Kevin Chad Hardy v. State

THIRD DIVISION
DOYLE, P. J.,
REESE, J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

April 25, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A22A0627. HARDY v. THE STATE.

PHIPPS, Senior Appellate Judge.

A jury found Kevin Chad Hardy guilty of one count each of violating the

Computer or Electronic Pornography and Child Exploitation Prevention Act (Count

1) and attempted child molestation (Count 2). He appeals from the denial of his

motion for a new trial, arguing that: (i) the trial court violated his rights under the

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), 42 USC § 12101 et seq., and to

due process and a fair trial by failing to ensure that he could communicate effectively

in light of his hearing impairment; and (ii) his trial counsel rendered ineffective

assistance. For the reasons that follow, we discern no reversible error and affirm the

trial court’s judgment.
 On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys a presumption of

innocence. Duran v. State, 274 Ga. App. 876, 877 (1) (619 SE2d 388) (2005). So

viewed, the evidence shows that, in February 2018, a female police detective worked

with a law enforcement task force targeting internet-related crimes against children.

As part of that operation, the detective posed as a man with a stepdaughter and posted

the following advertisement on the Craigslist website:

Looking for fun — mw4m (Brunswick)

Stepdad and daughter in town looking for fun. Willing to host. HMU if
your [sic] interested.

The detective testified that the abbreviation “mw4m” stands for “male and woman . . .

looking for another male” and that the abbreviation “HMU” stands for “[h]it me up.”

Hardy responded electronically to the advertisement, stating that he was “very

interested,” and provided a nude picture of himself. The detective (still posing as a

man) and Hardy then exchanged several electronic messages, in which the detective

asked Hardy “what [he had] in mind” and Hardy requested a picture of the man’s

stepdaughter. The detective sent Hardy a picture of herself (as the stepdaughter) and

2
followed up with a message asking, “[Y]ou good with her being younger?” The

following exchanges then ensued:

[Hardy:] Yeah I’m good with her being younger. How old is she? I love
having sex with a hot little stranger and then some.

[Detective:] cool man she is 15 and she is hot1

[Hardy:] Oh yeah? So how you wanna do this and where do I go? Do
you have another pic of her?

Whoa I didn’t know she wasn’t legal

[Detective:] hell yea. you can come to the house where were staying.
were on exit 7 in woodbine

[Hardy:] Yeah she’s cute man! You have the address?

[Detective:] nothings for free she wants wine coolers.

When the detective asked if Hardy had “protection,” he responded, “Yeah I got

protection. Does she like to give head?” Hardy asked if the stepdaughter had seen his

picture, and the detective responded, “oh yea she was really turned up.” As the two

made arrangements to meet later that night, Hardy asked what type of wine coolers

1
We have preserved the original capitalization, spelling, and punctuation of the
electronic messages introduced during Hardy’s trial.

3
the stepdaughter wanted, and the detective responded, “She said Mango Seagram’s.”

Hardy was arrested when he arrived at the address provided by the detective; he was

carrying a paper bag with alcoholic beverages and condoms.

Hardy testified in his own defense, claiming that he believed the woman in the

pictures he received (and was going to visit) was an adult. The jury found him guilty

of one count each of violating the Computer or Electronic Pornography and Child

Exploitation Prevention Act and attempted child molestation. The trial court denied

Hardy’s motion for a new trial, and this appeal followed.

1. Hardy contends that the trial court violated his rights under the ADA and to

due process and a fair trial by failing to ensure that he was able to effectively

communicate and participate in the proceedings. He claims that, “because he could

not follow or understand much of the sign language” provided by court-assigned

interpreters, he could not “meaningfully participate in his own defense.” According

to Hardy, “despite . . . obvious communication problems,” the trial court took no

remedial action to ensure that he could understand and fully participate in the

proceedings. In that regard, Hardy faults the trial court for failing to (a) ask him

directly what type of auxiliary aid or service would best ensure his ability to

effectively communicate during his trial or (b) affirmatively take other steps to ensure

4
that he understood the proceedings. Moreover, Hardy maintains, by denying his

motion for a new trial on this ground, the trial court improperly shifted the burden to

him to ensure that his rights under the ADA were not violated. Hardy asserts that

prejudice should be presumed from the trial court’s failure to follow the ADA’s

mandates. We discern no reversible error by the trial court.

“A criminal defendant’s right to be present at all stages of the trial where his

absence might frustrate the fairness of the proceedings is guaranteed by the Sixth

Amendment and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United

States Constitution.” Ling v. State, 288 Ga. 299, 300 (1) (702 SE2d 881) (2010)

(citation and punctuation omitted). Consequently, “due process concerns are raised

when a defendant cannot comprehend the testimony of the trial witnesses and thus

cannot meaningfully participate in his defense.” Neugent v. State, 294 Ga. App. 284,

288 (2) (668 SE2d 888) (2008). In that vein, “[o]ne who is unable to communicate

effectively in English and does not receive an interpreter’s assistance is no more

competent to proceed than an individual who is incompetent due to mental

incapacity.” Ling, 288 Ga. at 301 (1). “[E]very criminal defendant — if the right to

be present is to have meaning — must possess sufficient present ability to consult

5
with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding.” Id. (citation and

punctuation omitted).

For these reasons,

[i]t is the policy of the State of Georgia to secure the rights of hearing
impaired persons who, because of impaired hearing, cannot readily
understand or communicate in spoken language and who consequently
cannot equally participate in or benefit from proceedings, programs, and
activities of the courts . . . unless qualified interpreters are available to
assist such persons.

OCGA § 24-6-650; see also generally Ramos v. Terry, 279 Ga. 889, 892 (1) (622

SE2d 339) (2005) (“The use of qualified interpreters is necessary to preserve

meaningful access to the legal system for persons who speak and understand only

languages other than English.”). Thus, under OCGA § 24-6-652 (a) (1), Georgia

agencies — including courts — are required to “provide a qualified interpreter to [a]

hearing impaired person . . . [w]henever the hearing impaired person is a party to the

proceeding.” See also OCGA § 24-6-651 (1) (defining “[a]gency” to include “any . . .

court . . . of the . . . judicial . . . branch of government of this state”). Moreover, our

Supreme Court has promulgated rules establishing a statewide plan for the use of

interpreters in court proceedings involving non-English speaking and hearing

6
impaired persons.2 See Supreme Ct. of Ga., Use of Interpreters for Non-English

Speaking and Hearing Impaired Persons; see also generally Weldon v. State, 328 Ga.

App. 163, 163-164 (1) (761 SE2d 566) (2014).

On a similar note, the ADA provides that “no qualified individual with a

disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be

denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be

subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42 USC § 12132; see 42 USC

§ 12131 (1) (B) (defining “public entity” to include “any department, agency, . . . or

other instrumentality of a State”). And under 28 CFR § 35.160 (b) (2) (part of the

federal regulatory scheme enacted pursuant to the ADA, see 42 USC § 12134 (a)), “a

public entity shall give primary consideration to the requests of individuals with

disabilities” when “determining what types of auxiliary aids and services are

necessary.” In that regard, OCGA § 24-6-652 (b) requires a hearing impaired person

in need of an interpreter to notify the court of such need at least ten days before the

proceeding in which an interpreter is needed. A hearing impaired person appearing

before a Georgia court thus bears some of the burden for requesting preferred

services. Moreover, a criminal defendant is not “constitutionally entitled to a perfect,

2
Hardy does not argue that these rules were violated during his trial.

7
word for word interpretation,” and any “errors in interpretation must be considered

in their full context and with respect to the entirety of the trial to determine how they

may have affected a defendant’s right to a fair trial.” Cisneros v. State, 299 Ga. 841,

850 (3) (a) (792 SE2d 326) (2016).

(a) Here, the record shows that Hardy filed a pretrial request for “a qualified

interpreter for hearing impaired persons during all proceedings in this case.” As a

result, three sign-language interpreters were used during Hardy’s trial — two acted

as “proceedings interpreters” and one acted as a “defense table interpreter.” On the

first day of trial, they arrived and met with Hardy and his lawyers approximately 30

minutes before the trial started. At that time, they learned that Hardy’s sign-language

proficiency was somewhat diminished from disuse, as a result of which the

interpreters provided him with “straight English interpreting,” rather than “American

Sign Language,” which has its own vocabulary, syntax, and grammar.

During the hearing on Hardy’s motion for a new trial, one of the interpreters

testified that Hardy also could read lips, as a result of which “the interpreters had

everything on their lips as well.” The interpreter further testified that, had she known

earlier of Hardy’s lack of proficiency with signing, she would have recommended

8
captioning services.3 Nevertheless, according to the interpreter, it was Hardy’s

responsibility to speak up if he was having difficulty understanding anything. On that

note, immediately before Hardy’s trial testimony, the interpreter told the trial court,

“[I]t’s been made clear to him that if he doesn’t understand the court interpreters that

he can look to me for clarification,” and, “[H]e’s been doing that all — all along if

needed.”

During his trial testimony, Hardy both spoke and signed answers to questions

posed to him. In addition, because his speech was not always clear, one of the

interpreters clarified words that may have been difficult to understand. Throughout

his testimony, Hardy indicated that he initially had difficulty understanding a question

asked of him (or a statement preceding a question) 26 times (over the course of 18

transcript pages, out of a total of more than 45 pages of testimony by Hardy). On each

such occasion, however, he was able to answer the question (or understand the

statement) after clarification was provided by the questioner, interpreter, or both.

3
Captioning services (rather than sign-language interpretation) were provided
during the hearing on Hardy’s motion for a new trial. Neither party has suggested that
Hardy has any difficulty reading, and the record indicates that he has a college
degree.

9
 When addressing a challenge to the adequacy of interpretation, an appellate

court’s inquiry “is focused on whether the alleged inadequacies rendered the

defendant’s trial fundamentally unfair.” Cisneros, 299 Ga. at 849-850 (3) (a). “[A]

defendant is denied a fair trial if interpretation errors significantly hinder his or her

presentation of a defense or alter in a meaningful way the evidence submitted to the

jury.” Id. at 850 (3) (a). Because Hardy’s claim on this issue is akin to a challenge to

a trial court’s decision regarding the appointment of an interpreter, we normally

would review this enumeration of error for abuse of discretion. See Ramos, 279 Ga.

at 892-893 (1); Weldon, 328 Ga. App. at 164 (1); see also Duran, 274 Ga. App. at 879

(4) (“The use of interpreters is within the sound discretion of the trial court.”)

(citation and punctuation omitted).

However, we need not decide whether the trial court abused its discretion,

because Hardy waived appellate review of the trial court’s handling of his hearing

impairment by failing to raise any timely objections to the use of interpreters during

his trial. See Ramos, 279 Ga. at 893 (2); see also Cruz v. State, 305 Ga. App. 805, 808

(2) (700 SE2d 631) (2010) (concluding that the defendants waived appellate review

of their claim that they could not understand the Spanish translations provided during

their trial, which they raised for the first time in their motions for a new trial); Duran,

10
274 Ga. App. at 879-880 (4) (concluding that the defendant’s failure to object to an

interpreter’s qualifications during a pretrial hearing or at trial waived appellate review

of that issue); accord Weldon, 328 Ga. App. at 165 (1). We note that the parties have

not cited, and research has not revealed, any Georgia appellate decisions applying

waiver principles in this context to a claim premised on alleged ADA violations.

Nevertheless, we see no reason why a criminal defendant’s decision to couch an

inadequate-interpretation claim as an alleged ADA violation should have any bearing

on the application of waiver principles here. We therefore deem this claim waived,

notwithstanding Hardy’s reliance on the ADA.

In any event, even if Hardy had not waived this claim, “[h]arm as well as error

must affirmatively be shown by the record to obtain reversal.” Duran, 274 Ga. App.

at 879 (4) (citation and punctuation omitted). And Hardy has not identified any record

evidence establishing that he could not understand the proceedings sufficiently to

meaningfully participate in his own defense.4 Absent any such prejudice, Hardy’s

4
During the hearing on Hardy’s motion for a new trial, when his counsel asked
one of his trial interpreters whether she had any concerns as to Hardy’s ability to
understand what was taking place during his trial, the interpreter responded that such
a question would be better directed to Hardy. She added, however, that Hardy “had
every opportunity” to speak up “multiple times, every single day” if there was
something he did not understand. Hardy’s trial counsel testified that — other than
instances in which Hardy requested clarification, as reflected in the record (and

11
claim fails on the merits. See id.; see also Birdow v. State, 305 Ga. 48, 54 (3) (823

SE2d 736) (2019) (a criminal defendant-appellant bears the burden of showing that

hearing assistance during trial was inadequate); King v. State, 300 Ga. 180, 182 (2)

(794 SE2d 110) (2016) (“The appellant bears the burden of proving error by the

appellate record . . . .”); Puga-Cerantes v. State, 281 Ga. 78, 80 (5) (635 SE2d 118)

(2006) (finding no reversible error arising out of the use of an interpreter where the

appellant failed to show how he “was denied the right to participate in a meaningful

way in the proceedings”).

And while Hardy maintains that prejudice should be presumed based on alleged

ADA violations, he cites no authority supporting that claim in the context of a

criminal trial,5 and we decline to apply any such presumption here. Moreover,

discussed above) — counsel could not recall any other instances in which Hardy did
not understand the proceedings.
5
In Ward v. State, 288 Ga. 641, 644-647 (4) (706 SE2d 430) (2011), cited by
Hardy, the Supreme Court of Georgia held that, absent a waiver, prejudice was
presumed when the trial court’s ex parte dismissal of a juror violated the defendants’
rights to be present. Because Hardy has not met his burden of showing that his right
to be present in fact was violated, that decision has no bearing here. And in Ford v.
Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co., 267 Ga. 226, 229 (2) (476 SE2d 565) (1996), also cited
by Hardy, the Court held that prejudice is presumed when a trial court violates a
statute requiring the parties’ consent to either consolidation or a joint trial of separate
civil actions. That ruling also plainly has no bearing on this case.

12
pretermitting whether (as Hardy briefly claims in a footnote) this claim is subject to

plain-error review, his failure to establish prejudice still would produce the same

result. See Thompson v. State, 304 Ga. 146, 151 (6) (816 SE2d 646) (2018) (“To

establish plain error, [an a]ppellant must identify an error that was not affirmatively

waived, was clear and not open to reasonable dispute, likely affected the outcome of

the proceeding, and seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.”) (emphasis supplied).

(b) While we conclude that Hardy has not met his burden of showing reversible

error on the specific facts in this case, we nevertheless take this opportunity to remind

judges of their obligations to solicit directly from disabled litigants the best way to

communicate with them. See 28 CFR § 35.160 (a) (1), (b) (1)-(2); Supreme Ct. of Ga.

Comm. on Interpreters, Working with Deaf or Hard of Hearing Persons and Sign

Language Interpreters in the Courtroom — a Bench Card for Judges, available at

https://georgiacourts.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/DHH-bench-card-10-25-

16.pdf (last visited Apr. 13, 2022); see also generally 28 CFR § 35.104 (identifying

numerous options for “[a]uxiliary aids and services” that may be used to aid hearing

impaired persons).

13
 2. Hardy also contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in

three different ways. We address each in turn.

To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, one must show that counsel

rendered deficient performance that prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington,

466 U. S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Seabolt v. Norris, 298

Ga. 583, 584 (783 SE2d 913) (2016). Counsel’s performance is deficient only if it

falls below the wide range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.

Strickland, 466 U. S. at 687-689 (III) (A). This requires a showing of errors so serious

that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth

Amendment. Id. at 687 (III). Prejudice is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 694

(III) (B); Seabolt, 298 Ga. at 584-585. An ineffective-assistance claim is a mixed

question of law and fact, and we accept the trial court’s factual findings unless clearly

erroneous but independently apply the law to those facts. Hulett v. State, 296 Ga. 49,

60 (5) (766 SE2d 1) (2014); see also Strickland, 466 U. S. at 698 (IV). The defendant

bears the burden of proof on both prongs of an ineffective-assistance claim — if he

fails to establish either prong, a reviewing court need not examine the other. See

Robinson v. State, 298 Ga. 455, 463 (6) (782 SE2d 657) (2016).

14
 (a) Hardy argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing

to follow the mandates of the ADA (and related American Bar Association guidelines

on court access for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals) to ensure that Hardy could

communicate effectively at trial. For the reasons stated above in Division 1 (a),

however — and pretermitting whether trial counsel rendered deficient performance

in this respect — Hardy has not established a reasonable probability that the result of

his trial would have been different, had he been offered or provided with different or

additional services.6 See Strickland, 466 U. S. at 694 (III) (B); Seabolt, 298 Ga. at

584-585; Hersi v. State, 257 Ga. App. 63, 64-65 (1) (570 SE2d 365) (2002)

(concluding that trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance by failing to obtain

an official interpreter for trial, where the defendant did not point to “any specific

harm that befell him due to his alleged failure to understand the proceedings, or

which part of the proceedings he did not understand”); see also Sarat-Vasquez v.

State, 350 Ga. App. 322, 326 (2) (829 SE2d 394) (2019) (defendant’s failure to show

that his due process rights were violated as a result of the absence of an interpreter

6
Given our ruling in this regard, we express no opinion on whether any of the
ADA provisions cited by Hardy in support of this enumeration of error — 42 USC
§§ 12181 (7) (F) and 12182 (b) (1) (A), and 28 CFR §§ 36.301 (c) and 36.303 (c) (1)
— have any applicability here.

15
at trial precluded a finding of prejudice on an ineffective-assistance claim premised

on counsel’s failure to secure an interpreter); see also generally Jackson v. State, 306

Ga. 69, 84 (4) (b) (829 SE2d 142) (2019) (prejudice under the plain-error standard is

equivalent to prejudice for an ineffective-assistance claim).

(b) Hardy further maintains that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance

by failing to file a “particularized” general demurrer to Count 1 of his indictment. We

disagree.

A general demurrer challenges the validity of an indictment by
asserting that the substance of the indictment is legally insufficient to
charge any crime. In other words, a general demurrer is essentially a
claim that the indictment is fatally defective and, therefore, void,
because it fails to allege facts that constitute the charged crime or any
other crime, including a lesser included offense of the charged crime.

Everhart v. State, 337 Ga. App. 348, 353 (3) (a) (786 SE2d 866) (2016) (citation,

punctuation, and emphasis omitted). “An indictment shall be deemed sufficiently

technical and correct to withstand a general demurrer if it states the offense in the

terms and language of [the] Code or so plainly that the nature of the offense charged

may easily be understood by the jury.” Smith v. State, 340 Ga. App. 457, 458 (797

SE2d 679) (2017) (citation and punctuation omitted); accord OCGA § 17-7-54 (a);

16
see also Torres v. State, 361 Ga. App. 149, 153 (2) (863 SE2d 399) (2021) (“[A]n

indictment that uses statutory language to charge the defendant with a crime will

withstand a demurrer alleging that the indictment is insufficient.”).

“The true test of the sufficiency of an indictment to withstand a general

demurrer is found in the answer to the question: Can the defendant admit the charge

as made and still be innocent? If he can, the indictment is fatally defective.” Moon v.

State, 335 Ga. App. 642, 648 (3) (782 SE2d 699) (2016) (citation and punctuation

omitted). Thus,

to withstand a general demurrer, an indictment must: (1) recite the
language of the statute that sets out all the elements of the offense
charged, or (2) allege the facts necessary to establish violation of a
criminal statute. If either of these requisites is met, then the accused
cannot admit the allegations of the indictment and yet be not guilty of
the crime charged.

Jackson v. State, 301 Ga. 137, 141 (1) (800 SE2d 356) (2017).

Here, Count 1 charged Hardy with violating OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1),

which, in relevant part, makes it unlawful

for any person intentionally or willfully to utilize a[n] . . . Internet
service . . . or . . . electronic device[ ] to . . . entice . . . another person

17
 believed by such person to be a child[7] . . . to commit any illegal act by,
with, or against a child as described in . . . Code Section 16-6-5, relating
to the offense of enticing a child for indecent purposes . . . .

Under OCGA § 16-6-5 (a), “[a] person commits the offense of enticing a child for

indecent purposes when he or she solicits, entices, or takes any child under the age

of 16 years to any place whatsoever for the purpose of child molestation or indecent

acts.” Count 1 of Hardy’s indictment alleged, in relevant part, that he committed

the offense of violation of the Computer or Electronic Pornography and
Child Exploitation Prevention Act for that the said accused . . . did
intentionally utilize an internet service and electronic device to entice
another person believed by the accused to be a child under 16 years of
age, for the purpose of committing the act of enticing a child for
indecent purposes . . . . (Capitalization omitted.)

According to Hardy, Count 1 was fatally defective because it did not allege any

facts establishing the elements of OCGA § 16-6-5 (a), i.e., facts showing that Hardy

used an internet service to solicit, entice, or take any child under the age of 16 to a

place for the purpose of child molestation or indecent acts. Contrary to Hardy’s

argument, however, it was not necessary for the State to prove that he in fact

7
The statute defines “[c]hild” as “any person under the age of 16 years.”
OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (b) (1).

18
committed the acts described in OCGA § 16-6-5 (a). See Bolton v. State, 310 Ga.

App. 801, 804-805 (1) (714 SE2d 377) (2011) (“the principal act proscribed by

[OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1)] is solicitation and does not require the

accomplishment of” the predicate crime alleged in the indictment because “the

reference to the underlying . . . offense is relevant to show the element of intent, not

to establish the principal act constituting the crime”). Rather, the State needed to

prove only that Hardy used an internet service or electronic device to entice another

person believed by him to be a child for the purpose of committing the acts described

in OCGA § 16-6-5 (a). See Wetzel v. State, 298 Ga. 20, 29-30 (3) (b) (779 SE2d 263)

(2015) (the predicate offense alleged in an indictment charging a violation of OCGA

§ 16-12-100.2 (d) need not be completed; it suffices if the defendant “merely

solicit[s] or entice[s] the child with the aim of engaging in the relevant criminal

conduct”).

And because it was unnecessary for the State to prove that Hardy committed

the acts described in OCGA § 16-6-5 (a), it follows that the State was not required to

allege such facts in the indictment. See Smith, 340 Ga. App. at 459-463 (1) (an

indictment charging an attempt to entice a child for indecent purposes need not allege

facts sufficient to establish a completed, substantive offense); id. at 465 (3) (an

19
indictment charging a defendant with violating OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) for purposes

of violating OCGA § 16-6-5 alleges only “an attempt” to violate OCGA § 16-6-5, and

not a completed violation of the statute); see also Davis v. State, 281 Ga. App. 855,

859 (2) (637 SE2d 431) (2006) (in prosecutions for criminal attempt or conspiracy,

it is not necessary for the State to establish all elements of the underlying crimes); cf.

State v. Mondor, 306 Ga. 338, 344 (1) (830 SE2d 206) (2019) (an indictment alleging

that the defendant “did knowingly fail to . . . comply with the requirements of” a

cross-referenced statutory provision sufficiently alleged the requisite mens rea

because the indictment necessarily incorporated the knowledge requirements set forth

in the cross-referenced provision).

Thus, because Hardy could not have admitted the facts alleged and still be

innocent of the crime charged in Count 1, the indictment was sufficient to withstand

a general demurrer. See Moon, 335 Ga. App. at 648-649 (3); see also Mondor, 306

Ga. at 341 (1) (“[I]f, taking the facts alleged as premises, the guilt of the accused

follows as a legal conclusion, the indictment is good.”) (citation and punctuation

omitted). Consequently, Hardy cannot establish either deficient performance or

prejudice based on his trial counsel’s failure to file a demurrer. See Subar v. State,

309 Ga. 805, 809 (2) (848 SE2d 109) (2020) (“[C]ounsel cannot be ineffective for

20
failing to make a meritless motion.”) (citation and punctuation omitted); Moon, 335

Ga. App. at 649 (3); see also Strickland, 466 U. S. at 687-689 (III) (A), 694 (III) (B);

Seabolt, 298 Ga. at 584-585.

(c) Hardy further contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance

by failing to move for a directed verdict of acquittal based on a fatal variance between

the allegations in the indictment and the proof adduced at trial. We disagree.

“If the indictment sets out the offense as done in a particular way, the proof

must show it so, or there will be a variance.” Fortner v. State, 350 Ga. App. 226, 230

(1) (828 SE2d 434) (2019) (citation and punctuation omitted). However,

[n]ot every variance in proof from that alleged in the indictment is fatal.
The fundamental test is to determine whether (1) the accused was
definitely informed of the charges against him so as to enable him to
present his defense and not to be taken by surprise, and (2) the accused
was adequately protected against another prosecution for the same
offense. Consequently, the true inquiry is not whether there has been a
variance in proof, but whether there has been such a variance as to affect
the substantial rights of the accused. Only in the latter cases is the
variance considered fatal.

Moon, 335 Ga. App. at 647 (2) (citations and punctuation omitted); accord Wilhite v.

State, 337 Ga. App. 324, 329 (3) (787 SE2d 293) (2016).

21
 (i) As stated above, Count 1 of Hardy’s indictment alleged, in relevant part,

that he “intentionally utilize[d] an internet service and electronic device to entice

another person believed by [him] to be a child under 16 years of age, for the purpose

of committing the act of enticing a child for indecent purposes . . . .” (Capitalization

omitted.)8 Hardy contends that there was no evidence that he (a) enticed a person he

believed to be a child, (b) did so for the purpose of enticing another child for indecent

purposes, or (c) communicated with a person he believed to be a child.

Hardy’s first and third claims ignore the evidence in this case. While he

maintains that he communicated only with the detective, who was posing as the

child’s stepfather, the jury was entitled to find that Hardy was enticing a person he

believed to be the stepdaughter through his communications with the detective /

stepfather, given his question asking if the stepdaughter had seen his picture and the

detective’s messages to the effect that the stepdaughter “was really turned up” after

seeing the picture and wanted Hardy to bring wine coolers. Hardy’s message asking

if the stepdaughter “like[d] to give head” and stating that he had “protection” further

authorized the jury to find that Hardy believed that he was enticing the stepdaughter

through his communications with the detective/stepfather.

8
See Division 2 (b), above, for the relevant statutory text.

22
 Hardy’s second claim misreads the indictment. Even if inartfully drafted, the

indictment did not require a transaction involving two different children (or persons

believed to be children). Given its most natural reading, the plain language of the

indictment rather required the State to prove only that Hardy enticed another person

believed to be a child for the purpose of committing the act of enticing a child for

indecent purposes, even if both were the same child.9

The allegations in Count 1 adequately (i) informed Hardy of the charges

against him to enable him to defend himself and not be taken by surprise and

(ii) protected him against another prosecution for the same offense. See Wilhite, 337

Ga. App. at 329 (3); Moon, 335 Ga. App. at 647 (2). Consequently, Hardy cannot

9
We acknowledge that, by charging OCGA § 16-6-5 (a) (enticing a child for
indecent purposes) as the predicate offense underlying a count charging a violation
of OCGA § 16-12-100.2 (d) (1) (computer pornography and child exploitation), the
State puts itself in the arguably awkward position of bearing the burden of proving
that a defendant enticed a person believed to be a child for the purpose of enticing a
child for indecent purposes. That the State’s burden may be grammatically awkward,
however, does not result in the strained interpretation that Hardy proposes. See Deal
v. Coleman, 294 Ga. 170, 172 (1) (a) (751 SE2d 337) (2013) (when considering the
meaning of a statute, we must “presume that the General Assembly meant what it said
and said what it meant” and afford the statutory text its “plain and ordinary meaning”)
(citations and punctuation omitted); see also Turner v. Ga. River Network, 297 Ga.
306, 308 (773 SE2d 706) (2015) (absent clear evidence that the General Assembly
intended a contrary meaning, we assign words in a statute their “ordinary, logical, and
common meanings”) (citation and punctuation omitted).

23
establish either deficient performance or prejudice based on his trial counsel’s failure

to move for a directed verdict on this ground. See Subar, 309 Ga. at 809 (2); see also

Strickland, 466 U. S. at 687-689 (III) (A), 694 (III) (B); Seabolt, 298 Ga. at 584-585.

(ii) Count 2 of Hardy’s indictment alleged, in relevant part, that he committed

the offense of attempted child molestation,

in that the said accused did contact and communicate online with a
person said accused believed to be under 16 years of age, and did travel
to a residence located in Camden County, Georgia for the purpose of
engaging in sexual contact with the person the accused believed to be a
child, said act constituting a substantial step toward the commission of
said offense . . . . (Capitalization omitted.)10

Hardy again claims that there was no evidence that he communicated with a person

believed to be under the age of 16, given that all of his direct communications were

with the detective, posing as the stepfather. For the reasons stated above in Division

(2) (c) (i), however, the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find that Hardy

10
As relevant here, “[a] person commits the offense of child molestation when
such person . . . [d]oes any immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with
any child under the age of 16 years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual
desires of either the child or the person . . . .” OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1). And “[a] person
commits the offense of criminal attempt when, with intent to commit a specific crime,
he performs any act which constitutes a substantial step toward the commission of
that crime.” OCGA § 16-4-1.

24
believed that he was communicating with the stepdaughter via the messages he

exchanged with the stepfather. And as is the case with Count 1, the allegations in

Count 2 satisfied the relevant standard, as a result of which Hardy cannot establish

either deficient performance or prejudice based on his trial counsel’s failure to move

for a directed verdict on this ground. See Subar, 309 Ga. at 809 (2); Wilhite, 337 Ga.

App. at 329 (3); Moon, 335 Ga. App. at 647 (2); see also Strickland, 466 U. S. at 687-

689 (III) (A), 694 (III) (B); Seabolt, 298 Ga. at 584-585.

3. Finally, we reject Hardy’s claim that the cumulative prejudice of errors

committed by the trial court and his trial counsel entitle him to a new trial. See State

v. Lane, 308 Ga. 10, 17 (1) (838 SE2d 808) (2020). Because we found that trial

counsel did not perform deficiently by failing to file a motion for a directed verdict

or general demurrer, those issues are irrelevant to the cumulative prejudice analysis.

See Flood v. State, 311 Ga. 800, 808-809 (2) (d) (860 SE2d 731) (2021) (“[W]hen

reviewing a claim of cumulative prejudice, we evaluate only the effects of matters

determined to be error, not the cumulative effect of non-errors.”) (citation and

punctuation omitted). And Hardy’s remaining claims of error are both predicated on

the same proposition — that the failure to provide him with alternate hearing

impairment accommodations interfered with his ability to participate meaningfully

25
in his defense. Because Hardy did not meet his burden of establishing prejudice on

either such claim, he necessarily has not established cumulative prejudice in that

regard, given the substantial overlap between those claims.

Judgment affirmed. Doyle, P. J., and Reese, J., concur.

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