losing the
relationship is likely to cause the Children substantial harm. First, Grandfather points to
evidence that he and the Children had a loving relationship before his contact was cut off.
Second, Grandfather cites evidence that—since his visitation was cut off—the Children
“do not ask for [him], do not want to see him, and . . . don’t miss him.” Third, Grandfather
references Joy C.’s testimony that Gracelyn “began to act suspicious around [Joy C.]” and
“was not eating a[t] school” after moving out of Grandfather’s house.

Grandfather contends these facts are analogous to those in Angel v. Nixon, No.
M2010-00554-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 4483915 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 8, 2010). In Angel,
we affirmed the trial court’s finding that a danger of substantial harm existed based on
evidence that the child’s attitude toward the grandmother soured after the child stopped
seeing her. Id. at *4–5. Before being separated, the child had a “warm and loving
relationship with [the grandmother].” Id. at *4. But after being separated, the child called
the grandmother “mean” and did not “warm up to her” during visits. Id. The trial court
determined that the separation created a danger of substantial harm to the child because the
separation could create “feelings of abandonment and depriv[e] him of his right to learn
about his heritage and the people who love and cared for him when he was young.” Id. The
court also found that the mother’s resentment and anger toward the grandmother would
force the child to be deceptive if he pursued a relationship with the grandmother when he
was older. Id.

This case, however, differs from Angel because the grandmother in Angel was the
child’s paternal grandmother, and the child’s father had recently died. Id. at *1. Before the
father’s death, the child attended weekly gatherings with his father’s family. Id. But after
the father died, the mother made “numerous attempts to frustrate any contact between [the]
child and the family.” Id. at *2. Thus, the trial court’s ruling reflected a particular concern
for the child’s connection to his father’s family—from whom the child would otherwise
have been estranged. See id. at *4.4 The facts in this case do not invoke the same concerns.

of the daily needs of the child and thus occasion physical or emotional harm.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-
306(b)(1)(B). In this case, however, Grandfather does not contend that he functioned as a primary caregiver.
4
Shortly after the trial court’s decision in Angel, the Tennessee General Assembly amended the
Grandparent Visitation Statute to provide a rebuttable presumption of substantial harm when “the child’s
parent is deceased, and the grandparent seeking visitation is the parent of that deceased parent.” See Act of
May 6, 2010, ch. 957, § 1, 2010 Tenn. Pub. Acts 482, 482 (codified at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-306(b)(4)).

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Here, Mother cut off the Children’s contact with her own father. As a consequence,
Grandfather’s reliance on Angel is misplaced.

As the petitioner in a grandparent visitation proceeding, Grandfather bears a “high
burden” to prove “severe emotional harm.” See McGarity, 429 S.W.3d at 578. Proving a
likelihood of “severe emotional harm” requires “evidence to support a finding that the child
is likely to suffer . . . harm that could reasonably be categorized as severe, grave,
distressing, or extreme.” Id. at 579 (citing Severe, Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979)).
“The mere fact that a significant existing relationship exists will not suffice for a showing
of substantial harm.” Huffman v. Huffman, No. E2012-02164-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL
4715042, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 30, 2013).

The phrases “severe emotional harm” and “substantial harm” are “not amenable to
precise definition.” McGarity, 429 S.W.3d at 578 (quoting Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 732
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)). That said, using the modifier “substantial” suggests two things:

First, it connotes a real hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or
insignificant. Second, it indicates that the harm must be more than a
theoretical possibility. While the harm need not be inevitable, it must be
sufficiently probable to prompt a reasonable person to believe that the harm
will occur more likely than not.

Ray, 83 S.W.3d at 732 (footnote omitted).

In its final order, entered on January 8, 2021, the trial court acknowledged that the
parties stipulated there was a significant existing relationship at the time Mother stopped
the visitations between the Children and Grandfather, citing Tennessee Code Annotated
§36-6-106(a)(6). Based on the stipulation, the court found that Grandfather had standing
under the statute to bring this Petition for Grandparent Visitation. The court then turned its
focus on whether Grandfather had carried his burden of showing that cessation of that
relationship is likely to result in “substantial harm” to the Children. In making that
determination, based on three factors set out in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-
306(b)(1) and as set out in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-306(b)(2), the trial court
made extensive findings of fact including the following.

The court found that Mother had lived with Grandfather on at least three separate
occasions between December of 2018 and when Mother ceased any relationship with
Grandfather, which was when she and the Children last left his home on October 15, 2019.
Significantly, the court found that Grandfather “offered no proof that the children at issue
here had suffered or were suffering ‘substantial harm’ by being denied visitation with
[Grandfather].” It also noted Joy C.’s testimony that when she saw Gracelyn at school in
2020, Gracelyn appeared to be doing well. The court also credited Mother’s testimony that
Gracelyn had not asked to visit Grandfather and that Gracelyn had stopped having

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“nightmares” after they left Grandfather’s home. The trial court also found that at the time
of the final hearing, neither grandchild had visited Grandfather’s home in 14 months.

After making these findings of fact, the trial court then focused on the “substantial
harm” component, which the trial court recognized as “the threshold question in
grandparent visitation cases,” citing McGarity v. Jerrolds, 429 S.W.3d 562, 570 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2013). The trial court also acknowledged that it must avoid the assumption that a
“grandparent-grandchild relationship always benefits the grandchild.” See id. at 571. Based
on these legal principles and the trial court’s findings of fact, the court concluded that
Grandfather had not carried his burden of proof of “substantial harm” to the grandchildren
resulting from Mother’s cessation of visits with Grandfather. For these reasons, the trial
court denied the Petition for Grandparent Visitation.

After a thorough review of the record, we find the evidence does not preponderate
against the trial court’s findings or the conclusion that Grandfather failed to prove that
severance of his relationship with the Children would create a danger of substantial harm
to them. Accordingly, we affirm the decision to deny the Petition for Grandparent
Visitation.

II. CIVIL CONTEMPT

Grandfather contends that the trial court erred in finding that Mother did not
willfully violate the Agreed Order that gave him temporary visitation with Gracelyn. We
find this issue is moot.

“An issue becomes moot if an event occurring after the commencement of the case
extinguishes the legal controversy attached to the issue, or otherwise prevents the
prevailing party from receiving meaningful relief in the event of a favorable judgment[.]”
City of Memphis v. Hargett, 414 S.W.3d 88, 96 (Tenn. 2013). Grandfather’s Motion for
Contempt asked the trial court for more visitation to compensate for the visitation he lost
when Mother refused to obey the Agreed Order. But the Agreed Order was only a
temporary agreement for visitation pending the trial court’s decision at the final hearing.
This is significant because a civil contempt action is brought to enforce private rights. See
State ex rel. Flowers, 209 S.W.3d at 613 (citing Black v. Blount, 938 S.W.2d 394, 398
(Tenn. 1996)). After the final hearing, the trial court determined that Grandfather had no
right to visitation. Thus, Grandfather had no private right to enforce.

Because Grandfather no longer had any right to visitation after his petition was
dismissed, this issue is pretermitted on the basis of mootness.

III. MODIFICATION OF AGREED ORDER

Besides arguing that the trial court erred in applying the Grandparent Visitation
Statute, Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred by not applying the standard for

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modification of a grandparent visitation order from Lovlace v. Copley, 418 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn.
2013). We respectfully disagree that the Lovlace standard applies.

The dispute in Lovlace involved “competing petitions for modification and
termination of previously court-ordered grandparent visitation.” Id. at 22. Because the
Grandparent Visitation Statute does not address modification or termination, the Tennessee
Supreme Court determined, as a matter of first impression, “the appropriate burdens of
proof and standards to be applied.” Id. The Court adopted a two-part test:

First, a party petitioning for modification or termination must demonstrate
by a preponderance of the evidence a material change in circumstances. If
this showing is made, the party must next prove, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the requested modification or termination of visitation is in the
best interests of the child.

Id. at 23.

Unlike Lovlace, this case involves an initial petition for grandparent visitation—not
a petition to modify or terminate previously court-ordered visitation. The only court-
ordered visitation was the temporary visitation in the Agreed Order, which expired by its
own terms at the final hearing. Thus, we find the Lovlace standard is inapplicable.

IN CONCLUSION

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed, and this matter is remanded with costs
of appeal assessed against the appellant, Melvin W.

________________________________
FRANK G. CLEMENT JR., P.J., M.S.

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