Sefnco Communications, Inc., V. Department Of Labor And Industries

Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two

April 19, 2022

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II
SEFNCO COMMUNICATIONS, INC., No. 55458-5-II

Appellant,

v.

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND UNPUBLISHED OPINION
INDUSTRIES,

Respondent.

BASSETT, JPT.1 – SEFNCO Communications, Inc. appeals two citations issued by the

Department of Labor and Industries (DLI) under the Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act

of 19732 (WISHA) following the injury to one of its employees when he contacted an energized

power line during the installation of a telecommunications line. The Board of Industrial Insurance

Appeals (Board) upheld the citations, one for a violation of former WAC 296-32-220(10)(a)

(2007), a serious violation, for allowing the injured employee to come too close to energized power

lines, and the other for a violation of former WAC 296-32-230(4)(c) (2014), a general violation,

for having an employee at the job site who did not have the required first aid training.

1
Judge Jeffrey Bassett is serving as a judge pro tempore of the court pursuant to RCW 2.06.150.
2
Chapter 49.17 RCW.
No. 55458-5-II

SEFNCO argues that the citation for the serious violation was improper because the

findings that the employee was a supervisor and that SEFNCO had constructive knowledge of the

serious violation are not supported by substantial evidence. SEFNCO further argues that even if

the constructive knowledge finding was supported by substantial evidence, SEFNCO established

the defense of unpreventable employee misconduct under RCW 49.17.120(5)(a). SEFNCO also

argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the citation for the general violation because

the DLI failed to prove that the employee at issue was required to have first-aid training.

We hold that (1) substantial evidence supports the finding that the injured employee was a

supervisor, (2) substantial evidence supports the Board’s constructive knowledge finding, (3) the

Board’s findings are inadequate to allow review of its conclusion that the unpreventable employee

misconduct defense did not apply, and (4) SEFNCO’s argument that the DLI failed to prove that

the employee who was the subject of the general violation was required to have first aid training

under former WAC 296-32-230(4)(c) has no merit. Accordingly, we remand this matter to the

Board to make the necessary factual determinations and to determine whether SEFNCO’s

unpreventable employee misconduct defense applies. We otherwise affirm.

FACTS

I. CITATIONS AND CORRECTIVE NOTICE OF REDETERMINATION

On July 11, 2017, Kenneth Nelson, a SEFNCO employee, was injured when he contacted

an energized power line while working on a nearby telecommunications line. The DLI investigated

the incident and issued four citations, two of which are relevant in this appeal.

The first relevant citation was for a violation of former WAC 296-32-220(10)(a), a

“[s]erious” violation, based on SEFNCO’s failure to ensure that Nelson “did not approach or take

2
No. 55458-5-II

any conductive objects, to include the employee, closer to any electrically energized overhead

lines” than allowed under Table 1 of chapter 296-32 WAC. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 39. The second

relevant citation was for a violation of former WAC 296-32-230(4)(c), a general violation, based

on SEFNCO’s failure to provide first aid training to the employee who was assisting Nelson at the

time of the incident.

The DLI issued corrective notices of redetermination (CNRs) rejecting the assertion that

the DLI had not established the knowledge element and SEFNCO’s unpreventable employee

misconduct defense. SEFNCO appealed to the Board.

II. PROPOSED DECISION AND ORDER AND BOARD’S DECISION

Following a hearing at which evidence and testimony was taken, an industrial appeals

judge (IAJ) issued a proposed decision and order affirming the CNRs for the violations of former

WAC 296-32-220(10)(a) and former WAC 296-32-230(4)(c).3

The introduction of the IAJ’s proposed decision and order stated:

SEFNCO Communications, Inc. filed an appeal from a [CNR] that found
two serious violations and one general violation. The first serious violation is for
failing to ensure that an employee not come in contact with an energized power line
and the second is for not maintaining the scene of the accident so that it could be
adequately inspected by the [DLI]. . . . The general violation is because an
employee did not have first aid/CPR training at the time an employee was injured.
The employer’s defense to the first violation is that this was an unforeseen accident
and secondarily that there was employee misconduct. The [DLI] has proven this
violation with the employer’s constructive knowledge of the hazard and the
misconduct defense does not apply. . . . The general violation has been adequately
proven because Mr. James, Mr. Nelson’s co-worker on the day of accident, did not
have the proper first aid training. The CNR is AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.

3
We note that although the parties did not present closing argument at the hearing before the IAJ,
they did submit post-hearing briefing. In their post-hearing briefing, both parties discussed the
reasonable diligence standard that we apply below.

3
No. 55458-5-II

Id. at 48 (emphasis added).

In the “discussion” section of the proposed decision and order, the IAJ summarized the

testimony and discussed the issues.4 Id. (capitalization omitted). The IAJ’s summary of the

testimony stated that on July 11, 2017, Nelson, a “splicer/aerial technician for SEFNCO,”

sustained a burn injury after contacting a high voltage electrical wire. Id.

Nelson testified that on the day of the accident, he was “build[ing] a new strand of cable

and connect[ing] it to a business.” Id. When Nelson arrived at the work site, he photographed an

area of the work zone in which he had concern about his ability to perform the job safely due to

ground clearance issues. After sending a photograph to his supervisor Timothy Lundell and

speaking with Lundell, Nelson proceeded with the work.

As this work progressed, Nelson “used a lasher to put the new line of fiber optics onto the

existing line.” Id. During this process, Nelson was in an elevated bucket truck and was working

with a “ground hand, Nathan James.” Id. at 49. The IAJ summarized the accident as follows:

The accident occurred when the lasher got hung up in the trees and Mr. Nelson then
got into the bucket of the boom truck and raised it to try to maneuver the lasher.[5]
When the cable with the lasher freed the bucket on the boom bounced, causing the
power line to make contact with his right shoulder. Mr. Nelson fell into the bucket
and Mr. James lowered it to the ground.

Id. at 49.

4
SEFNCO does not challenge the IAJ’s summary of the testimony. In fact, SEFNCO largely relies
on the IAJ’s summary of testimony in its opening brief. And our review of the record shows that
the summary is accurate. Where necessary, we have included footnotes noting additional relevant
testimony.
5
Nelson also testified that he “didn’t realize how far [he] had boomed up with the cable laying on
[his] basket instead of in a rope.” CP at 266.

4
No. 55458-5-II

Lundell, a construction manager on the project, testified that before the work started on

this project, a SEFNCO engineer had reviewed the site and developed a construction plan. “This

report could include hazards of the job.” Id.

Lundell also “described the minimum approach distance (MAD) for working around

electrical wires.” Id. Lundell stated that SEFNCO “[e]mployees are trained to supply sufficient

space away from the power lines because the electricity will take the path of least resistance, which

can be the human body.” Id. Lundell testified that Nelson was the only person to have been injured

in this way that Lundell was aware of.

Lundell further “described the bucket truck used by Mr. Nelson and how the bucket will

bounce.” Id. Lundell stated that he had spoken with Nelson on the phone before Nelson started

working and was aware of the sag in the lines. But Lundell stated that the sag in the lines that

Nelson was concerned about was common and that he (Lundell) “did not believe that there would

be a problem with MAD in doing this work,” even though running the new line through the trees

in the area “could be a challenge.” Id. Lundell also testified that Nelson was “in charge on this job

site,” but that Nelson “did not have the authority to perform tasks such as hiring or firing.” Id.

Rod Julian, “the statewide telecom health and safety officer for the [DLI],” testified that

following an inspection of the site after the accident, the DLI “cited SEFNCO with a serious

violation of WAC 296-32-220(10)(a) because the employer failed to ensure that a SEFNCO

employee not come into contact with an energized power line.” Id. at 49, 50. Julian also determined

that there were 7200 volts in the line, which allowed him to establish the proper distances for

MAD.

5
No. 55458-5-II

Julian also testified that the DLI issued “[a] general violation of WAC 296-32-230(4)(c) .

. . because of the lack of first aid/CPR training for Mr. James.” Id. at 50. Julian testified that he

examined SEFNCO’s records and, although James was “slated” to have the training soon, there

was no record of James having received first aid-CPR training by the time of the accident. Id.

Julian agreed that “Nelson was not a company supervisor,” but Julian testified that Nelson

had been in charge of James when this accident occurred. Id. at 51. Julian stated that “[h]e believed

that Mr. Nelson was a competent worker at this site and that the employer could rely on his abilities

and that under the company plan no work was to be performed near the power line.”6 Id.

Rocky Wallace, SEFNCO’s safety and compliance officer, testified about SEFNCO’s

training, disciplinary program, safety audits, and accident prevention programs. Wallace

“reviewed the work Mr. Nelson was to perform on July 11, 2017 and, [stated that] if the trees seen

in [the photograph Nelson had taken] were trimmed, he did not see a hazard in performing this

work.” Id. at 51. Wallace also “identified the lasher and described how [ ]it works.” Id.

Additionally, “Wallace agreed that Mr. Nelson was the competent person on site and responsible

for getting the job done and directing the crew.” Id.

Chris McBride, a lead for SEFNCO, testified that he and his crew were assigned “to secure

the work area” after the accident. Id. McBride had worked with Nelson “on numerous occasions,”

and was “well aware of MAD and has received training on it.” Id. McBride also reviewed Nelson’s

photograph and stated that “he did not observe any issue with power line difficulties if the trees

were trimmed.” Id.

6
Julian also acknowledged that “[a]nybody who works in a bucket knows that it bounces.” Id. at
346.

6
No. 55458-5-II

The IAJ then discussed the issues in light of this testimony:

There is no question that Mr. Nelson sustained injuries when he came within
the MAD while stringing a fiber optic line while he was in the elevated bucket
attempting to extricate the lasher from the trees. The employer would like me to
classify this situation as an unforeseeable mishap with their highly experienced
lineman momentarily entering the MAD when the bucket unexpectedly bounced.
The [DLI] believes that they have shown all of the elements necessary to sustain
these alleged violations for which the employer had actual or constructive
knowledge. Constructive knowledge comes from the view of the project prior to the
commencement of work. Mr. Nelson took a photograph from the first pole and spoke
with his supervisor about ground clearance, with it being known that the trees
would have to be trimmed in order to string the new line. Mr. Nelson could have
performed all of his necessary work outside the MAD, but with this tree situation it
was foreseeable that the lasher could become tangled in the limbs and become
necessary that the boom truck with its bucket be used to untangle the equipment.
The witnesses all agree that it is known that the bucket will bounce and with the
addition of the lasher’s weight the bucket can bounce more. This is what occurred
to Mr. Nelson and caused the violation with electrical contact within the MAD. . . .

The employer put forth the defense of unpreventable employee misconduct
and noted that while Mr. Nelson was the supervisor on this job he did not have the
power to hire and fire. They would like me to use these facts and the Board’s recent
decision in In re Tyson Fresh Meats, [No. 17 W1079 (Bd. of Indus. Ins. Appeals
Dec. 17, 2018)][7] to determine that the violations should be vacated. I do not find
that the facts in the present case meet those necessary for me to accept the
employer’s position. The supervisor’s conduct in Tyson go way beyond what was
done by Mr. Nelson. As such, I rely more on the Board’s analysis in In re Jornada
Roofing 1, Inc., [No. 08 W1050 (Bd. of Indus. Ins. Appeals Jan. 27, 2010)];[8] and
In re Greater American Construction, [No. 12 W1058 (Bd. of Indus. Ins. Appeals
Aug. 16, 2013)],[9] and believe that the supervisor’s participation in the safety
violation weighed heavily in favor of assessing that unpreventable employee
misconduct did not occur. A similar stance was taken by the Court of Appeals in
Potelco, Inc. v. Department of Labor and Indus., 194 Wn. App. 428[, 377 P.3d 251]
(2016). I do not believe that this defense is applicable to SEFNCO in this case
because of Mr. Nelson’s supervisory tasks and the facts presented.

....

7
http://www.biia.wa.gov/SDPDF/17W1079.pdf.
8
http://www.biia.wa.gov/DO/08W1050_ORD_20100127_DO.PDF.
9
http://www.biia.wa.gov/DO/12W1058_ORD_20130816_DO.PDF.

7
No. 55458-5-II

The [DLI] believes that SEFNCO did not contest the fact that Nathan James,
Mr. Nelson’s ground hand, did not have first aid training prior to engaging in this
work and therefore violated [former] WAC 296-32-230(4)(c). SEFNCO indicates
that he was scheduled to have this training and does not believe it was appropriate
for Mr. James to have this training in order to work in the field with Mr. Nelson,
who had the proper first-aid training. Mr. James had only worked for the employer
for a matter of days, but this does not alleviate the need for him to be properly
trained before going into the field to assist Mr. Nelson. He needed the first aid
training prior to doing so in order to be trained to assist if an injury occurred,
which happened here, to his co-worker. This violation is affirmed.

Id. at 53-54 (emphasis added).

In addition, the proposed decision and order included brief “findings of fact” and

“conclusions of law” sections that stated:

FINDINGS OF FACT
....

2. On July 11, 2017 in Fife, Washington, Kenneth Nelson, an employee of
SEFNCO Communications, Inc. entered the [MAD] for working around
electrical wires, a serious violation of [former] WAC 296-32-220(10)(a), and
sustained significant burning injuries.

3. At the time of the July 11, 2017 accident, Mr. Nelson was the supervisor in
charge of conducting the necessary work.

....

5. On July 11, 2017, Nathan James, an employee of SEFNCO Communications,
Inc., was working with Kenneth Nelson and had not yet received first aid
training in violation of [former] WAC 296-32-230(4)(c).

....

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

....

2. On July 11, 2017, SEFNCO Communications, Inc. committed a serious
violation of [former] WAC 296-32-220(10)(a) as alleged in Item 1-1 of [CNR]
No. 317946524. . . .

8
No. 55458-5-II

3. The violation of [former] WAC 296-32-220(10)(a) committed on July 11,
2017 was not the result of unpreventable employee misconduct as the term is
used in RCW 49.17.120(5).

....

5. By July 11, 2017, Nathan James had not received first aid training and
SEFNCO Communications, Inc., committed a general violation of [former]
WAC 296-32-230(4)(c).

Id. at 54-55. The IAJ affirmed the serious and general violations.

SEFNCO petitioned for review of the IAJ’s decision. The Board granted review and

concluded that the IAJ’s proposed decision and order was “supported by the preponderance of the

evidence and [was] correct as a matter of law.” Id. at 67. The Board adopted the IAJ’s proposed

decision and order by reference.

SEFNCO appealed the Board’s decision to the superior court. The superior court affirmed

the Board’s decision. SEFNCO appeals.

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No. 55458-5-II

ANALYSIS

I. SERIOUS VIOLATION: VIOLATION OF MAD

SEFNCO first challenges the finding of a serious violation of former WAC 296-32-

220(10)(a).10 We affirm that finding.

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

We review [the Board’s] decisions directly based on the record before the
agency. W. Oilfields Supply v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 1 Wn. App. 2d 892, 900,
408 P.3d 711 (2017). We review challenged findings of fact to determine whether
they are supported by substantial evidence and, if so, whether the findings support
the conclusions of law. J.E. Dunn Nw., Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 139 Wn.
App. 35, 42, 156 P.3d 250 (2007). Substantial evidence is “evidence ‘in sufficient
quantum to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth of the declared premise.’ ”
J.E. Dunn Nw., 139 Wn. App. at 43, 156 P.3d 250 (quoting Holland v. Boeing Co.,
90 Wn.2d 384, 390-91, 583 P.2d 621 (1978)).

We do not reweigh the evidence on appeal. Potelco, Inc.[,194 Wn. App. at
434]. In determining whether substantial evidence supports [the Board’s] findings,
we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party that prevailed before
the [Board]. Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 434, 377 P.3d 251. Unchallenged findings
of fact are verities on appeal. Mid Mountain Contractors, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor &
Indus., 136 Wn. App. 1, 4, 146 P.3d 1212 (2006). If substantial evidence supports
the findings of fact, we decide if those findings support the [Board’s] conclusions
of law. Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 434, 377 P.3d 251.

Potelco, Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 7 Wn. App. 2d 236, 243-44, 433 P.3d 513 (2018).

10
Former WAC 296-32-220 provided, in part:
(10) Power exposures.
(a) The employer shall ensure that no employee approaches or takes any
conductive object closer to any electrically energized overhead power lines and
parts than prescribed in Table 1 unless:
(i) The employee is insulated or guarded from the energized parts
(insulating gloves rated for the voltage involved shall be considered adequate
insulation), or
(ii) The energized parts are insulated or guarded from the employee and any
other conductive object at a different potential, or
(iii) The power conductors and equipment are deenergized and grounded.

10
No. 55458-5-II

B. SUPERVISOR FINDING

The Board found that Nelson was a supervisor. SEFNCO argues that the evidence did not

support this finding because Nelson did not have the authority to hire or fire workers, set wages,

or approve vacation. We disagree.

An employee does not have to hold the official title of foreman or supervisor to be

considered a supervisor for the purposes of imputing knowledge onto the employer. See Mountain

States Contractors, LLC v. Perez, 825 F.3d 274, 284-85 (6th Cir. 2016).11 It is sufficient that the

employee had significant control over the actual work in practice and the ability to stop work when

faced with clear safety hazards. See id.

Here, it was undisputed that Nelson was in charge of the work being done and that he had

the ability to stop this work if the team encountered any safety hazards. Lundell, Julian, Wallace,

and McBride testified that Nelson was in charge on the job site, that it was his job to direct the

crew doing the work, that he was responsible for identifying hazards, and that he could terminate

the work if he discovered any hazards. This testimony is substantial evidence that Nelson was

acting as a supervisor and supports the Board’s finding. Accordingly, this argument fails.

11
Federal decisions interpreting the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration Act,
29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678, may inform us when interpreting WISHA. Shimmick Constr. Co, Inc. v.
Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 12 Wn. App. 2d 770, 778, 460 P.3d 192 (2020).

11
No. 55458-5-II

C. CONSTRUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE

To establish a prima facie case of a serious WISHA safety violation, the DLI is required

to prove that

(1) the cited standard applies, (2) the requirements of the standard were not met, (3)
employees were exposed to[,] or had access to[,] the violative condition, (4) the
employer knew or through the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known
of the violative condition, and (5) there is a substantial probability that death or
serious physical harm could result from the violative condition.

Ostrom Mushroom Farm Co. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 13 Wn. App. 2d 262, 272, 463 P.3d 149

(2020); see also RCW 49.17.180(7).12

SEFNCO argues that the Board’s finding that SEFNCO had constructive knowledge of the

violative condition was not supported by substantial evidence. We disagree.13

Again, to establish a prima facie case of a serious WISHA safety violation, the DLI is

required to prove, in part, that “the employer knew or through the exercise of reasonable diligence

could have known of the violative condition.” Ostrom Mushroom Farm, 13 Wn. App. 2d at 272.

“ ‘Reasonable diligence’ includes the obligation of an employer to inspect the work site, anticipate

12
RCW 49.17.180(7) provides:
For the purposes of this section, a serious violation shall be deemed to exist in a
workplace if there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm
could result from a condition which exists, or from one or more practices, means,
methods, operations, or processes which have been adopted or are in use in such
workplace, unless the employer did not, and could not with the exercise of
reasonable diligence, know of the presence of the violation.
At the time of the incident, this subsection was numbered as subsection (6). See former RCW
49.17.180(6) (2010). Because the content of the subsection has not changed, we cite to the current
version of the statute.
13
SEFNCO also argues that the DLI failed to establish that SEFNCO had actual knowledge of the
violative condition. But as SEFNCO acknowledges, the Board did not find that the DLI had
established actual knowledge of the violative condition.

12
No. 55458-5-II

hazards that employees may be exposed to, and take measures to prevent the occurrence of a

violative condition.” Bayley Constr. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 10 Wn. App. 2d 768, 783, 450

P.3d 647 (2019) (quoting Erection Co., Inc. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 160 Wn. App. 194, 206-

07, 248 P.3d 1085 (2011)).

Constructive knowledge may be proved through evidence that a violation was in
plain view. Such knowledge is established where the violation was ‘readily
observable or in a conspicuous location in the area of the employer’s crews.’
Moreover, when a supervisor has actual or constructive knowledge of a safety
violation, such knowledge can be imputed to the employer.

Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 439-40. (internal citations omitted) (quoting Erection Co., 160 Wn.

App. at 207); see also Bayley Constr., 10 Wn. App. 2d at 783. Notably, “the applicable standard

here is whether [the employer] knew or [c]ould have known of the violative condition—not

whether the behavior that led to the violation was foreseeable.” Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 440

(emphasis altered).

Although not expressly designated as a finding of fact or conclusion of law, the discussion

section of the Board’s decision contains a constructive knowledge finding:

Constructive knowledge comes from the view of the project prior to the
commencement of work. Mr. Nelson took a photograph from the first pole and
spoke with his supervisor about ground clearance, with it being known that the trees
would have to be trimmed in order to string the new line. Mr. Nelson could have
performed all of his necessary work outside the MAD, but with this tree situation
it was foreseeable that the lasher could become tangled in the limbs and become
necessary that the boom truck with its bucket be used to untangle the equipment.
The witnesses all agree that it is known that the bucket will bounce and with the
addition of the lasher’s weight the bucket can bounce more. This is what occurred
to Mr. Nelson and caused the violation with electrical contact within the MAD.

CP at 52 (emphasis added).

The Board’s application of foreseeability standard when determining whether SEFNCO

had constructive knowledge of the violative condition was error. To establish constructive

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No. 55458-5-II

knowledge, the DLI was not required to prove that the behavior that caused the violation was

foreseeable. Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 440. Rather, it was required to show that SEFNCO, with

the exercise of reasonable diligence, knew or could have known of the violative condition, here

that Nelson was conducting his work in a way that risked violating the MAD and coming too close

to the energized line. Id. But we can still affirm the Board if substantial evidence supports the

constructive knowledge finding under the proper standard. Erection Co., 160 Wn. App. at 205.

The employer has constructive knowledge if, had it exercised reasonable diligence, it could

have known of the violative condition. Id. “ ‘Reasonable diligence’ includes the obligation of an

employer to . . . anticipate hazards that employees may be exposed to, and take measures to prevent

the occurrence of a violative condition.” Bayley Const., 10 Wn. App. 2d at 783. And, as previously

noted, “when a supervisor has actual or constructive knowledge of a safety violation, such

knowledge can be imputed to the employer.” Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at 440. Nelson was a

supervisor. His constructive knowledge of a violative condition could be imputed to SEFNCO.

Nelson’s proximity to the energized line combined with the bucket’s bouncing created the

violative condition; with the exercise of reasonable diligence, he should have anticipated this

hazard and taken measures to prevent the occurrence of this condition. The testimony established

that “[a]nybody who works in a bucket knows that it bounces.” CP at 346. A reasonable person

would know that if the weight of the lasher and cable was suddenly removed from the bucket, the

bucket would bounce. Further, Nelson testified that he “didn’t realize how far [he] had boomed

up,” and was therefore unaware of how close to the charged lines he was, while trying to extricate

the lasher. Id. at 266.

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No. 55458-5-II

Taking this evidence in the light most favorable to the DLI, Nelson, with the exercise of

reasonable diligence, could have known how close to the energized lines he was, could have

anticipated that the bucket would bounce into the MAD once the lasher was released, and thus

could have anticipated the existence of a violative condition and should have taken measures to

prevent the violative condition. Thus, the Board’s constructive knowledge element is supported by

substantial evidence.

D. UNPREVENTABLE EMPLOYEE MISCONDUCT DEFENSE

SEFNCO argues that the evidence did not support the Board’s conclusion that SEFNCO

failed to establish its unpreventable employee misconduct defense. The Board’s findings are

insufficient to allow for our review of this issue.

RCW 49.17.120(5)(a) provides,

No citation may be issued under this section if there is unpreventable employee
misconduct that led to the violation, but the employer must show the existence of:
(i) A thorough safety program, including work rules, training, and
equipment designed to prevent the violation;
(ii) Adequate communication of these rules to employees;
(iii) Steps to discover and correct violations of its safety rules; and
(iv) Effective enforcement of its safety program as written in practice and
not just in theory.

Proof of this defense is “more rigorous” and more difficult when a supervisor is involved

in the violation because a supervisor’s involvement in the violation “raises an inference of lax

enforcement and/or communication of the employer’s safety policy.” Potelco, 194 Wn. App. at

437. But a supervisor‘s participation in or failure to enforce a safety rule does not preclude the

defense of unpreventable employee misconduct, it merely “weighs against it.” Id.

“[F]indings must be made on all material issues in order to inform the appellate court as

to ‘what questions were decided by the trial court, and the manner in which they were decided’ ”

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No. 55458-5-II

Federal Signal Corp. v. Safety Factors, Inc., 125 Wn.2d 413, 422, 886 P.2d 172 (1994) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (quoting Daughtry v. Jet Aeration Co., 91 Wn.2d 704, 707, 592 P.2d

631 (1979)). In the absence of findings on all material issues, the remedy is not for us make our

own findings, but, rather, to remand the matter to the Board to make the necessary factual

determinations and to determine whether SEFNCO’s unpreventable employee misconduct

defense applies. See id. at 444-45.

The Board’s decision states that the Board did “not believe that this defense is applicable

to SEFNCO in this case because of Mr. Nelson’s supervisory tasks and the facts presented.” CP at

52. But the only finding of fact relevant to this defense was the finding that Nelson was a supervisor

at the time of the incident. Although the Board’s references to Joranda Roofing 1 and Greater

American Construction suggest that the Board understood that Nelson’s supervisory status did not

alone preclude this defense, nothing in the Board’s decision addressed any of the statutory

elements of the defense. Because Nelson’s supervisory status is not dispositive, the statutory

elements are clearly material to whether the defense applies. Without additional findings related

to the elements of the defense, we cannot determine whether the Board’s conclusion that the

defense did not apply was supported by the evidence. Accordingly, we remand this matter back to

the Board to make the necessary factual determinations and to determine whether SEFNCO’s

unpreventable employee misconduct defense applies. See Federal Signal, 125 Wn.2d at 423, 444-

45.

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No. 55458-5-II

II. GENERAL VIOLATION: FIRST AID TRAINING

SEFNCO argues that the DLI failed to establish the general violation. SEFNCO contends

that the DLI failed to prove that James was required to have first aid training under former WAC

296-32-230(4)(c). We disagree.

The resolution of this issue requires us to interpret former WAC 296-32-230. We review

WAC regulations de novo with the goal of determining and giving effect to the intent of the

regulation. Erection Co., 160 Wn. App. at 201; Dep’t of Ecology v. Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146

Wn.2d 1, 9, 43 P.3d 4 (2002).

“If an administrative rule or regulation is clear on its face, its meaning is to be derived

from the plain language of the provision alone.” Dep’t of Licensing v. Cannon, 147 Wn.2d 41, 55,

50 P.3d 627 (2002). We “will neither read matters into a [regulation] that are not there nor modify

a [regulation] by construction.” Rushing v. ALCOA, Inc., 125 Wn. App. 837, 840, 105 P.3d 996

(2005).

Former WAC 296-32-230, provided in part,

Training. (1) Employers shall provide training in the various precautions and safe
practices described in this section and shall insure that employees do not engage in
the activities to which this chapter applies until such employees have received
proper training in the various precautions and safe practices required by this
section. . . .
(2) Where training is required, it shall consist of on-the-job training or
classroom-type training or a combination of both.
....
(4) Such training shall, where appropriate, include the following subjects:
(a) Recognition and avoidance of dangers relating to encounters with
harmful· substances, and animal, insect, or plant life.
(b) Procedures to be followed in emergency situations, and
(c) First-aid training, including instruction in artificial respiration.

(Emphasis added).

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SEFNCO contends that former WAC 296-32-230(4)(c) required first aid training only

“where appropriate” and that first aid training was not “appropriate” here because there was no

evidence that James was required at the job site and, therefore, “there could be no reliance on his

first-aid skills in the event of an accident.” Br. of Appellant at 36. But the plain language of the

rule states that employees engaging in activities covered by this chapter must have the required

training, and we will not read an additional requirement into the rule that is not there. Former WAC

296-32-230(1); Rushing, 125 Wn. App. at 840. Regardless of whether James was required at this

job site, there is no dispute that he was there, that he was engaging in work covered by these rules,

and that he had not yet received his first aid training. Accordingly, this argument fails.

SEFNCO further argues that the DLI did not prove that all workers at a site, especially

trainees, must be trained. The plain language of the rule states that it applies to employees engaging

in the type of work in which James was engaging. The rule does not say that only some of the

employees at the site must be trained; nor does it differentiate between trainees, probationary

employees, or permanent employees. Again, we will not read language into a rule that is not there.

Rushing, 125 Wn. App. at 840. Accordingly, this argument fails.

Finally, SEFNCO argues that the DLI failed to prove that first aid training was

“appropriate” because there was no proof that the job site was far from medical care. Br. of

Appellant at 36. The rule does not state that first aid training is required only when the employees

are working far from medical care, and we will not read such a requirement into the rule. Rushing,

125 Wn. App. at 840. The need for emergency care could be instantaneous, so it is irrelevant how

far away medical assistance is located. Again, this argument fails. SEFNCO does not show that

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the Board erred when it concluded that SEFNCO had violated former WAC 296-32-230(4)(c).

Accordingly, we affirm the citation for this violation.

CONCLUSION

We hold that (1) substantial evidence supports the finding that Nelson was a supervisor,

(2) substantial evidence supports the Board’s constructive knowledge finding, (3) the Board’s

findings are inadequate to allow review of its conclusion that the unpreventable employee

misconduct defense did not apply, and (4) SEFNCO’s argument that the DLI failed to prove that

James was required to have first aid training under former WAC 296-32-230(4)(c) has no merit.

Accordingly, we remand this matter to the Board to make the necessary factual determinations and

to determine whether SEFNCO’s unpreventable employee misconduct defense applies. We

otherwise affirm.

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

BASSETT, J.P.T.
I concur:

PRICE, J.

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MAXA, J. (dissenting in part) – To establish a serious violation of the Washington

Industrial Safety and Health Act of 1973 (WISHA), chapter 49.17 RCW, the Department of

Labor and Industries (DLI) must prove that “the employer knew or through the exercise of

reasonable diligence could have known of the violative condition.” Ostrom Mushroom Farm

Co. v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 13 Wn. App. 2d 262, 272, 463 P.3d 149 (2020). This

requirement necessarily means that the violative condition must exist before an accident occurs.

An employer cannot have actual or constructive knowledge of a violative condition that does not

yet exist.

Here, the only violative condition occurred at the instant that Kenneth Nelson was

injured. DLI has not alleged or proved that any safety violations existed until the bucket jumped

and Nelson hit the energized power line. Therefore, SEFNCO (through its supervisor Nelson)

did not know and could not have known of the violative condition before Nelson was injured.

This means that DLI cannot satisfy the knowledge requirement.

The purpose of WISHA is to “assure, insofar as may reasonably be possible, safe and

healthful working conditions for every [person] working in the state of Washington.” RCW

49.17.010. Here, SEFNCO provided a safe workplace. Nelson’s injury did not occur because

SEFNCO knew or should have known of an existing violative condition and failed to correct that

condition. A violative condition did not cause the accident. Instead, the accident caused the

violative condition. The injury occurred because Nelson made a mistake that caused a violation

of a safety regulation. SEFNCO could not have been aware of the violation until after it had

occurred.

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I would hold that DLI did not prove that SEFNCO had constructive knowledge of a

violative condition before Nelson was injured. Therefore, I dissent regarding violation of former

WAC 296-32-220(10)(a) (2007). I agree that DLI has shown a violation of the first aid training

requirement, former WAC 296-32-230(4)(c) (2014).

MAXA, P.J.

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