In re K.M. CA4/3

Filed 4/27/22 In re K.M. CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

In re K.M., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

ORANGE COUNTY SOCIAL
SERVICES AGENCY,
G060879
Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. 21DP0421)
v.
OPINION
S.M.,

Defendant and Appellant.

Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Vibav
Mittal, Judge. Conditionally reversed and remanded with instructions.
Richard L. Knight, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
 Leon J. Page, County Counsel, and Deborah B. Morse, Deputy County
Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
No appearance for the Minor.
* * *

Mother appeals from a judgment in a dependency petition that terminated
her parental rights as to her daughter and selected adoption as the daughter’s permanent
plan. Mother raises a single issue on appeal: that the court erred in failing to make a
finding that Social Services Agency (SSA) had adequately investigated the minor’s
Indian ancestry under the Indian Child Welfare Act (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.) (ICWA)
and related California law. SSA concedes that the court failed to make a finding and that
the evidence would have been insufficient to support a finding.
Nevertheless seeking an affirmance, SSA moves this court to receive
additional evidence not before the trial court that allegedly demonstrates, first, that
substantial evidence supports a finding that ICWA did not apply, and second, that any
error was harmless because mother could not achieve a different result on remand.
The fundamental problem in this case, which SSA barely acknowledges, is
that the court never made a finding concerning the applicability of the ICWA. Most of
SSA’s brief is devoted to arguing that substantial evidence—i.e., evidence presented for
the first time on appeal—supports a finding that the ICWA was inapplicable. But that
argument puts the cart before the horse. Without a trial court finding as a starting point,
there is nothing for us to review for substantial evidence. Nor can we imply a finding
because, as SSA concedes, the trial court was never presented with evidence that would
have supported a finding. Rather, the court simply never made a finding concerning
ICWA. This was clear error.
SSA contends the error was harmless because mother’s claim of Indian
ancestry was already investigated in a prior dependency proceeding involving minor’s

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half sibling. However, that was a separate proceeding before a different judicial officer.
We cannot presume that the current judge will make the same ruling. SSA also moves to
have us admit evidence of an actual ICWA investigation that was performed in this case
but never presented to the trial court, which, in SSA’s view, shows that ICWA does not
apply to minor. However, the adequacy of SSA’s investigation is disputed, and the Court
of Appeal is not the appropriate venue for resolving that dispute. More fundamentally,
because adherence to ICWA procedures is essential to protect the rights of tribes who
may have an interest in this proceeding, prejudice is presumed. Accordingly, we reverse.

FACTS

Minor was born in April 2021 with methamphetamine in her system.
Mother admitted to having used methamphetamine two days before giving birth. She had
abused it throughout her pregnancy. As a result of the positive toxicology screen, the
court detained minor. Mother was granted supervised visitation. Minor was
subsequently placed with a foster parent.
At the jurisdictional hearing, the court found mother had an unresolved
substance abuse problem involving alcohol, heroin, and methamphetamine. The court
sustained the dependency petition under the Welfare and Institution code, section 300,
subds. (b)(1) (failure to adequately supervise or protect the minor) and (j) (neglect of
1
sibling). The court denied reunification services to mother on the ground that she had
been offered reunification services in a dependency proceeding involving minor’s half
sibling in 2019, but failed to reunify. (See Welf. & Inst. Code, § 361.5, subd. (b)(10)-
(11) [reunification services may be bypassed where parent failed to reunify with sibling
or had parental rights terminated as to sibling].)
1
All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institution code unless stated
otherwise.

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 The dependency proceeding involving the half sibling was initiated in May
2019 because the half sibling likewise was born with methamphetamine in his system.
Mother was offered reunification services but did not engage in services and failed to
reunify. Ultimately, her parental rights to the half sibling were terminated and the half
sibling was put up for adoption. At the time of minor’s detention in the current
proceeding, the half sibling was “a couple months” from having his adoption finalized.
In the current proceeding, after bypassing reunification services, the court
held a hearing pursuant to section 366.26 (.26 hearing) at which it terminated mother’s
parental rights. The court found that minor was adoptable (the foster parent had
expressed a desire to adopt minor) and selected that as minor’s permanent plan. Mother
appealed.

ICWA Investigation
At the time of detention, mother denied any Indian heritage. However, at
the detention hearing she claimed to have Apache heritage. The court ordered SSA to
further investigate mother’s claim and deferred making a finding on the applicability of
ICWA.
In a subsequent interview, mother claimed her father Geronimo J. was a
“registered full-blooded” member of an Apache tribe. However, she did not have any
contact information for him or any tribe members.
Afterward, any further ICWA inquiry seems to have been forgotten by both
the parties and the court. The only subsequent mention of ICWA was in the November 8,
2021 social worker’s report, which was received immediately prior to the .26 hearing.
The social worker recommended finding that the ICWA did not apply, and referred the
court to an attached ICWA report dated October 19, 2021. However, the October 19,
2021 ICWA report was not attached. The court never made any findings concerning the

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application of ICWA, and SSA did not include any further information in its reports
concerning its investigation of mother’s alleged Indian ancestry.
After filing the appeal, mother moved this court to augment the record to
include the ICWA report that was missing from the report dated November 8, 2021,
referenced above. We initially granted the motion and instructed the trial court to
supplement the Clerk’s Transcript. Rather than supplement the clerk’s transcript,
however, the superior court simply sent over the document. We then issued an order
stating, “Due to the manner of the response to this court’s order, it is now unclear
whether the document at issue . . . is a ‘document filed or lodged in the case in superior
court.’” To resolve the issue, we ordered SSA to respond by indicating whether it
conceded that the record would be properly augmented with the document. SSA
responded that the document was accurate, though it could not be found in the juvenile
court’s file. SSA then filed a motion pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 909 to
introduce an updated version of the report into evidence on appeal. On the same day,
SSA requested that we take judicial notice of documents from the prior dependency
proceeding involving minor’s half sibling. We deferred a ruling on both motions pending
this opinion.

DISCUSSION

Mother’s contention on appeal is that the court erred in failing to make a
finding concerning ICWA and that, in any event, there would have been insufficient
evidence to support a finding that ICWA does not apply. SSA concedes that error but
attempts to ameliorate it by introducing additional evidence on appeal. Below, we begin
with a general overview of ICWA and then proceed to discuss the admissibility of SSA’s
proffered evidence.

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 Congress passed ICWA “to protect the best interests of Indian children and
to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by the establishment of
minimum Federal standards for the removal of Indian children from their families and the
placement of such children in foster or adoptive homes which will reflect the unique
values of Indian culture . . . .” (25 U.S.C. § 1902.) As this policy formulation suggests,
the protections of ICWA inure to the benefit of not only Indian children, but also the
tribes themselves. (Miss. Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989) 490 U.S. 30, 49.)
Because a tribe is not usually a party to a dependency proceeding at the outset, ICWA,
and accompanying California law, imposes certain duties on SSA and the court to
investigate potential Indian ancestry and to provide notice to tribes, who then have the
option to intervene in the proceeding. (25 U.S.C. §§ 1911, subd. (c), 1912; Welfare &
Inst. Code, § 224.) A dependency proceeding that violates ICWA is subject to collateral
attack: “Any Indian child, the Indian child’s tribe, or the parent or Indian custodian from
whose custody the child has been removed, may petition the court to invalidate an action
in an Indian child custody proceeding for foster care or guardianship placement or
termination of parental rights if the action violated Section 1911, 1912, or 1913 of the
federal Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224, subd. (e).)
“The court, county welfare department, and the probation department have
an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire whether a child for whom a petition under
Section 300, 601, or 602 may be or has been filed, is or may be an Indian child. The duty
to inquire begins with the initial contact . . . .” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224.2, subd. (a).)
The next step turns on whether SSA and the court receive information that provides a
“reason to believe” or “reason to know” that the minor is an Indian child. “If the court,
social worker, or probation officer has reason to believe that an Indian child is involved
in a proceeding, but does not have sufficient information to determine that there is reason
to know that the child is an Indian child, the court, social worker, or probation officer
shall make further inquiry regarding the possible Indian status of the child, and shall

6
make that inquiry as soon as practicable.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224.2, subd. (e), italics
added.) Further inquiry involves, among other things, “[i]nterviewing the parents, Indian
custodian, and extended family members . . . .” (Id. at subd. (e)(2)(A).) If, by contrast,
there is “reason to know” the minor is an Indian child, then SSA must provide formal
notice to the affected tribe. (Id. at subd. (b); § 224.3.) SSA and the court must then work
with the tribe to determine whether minor is in fact an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (g).)
The tribe’s determination on that point is conclusive. (Id. at subd. (h).)
Here, mother reported that her father was a “full blooded” member of an
Apache tribe. The parties are in agreement that this triggered, at minimum, a duty to
make further inquiry. Moreover, SSA concedes the following: “should this Court deny
the Motion to Take Additional Evidence or decline to take judicial notice of [the half
sibling’s] court records, it is conceded the currently constituted record does not include
sufficient documentation that SSA conducted a ‘further inquiry’ as required under the
ICWA.”
The additional evidence SSA seeks to introduce comes in two batches.
First, SSA requested that we take judicial notice of certain records from the
half sibling’s case. Those records purport to show the following: In the prior
proceeding, mother claimed Apache Indian ancestry. SSA sent a notice to the Bureau of
Indian Affairs (BIA), the Secretary of the Interior, and eight Apache tribes. The notice
included mother’s identifying information and the name of her father, Geronimo J., but
2
without any contact information other than that he lives in Missouri. Due to a lack of
contact information, the social worker was unable to contact any of mother’s relatives.
The tribes all responded that the half sibling was not eligible for enrollment. The court
found ICWA did not apply.

2
We have abbreviated mother’s father’s last name for privacy purposes. The
notices included his full name.

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 Second, SSA moves under Code of Civil Procedure section 909 that we
admit evidence not presented to the trial court, namely, a report from a social worker of
an investigation undertaken in this proceeding (this purports to be the report that was
supposed to be attached to the social worker’s report dated November 8, 2021).
According to the report, the same social worker from the half-sibling’s case contacted the
BIA and eight Apache tribes, providing mother’s information as well as the name of
mother’s father, this time spelled Jeronimo J. (as compared to Geronimo J.). The notice
did not include any contact information for mother’s father (as compared to his state of
residence in the prior case). Each of the tribes responded that minor is not eligible for
enrollment.
Code of Civil Procedure section 909 provides, “In all cases where trial by
jury is not a matter of right or where trial by jury has been waived, the reviewing court
may make factual determinations contrary to or in addition to those made by the trial
court. The factual determinations may be based on the evidence adduced before the trial
court either with or without the taking of evidence by the reviewing court. The reviewing
court may for the purpose of making the factual determinations or for any other purpose
in the interests of justice, take additional evidence of or concerning facts occurring at any
time prior to the decision of the appeal, and may give or direct the entry of any judgment
or order and may make any further or other order as the case may require. This section
shall be liberally construed to the end among others that, where feasible, causes may be
finally disposed of by a single appeal and without further proceedings in the trial court
except where in the interests of justice a new trial is required on some or all of the
issues.”
Although Code of Civil Procedure section 909 is to be liberally construed,
it is, nonetheless, sparingly used. “It has long been the general rule and understanding
that ‘an appeal reviews the correctness of a judgment as of the time of its rendition, upon
a record of matters which were before the trial court for its consideration.’ [Citation.]

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This rule reflects an ‘essential distinction between the trial and the appellate court … that
it is the province of the trial court to decide questions of fact and of the appellate court to
decide questions of law . . . .’ [Citation.] The rule promotes the orderly settling of
factual questions and disputes in the trial court, provides a meaningful record for review,
and serves to avoid prolonged delays on appeal. ‘Although appellate courts are
authorized to make findings of fact on appeal by Code of Civil Procedure section 909 . . .,
the authority should be exercised sparingly. [Citation.] Absent exceptional
circumstances, no such findings should be made. [Citation.]’ [Citations.] [¶] There is no
blanket exception to the general rule for juvenile dependency appeals.” (In re Zeth
S. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 396, 405.)
We first consider the relevance of the proffered evidence on appeal. SSA
contends the evidence “offer[s] substantial evidence to support a finding that the ICWA
does not apply to the underlying proceedings.” Before we can reach a substantial
evidence review, however, there must be a finding for us to review. SSA has largely
ignored this flaw in its argument. Its only recognition of the issue is a citation to a case
with a parenthetical description regarding implied findings. (See In re E.W. (2009) 170
Cal.App.4th 396 (E.W.).) A review of that case, however, persuades us that the present
case is not suitable for such a finding.
In E.W., the court failed to make an explicit finding concerning the
applicability of ICWA, which the mother contended was error. (E.W., supra, at p. 403.)
The court recognized there was some disagreement in the case law regarding whether an
explicit ruling is required or whether a court of appeal may imply a finding. (Id. at p.
404.) Where all courts agree, however, is that “‘[t]he point of the matter is the court must
decide, one way or the other, whether the ICWA applies, so it can proceed in compliance
therewith when appropriate.’” (Id. at p. 404.) The E.W. court concluded an implied
finding sufficed. It found an implied finding appropriate because “the social worker’s
reports specifically discussed the ICWA issue and included documentation of the notices

9
sent and the negative responses received from the tribes. Given the several reports . . .
specifically discussing the ICWA issue and repeatedly noting that ICWA ‘does not
apply,’ the record reflects an implicit finding concerning the applicability of the ICWA.”
(Ibid.) It contrasted the case with that of In re Jennifer A. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 692
(Jennifer A.), where the court declined to imply a finding because no notice to the tribes
or responses from the tribes was filed with the trial court. (E.W., supra, at p. 404.) The
E.W. court concluded, “We agree with these decisions that an implicit ruling suffices, at
least as long as the reviewing court can be confident that the juvenile court considered the
issue and there is no question but that an explicit ruling would conform to the implicit
one.” (Id. at p. 405.)
Even assuming courts of appeal may imply a finding on ICWA compliance,
the circumstances of the present case are markedly different from E.W. Here, none of the
social worker’s reports discuss any significant investigation after mother claimed her
father was a “full blooded” member of an Apache tribe. When the court was informed of
mother’s claim, it deferred a ruling on ICWA. SSA concedes no substantial evidence of
ICWA compliance was before the court. On such a record, we cannot conclude the court
made an implied finding that ICWA did not apply. And without a finding, there is
nothing for us to review for substantial evidence. The additional evidence is thus
irrelevant to any substantial evidence inquiry.
If not relevant to a substantial evidence inquiry, SSA’s next argument is
that the additional evidence shows that any error was harmless because the outcome of an
ICWA investigation is a foregone conclusion. However, as we recently explained in In
re A.R. (2022) __ Cal.App.5th __,[2022 Cal.App.Lexis 291] the court’s failure to comply
with its duties under ICWA is presumed to be prejudicial. “[A] rule requiring reversal in
all cases where ICWA requirements have been ignored is consistent with the recognition
that parents are effectively acting as ‘surrogate[s]’ for the interests of Native American
tribes when raising this issue on appeal. . . . ‘[A]ppellate review of procedures and

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rulings that are preserved for review irrespective of any action or inaction on the part of
the parent should not be derailed simply because the parent is unable to produce an
adequate record.’ [¶] Any other rule would potential make enforcement of the tribes’
rights dependent on the quality of the parents’ effort on appeal. That would be
inconsistent with the statutory schemes which place that responsibility on the courts and
child welfare agencies.”
Moreover, even if an exception could be made where evidence
demonstrates that ICWA is categorically inapplicable, the evidence SSA offers does not
rise to that level. The fact that a prior court found ICWA inapplicable in the half
sibling’s case is not determinative in the present case. The present case is before a
different judge. That consideration led the court in In re Robert A. (2007) 147
Cal.App.4th 982 to reject an identical harmless error argument. (Id. at p. 989 [“the half
sibling’s dependency case was heard by the juvenile court in El Cajon and presided over
by a different judicial officer than the one who presided over [the minor’s] case.”].) “We
reject Agency’s attempt to bootstrap this case to the half sibling’s case for ICWA
purposes . . . .” “ICWA notices in separate dependency cases are not fungible
evidence—even when the separate cases involve half siblings who share the same parent
with Indian heritage.” (Id. at p. 990.) The fact that different judges are involved renders
this case distinguishable from E.W. where the court found ICWA notice as to one sibling
rendered the absence of notice as to the other sibling harmless. In E.W. the siblings were
“part of the same dependency case, in the same courthouse, before the same judicial
officer.” (E.W., supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at p. 401.) Not so here. Because the records
from the half sibling’s proceeding cannot establish a lack of prejudice, we deny SSA’s
request for judicial notice. (See Robert A. at p. 990 [“Because ICWA documents from
the half sibling’s case were not before the juvenile court at the time of the proceedings in
question nor part of the juvenile court case file, it is inappropriate to augment the record
with them.”].)

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 The evidence SSA seeks to introduce of its investigation in this case is
similarly inadequate. Although it appears SSA reached out to various relevant tribes,
mother presents a colorable argument that SSA’s investigation was inadequate because it
failed to reach out to her extended relatives, including her mother. (See Welf. & Inst.
Code, § 224.2, subd. (e)(2)(A) [“further inquiry” requires interviewing extended family
members].) We express no opinion on that dispute, other than that the court of appeal is
not the place to resolve the dispute in the first instance. (Jennifer A., supra, 103
Cal.App.4th at p. 703 [“Making the appellate court the trier of fact is not the solution.”].)
Accordingly, we deny SSA’s motion under Code of Civil Procedure section 909 to
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introduce new evidence on appeal.
Consistent with SSA’s concession, because we have excluded the
additional evidence SSA proffered, we conclude the court prejudicially erred by failing to
make a finding concerning ICWA. It has become common practice in such
circumstances to conditionally reverse the judgment on the theory that if ICWA is
ultimately deemed not to apply, then the error will not have affected the judgment already
rendered. (See, e.g., In re N.D. (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 620, 624.) We will follow that
practice in this case.

3
For the same reasons, we vacate our prior ruling granting mother’s motion
to augment the record and instead deny that request.

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 DISPOSITION

The judgment is conditionally reversed and remanded to the juvenile court
for the limited purpose of allowing SSA to comply with the ICWA. After complying
with applicable inquiry and notice requirements, if it is determined that the ICWA does
not apply, the court’s judgment shall be reinstated.

MARKS, J.*

WE CONCUR:

GOETHALS, ACTING P. J.

SANCHEZ, J.

*Judge of the Orange County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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