Lyles v. Santander Consumer USA Inc.

Jabari Morese Lyles v. Santander Consumer USA Inc., Misc. No. 3, September Term,
2021. Opinion by Getty, C.J.

COMMERCIAL LAW — CREDIT GRANTOR CLOSED END CREDIT
PROVISIONS — PENALTY FOR KNOWING VIOLATION — CALCULATION
OF DAMAGES
Answering a certified question from the United States District Court for the District of
Maryland, the Court of Appeals held that Maryland Code (1983, 2013 Repl. Vol., 2021
Supp.), Commercial Law Article § 12-1018(b) requires a credit grantor that knowingly
violates the Credit Grantor Closed End Credit Provisions to forfeit to the borrower treble
the amount of interest, fees, and charges collected in violation of the subtitle.
 United States District Court
For the District of Maryland
Case No. 1:21-cv-00566-CCB
Argued: October 4, 2021 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

Misc. No. 3

September Term, 2021

JABARI MORESE LYLES

v.

SANTANDER CONSUMER USA INC.

*Getty, C.J.
*McDonald,
Watts,
Hotten,
Booth,
Biran,
Wilner, Alan M.
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned)

JJ.

Opinion by Getty, C.J.

Filed: May 13, 2022
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document
is authentic.
*Getty, C.J., and McDonald, J., now Senior
Judges, participated in the hearing and conference
of this case while active members of this Court;
2022-05-13 after being recalled pursuant to Maryland
Constitution, Article IV, Section 3A, they also
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
13:46-04:00 participated in the decision and adoption of this
opinion.
 Consumers may use “closed end credit” and “revolving credit” in making purchases

for a variety of consumer goods by borrowing funds through a credit plan. “Closed end

credit” requires a borrower to repay the amount owed in multiple installments, generally

of an equal amount, over a fixed period of time. “Revolving credit” enables a borrower to

purchase goods or secure loans on a continuing basis as long as the borrower’s total balance

does not exceed a specified limit. The borrower has the option of paying the minimum

required monthly payment, paying any amount above the minimum payment each month,

or paying off the entire balance.

Borrowers frequently access closed end credit to finance the purchase of a motor

vehicle. In Maryland, if the purchase of a motor vehicle is financed by an installment sale,

the lender may elect for the contract to be governed by either of two statutes located in

Title 12 of the Commercial Law Article (“CL”) of the Maryland Code—the Credit Grantor

Closed End Credit Provisions (“CLEC”), CL §§ 12-1001 et seq., or the Maryland Retail

Installment Sales Act, CL §§ 12-601 et seq. See Patton v. Wells Fargo Fin. Md., Inc., 437

Md. 83, 88–89 (2014). The present matter involves a borrower who purchased a motor

vehicle and financed it by closed end credit pursuant to an agreement governed by CLEC.

Before this Court is a certified question of law from the United States District Court

for the District of Maryland (“federal district court”) regarding the calculation of damages

under Maryland Code (“Md. Code”), (1983, 2013 Repl. Vol., 2021 Supp.), Commercial

Law Article § 12-1018(b). Appellant Jabari Morese Lyles (“Mr. Lyles”) initiated the

underlying class action against Appellee Santander Consumer USA, Inc. (“Santander”) for

alleged violations of CLEC.
 This matter comes before the Court with unique posturing. The question posed to

this Court will inform the federal district court’s analysis of its subject matter jurisdiction

after resolution of the certified question. Mr. Lyles, the Plaintiff in the federal district

court, advocates for a damages calculation that would entitle him to lesser monetary relief

than the interpretation Santander argued before the federal district court. We hold that,

based upon prior caselaw regarding CLEC, a plain language analysis of CL § 12-1018(b),

and a review of the pertinent legislative history, CL § 12-1018(b) requires a credit grantor

who knowingly violates CLEC to forfeit three times the amounts of interest, fees, and

charges collected in violation of CLEC.

BACKGROUND

Pursuant to the Maryland Uniform Certification of Questions of Law Act, Md. Code

(1996, 2020 Repl. Vol.), Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJ”) §§ 12-601 et seq.,

this Court has the power to certify questions of law to another court and answer questions

of law presented to it. “[I]f the answer may be determinative of an issue in pending

litigation in the certifying court and there is no controlling appellate decision, constitutional

provision, or statute of this State[,]” this Court may “answer a question of law certified to

it by a court of the United States[.]” CJ § 12-603; see also United Bank v. Buckingham,

472 Md. 407, 411 (2021). In answering a certified question of law, this Court resolves

only issues of Maryland law, not questions of fact. Parler & Wobber v. Miles &

Stockbridge, 359 Md. 671, 681 (2000). As such, this Court accepts the statement of facts

submitted to it by the certifying court and will not “evaluate or weigh the evidence[.]” Reed

2
v. Campagnolo, 332 Md. 226, 228 (1993) (quoting Food Fair Stores v. Joy, 283 Md. 205,

219 n.7 (1978)).

The Maryland General Assembly enacted CLEC and other legislation as a part of

the Credit Deregulation Act of 1983 “to entice creditors to do business in the State[.]” Ford

Motor Credit Co., LLC v. Roberson, 420 Md. 649, 662 (2011); see also 1983 Md. Laws,

ch. 143. The General Assembly intended to enable Maryland banks “to compete more

effectively with banks in nearby states.” Patton, 437 Md. at 105. As this Court has

previously explained:

Prior to the 1983 session of the General Assembly, four Maryland banks
transferred certain of their operations to Delaware where the banking laws
were more favorable. These included the credit card operations of two major
banks based in Baltimore. Some 1,000 jobs were lost in the Baltimore area.
The response by the General Assembly was Chapter 143 of the Acts of 1983,
the enactment of which was urged by then Mayor Schaefer of Baltimore and
others. Chapter 143 has become known as the Credit Deregulation Act of
1983.

Biggus v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 328 Md. 188, 197 (1992).

CLEC provides consumer protection to borrowers in transactions involving closed

end credit, as well as establishes parameters and requirements with which credit grantors

must comply. Patton, 437 Md. at 89. The subtitle also establishes various remedies to a

borrower if the credit grantor fails to comply with CLEC. Id. at 90. Notably, these

protections, parameters, requirements, and remedies only apply if a credit grantor

affirmatively elects CLEC to apply to a closed end credit loan. See CL § 12-1013;

CL § 12-1013.1.

3
 The following facts are provided in the federal district court’s Certification Order.

On or about January 11, 2021, Mr. Lyles initiated the underlying class action in the Circuit

Court for Baltimore City alleging that Santander violated CLEC. Mr. Lyles entered into a

Retail Installment Sales Contract (“RISC”) to finance the purchase of a motor vehicle. The

RISC, subsequently assigned to Santander, expressly invoked CLEC as the governing law.

Mr. Lyles financed $20,657.00 in the RISC with finance charges of $15,596.44 throughout

the duration of the RISC. Mr. Lyles completed several payments to Santander under the

RISC. As of the filing of the underlying class action, Santander collected at least

$27,029.67 on the RISC, which amounts to $6,372.67 more than the amount Mr. Lyles

financed under the RISC. According to Santander, $15,603.54 remains due on the RISC.

Santander charges a convenience fee to its customers “for making a payment by

phone through a live representative or through an automated system or through the

internet[.]” On Mr. Lyles’ RISC, Santander charged and collected twelve convenience

fees, each for $10.95, totaling $131.40.

Mr. Lyles maintains that Santander knowingly violated CLEC by charging the

twelve convenience fees and asserts that he and the purported class are entitled to relief

under CL § 12-1018(a)(2) and CL § 12-1018(b). Santander removed this action to the

federal district court on March 4, 2021 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)1, which, in part,

requires the class action’s amount in controversy to exceed $5,000,000.

1
28 U.S.C. § 1332(d) sets forth the requirements for a federal district court to have original
jurisdiction over a class action. This statute provides:

4
 Presently, a Motion for Remand is pending before the federal district court. As

such, the federal district court’s subject matter jurisdiction over this matter is dependent on

the proper amount in controversy—i.e., the appropriate amount of damages Mr. Lyles may

be entitled to under CL § 12-1018(b).

The federal district court certified the following question of law to this Court to

determine the appropriate interpretation of CL § 12-1018(b):

If a credit grantor is found to have knowingly violated Credit Grantor Closed
End Credit Provisions (“CLEC”), Maryland Code Annotated, Commercial
Law §§ 12-1001, et seq., does [CL] § 12-1018(b) require the credit grantor
to return three times: (1) all amounts collected by the credit grantor in excess
of the principal amount financed; (2) only those amounts collected that the
borrower contends violate CLEC (in this case, the convenience fees); or (3)
some other amount?

For the reasons that follow, we hold that CL § 12-1018(b) requires a credit grantor

to return three times the amount of interest, fees, and charges collected that the borrower

contends violate CLEC (in this case, the convenience fees).

(2) The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action in
which the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $5,000,000,
exclusive of interest and costs, and is a class action in which–

(A) any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State
different from any defendant;

(B) any member of a class of plaintiffs is a foreign state or a
citizen or subject of a foreign state and any defendant is a
citizen of a State; or

(C) any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State
and any defendant is a foreign state or a citizen or subject of a
foreign state.

28 U.S.C. § 1332(d).
5
 DISCUSSION

A. Parties’ Contentions

Mr. Lyles maintains that if a credit grantor knowingly violates CLEC,

CL § 12-1018(b) requires the credit grantor to forfeit three times the amount of the

unauthorized charges. In this case, that would total $394.20, which is three times $131.40,

the total amount collected for the twelve convenience fees charged. In support of this

contention, Mr. Lyles relies upon the recent Court of Special Appeals’ holding in Bolling

v. Bay Country Consumer Finance, Inc., 251 Md. App. 575 (2021). Mr. Lyles asserts that

the Court of Special Appeals’ interpretation of CL § 12-1018(a)(2), in conjunction with the

plain language of CL § 12-1018(b), indicates that a knowing violation of CLEC entitles

the borrower to treble the unauthorized amounts charged.

In addition, Mr. Lyles emphasizes that the legislative history of CL § 12-1018(b)

demonstrates that the penalty provisions set forth in CLEC are identical to the penalties set

forth in CL § 12-413, the Maryland Secondary Mortgage Loan Law. Accordingly, Mr.

Lyles asserts that caselaw and regulatory decisions interpreting CL § 12-413 provide the

appropriate calculation of damages under CL § 12-1018(b).

Before the federal district court, Santander argued that under CL § 12-1018(b) a

credit grantor would be required to pay three times the amount collected in excess of the

principal amount financed under the RISC. In this matter, that would total $19,118.01,

which is three times $6,372.67, the amount Santander has collected above the amount

financed under the RISC. However, before this Court, Santander did not substantively

oppose Mr. Lyles’ interpretation of CL § 12-1018(b). Counsel for Santander emphasized

6
at oral arguments the “interesting position” Santander maintains of “having an adversary

reducing the amount sought by two million dollars.” Santander cautions that the Bolling

decision is not properly before the Court. Therefore, it would be imprudent to endorse that

holding here. Further, Santander maintains that Bolling did not specifically analyze

CL § 12-1018(b) and, accordingly, should not influence this Court’s statutory

interpretation.

B. Caselaw Interpreting CL § 12-1018(a)

The Court’s analysis of CL § 12-1018(b) begins, naturally, with CL § 12-1018(a).

See Berry v. Queen, 469 Md. 674, 687 (2020) (citing Neal v. Balt. City Bd. of Sch.

Comm’rs, 467 Md. 399, 415 (2020)) (“Our inquiry is not confined to the specific statutory

provision at issue on appeal.”). CL § 12-1018(a) provides, in part:

(2) Except for a bona fide error of computation, if a credit grantor violates
any provision of this subtitle the credit grantor may collect only the principal
amount of the loan and may not collect any interest, costs, fees, or other
charges with respect to the loan.

CL § 12-1018(a)(2).

At the outset, the Court notes that the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth

Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, and the Court of

Special Appeals of Maryland have all interpreted CL § 12-1018(a)(2), some of which have

produced divergent results. We address each case in turn.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit first wrestled with the

statutory language of CL § 12-1018(a)(2) in Bedaiko v. American Honda Finance Corp.,

7
537 F. App’x. 183, 186–87 (4th Cir. 2013).2 There, Melissa Bedaiko, on behalf of a

putative class, asserted that American Honda Finance Corporation (“Honda Finance”)

violated CLEC by providing inadequate notice of the private sale of her repossessed

automobile. Id. at 184. In 2004, Ms. Bedaiko purchased a used automobile with financing

she obtained by a RISC. Id. at 185. Ms. Bedaiko eventually defaulted on her loan, and, as

a result, Honda Finance repossessed her vehicle on or before April 28, 2005. Id. Honda

Finance notified Ms. Bedaiko in writing that it would sell the vehicle at a private sale after

May 15, 2005. Id. Honda Finance sold the vehicle in a private sale on July 1, 2005, and

subsequently sent a post-sale notice to Ms. Bedaiko demanding payment on the deficiency

of $7,036.80, which remained due on the RISC. Id.

In 2010, Ms. Bedaiko filed a putative class action complaint in the United States

District Court for the District of Maryland against Honda Finance alleging defects in the

notice provided. Bedaiko, 537 F. App’x. at 185. Honda Finance filed a motion to dismiss

asserting that Ms. Bedaiko’s claims failed as a matter of law. Id. The court granted Honda

Finance’s motion to dismiss, concluding that the purported CLEC violation did not result

in any actionable damages “because CLEC permits Honda Finance to recover the principal

amount of its loan notwithstanding the alleged CLEC violation.” Id. Ms. Bedaiko

subsequently appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Id.

The dispositive issue before the Fourth Circuit was whether Ms. Bedaiko failed to state a

2
Unpublished opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit are not
binding precedent in that court; however, it is appropriate to begin with Bedaiko, which
laid the foundation for the published opinions that followed.
8
claim because Honda Finance had not collected more than the principal amount of her loan.

Id. at 185–86.

The Fourth Circuit agreed with the United States District Court for the District of

Maryland’s conclusion that Ms. Bedaiko’s claims failed as a matter of law due to her

deficiency in alleging actual, compensable damages. Bedaiko, 537 F. App’x. at 186. The

Court explained that CL § 12-1018(a)(2), “by its plain terms, limits a debtor’s relief under

CLEC to any amounts paid in excess of the principal amount of the loan.” Id. The Court

further emphasized that CL § 12-1018(a)(2) “expressly permits creditors to recover the

principal amount of a loan.” Id. at 187. As such, the Court determined that Ms. Bedaiko

had “no right to monetary relief under [CL §] 12-1018(a)(2).” Id.

Two years after Bedaiko, the Fourth Circuit revisited this topic—this time issuing a

published opinion—in Gardner v. GMAC, Inc., 796 F.3d 390, 394 (4th Cir. 2015).

Gardner also involved a credit grantor repossessing vehicles following borrowers

defaulting on their respective loans. Id. at 393. The borrowers in Gardner attempted to

distinguish the Fourth Circuit’s previous holding in Bedaiko by claiming that the credit

grantor in Bedaiko fully complied with CLEC. Id. at 394. The Fourth Circuit declined to

make this distinction and, instead, chose to follow the rules articulated in its prior holding.

Id. The Court explained that the borrowers had not paid anything in excess of the principal

amount of their loans to the credit grantor, and, therefore, did not allege any actual damages

under CL § 12-1018(a)(2). Id.

Under this reasoning, regardless of whether a borrower has asserted a valid CLEC

violation, if the borrower has not paid the credit grantor in excess of the principal loan

9
amount, the borrower “‘is unable to state a claim because she [or he] has suffered no actual

damages that are compensable under CLEC.’” Gardner, 796 F.3d at 394 (quoting Bedaiko,

537 F. App’x at 188). To determine if the credit grantor has received money in excess of

the principal loan amount, the federal courts “recharacterize all of the borrower’s payments

during the life of the loan as payments toward [the] principal and then subtract that total

and the sale proceeds from the original principal amount of the loan.” Id. (citing Bedaiko,

537 F. App’x at 186 & n.1).

Relying principally on Bedaiko and Gardner, the United States District Court for

the District of Maryland had occasion to apply CL § 12-1018(a)(2) in Campbell v. Toyota

Motor Credit Corp., No. PWG-18-150, 2018 WL 3439250 at *2 (D. Md. July 17, 2018).

In Campbell, Delphine Campbell entered into a RISC assigned to Toyota Motor Credit

Corporation (“TMCC”), which affirmatively elected CLEC as the governing law, to

purchase an automobile. Id. Ms. Campbell eventually stopped making payments to TMCC

under the RISC. Id. As such, TMCC repossessed the vehicle, conducted a private sale of

the automobile, and provided Ms. Campbell with a post-sale notice. Id. Ms. Campbell

filed a class action lawsuit against TMCC in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County

alleging violations of CLEC’s notice requirements. Id. at *1. TMCC subsequently

removed the action to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. Id.

Before that court, TMCC filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that Ms. Campbell failed to

state a claim because “CLEC does not permit statutory damages[,]” and Ms. Campbell did

not make payments to TMCC in excess of the principal amount of the loan. Id. at *6.

10
 In conducting its analysis, the United States District Court for the District of

Maryland emphasized that CL § 12-1018(a)(2) “merely stops a creditor’s collection from

the debtor beyond the principal loan amount.” Campbell, 2018 WL 3439250 at *7. The

court went on to explain that “even if TMCC violated CLEC’s notice requirement as Ms.

Campbell alleges, it still would be entitled to collect the principal amount of the loan;

TMCC is not required, as a result of its alleged CLEC violation, to refund or forfeit all

money it received beyond the principal.” Id. Accordingly, the United States District Court

for the District of Maryland concluded that Ms. Campbell did not appropriately plead a

claim “under CLEC because she [had] not suffered any injury for which the statute affords

a monetary recovery.” Id. at *8.

Most recently, the Court of Special Appeals interpreted CL § 12-1018(a)(2) in

Bolling. 251 Md. App. at 611. Compared to the federal courts’ interpretations, the Bolling

court rendered a different analysis of when a borrower may bring a claim for relief under

CL § 12-1018(a)(2). Id. at 594. The intermediate appellate court determined that

CL § 12-1018(a)(2) does not “bar relief for a violation of CLEC until after the borrower

pays off the principal amount of the loan[.]” Id. Instead, the Court of Special Appeals

concluded that CL § 12-1018(a)(2) “limit[s] the amount of damages that a credit [grantor]

has to pay[.]” Id. As such, the intermediate appellate court ultimately held that “a cause

of action may accrue after a violation has occurred where the borrower can show that she

[or he] has suffered compensable damage under CLEC . . . or where the borrower requests

appropriate declaratory or injunctive relief.” Id. at 596–97.

11
 It is clear that the federal courts and the intermediate appellate court disagree as to

when a borrower is permitted to bring a claim under CL § 12-1018(a)(2). However, the

federal courts and the intermediate appellate court both recognize that “‘CLEC does not

provide for any fixed statutory damages beyond the [borrower’s] actual loss[,]’” and “that

the penalty prescribed under CL § 12-1018(a)(2) confines the credit grantor to collection

of the principal amount of the loan, thereby forfeiting any outstanding interest, charges,

costs and fees[.]” Bolling, 251 Md. App. at 594 (quoting Bedaiko, 537 F. App’x at 187).

The issue of when a borrower is permitted to bring a claim under CL § 12-1018(a)(2) is

not presently before this Court. Nonetheless, the principle that CL § 12-1018(a)(2) limits

a credit grantor’s collection to the principal loan amount informs this Court’s

understanding of CL § 12-1018(b), to which we now turn.

C. CL § 12-1018(b)

Well-settled principles of statutory construction guide the appropriate calculation of

damages under CL § 12-1018(b). When engaging in statutory interpretation, this Court’s

“chief objective is to ascertain the General Assembly’s purpose and intent when it enacted

the statute.” Berry, 469 Md. at 687 (citing Neal, 467 Md. at 415). As such, “[w]e assume

that the legislature’s intent is expressed in the statutory language and thus our statutory

interpretation focuses primarily on the language of the statute to determine the purpose and

intent of the General Assembly.” Id. (quoting Brown v. State, 454 Md. 546, 550–51

(2017)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Further, “[w]e read the ‘statute as a whole to

ensure that no word, clause, sentence or phrase is rendered surplusage, superfluous,

12
meaningless or nugatory.’” United Bank, 472 Md. at 423 (quoting Town of Forest Heights

v. Maryland-Nat’l Capital Park and Planning Comm’n, 463 Md. 469, 478 (2019)).

We apply these principles to the relevant statutory language, which provides:

(b) In addition, a credit grantor who knowingly violates any provision of this
subtitle shall forfeit to the borrower 3 times the amount of interest, fees, and
charges collected in excess of that authorized by this subtitle.

CL § 12-1018(b).

CL § 12-1018(b) provides the penalty provision for knowing violations of CLEC.

The provision begins with the words “[i]n addition,” which signals that this is an additional

penalty to the penalty set forth in subsection (a)(2). A credit grantor that violates CLEC is

limited by CL § 12-1018(a)(2) to collect only the principal loan amount from the borrower,

and a credit grantor that knowingly violates the subtitle is subject to further liability under

CL § 12-1018(b).

The provision continues, stating that the amounts to be trebled are the “interest, fees,

and charges collected in excess of that authorized by this subtitle.” CL § 12-1018(b). The

phrase “in excess of that authorized by this subtitle” is central to this Court’s analysis. This

language identifies that the amount to be trebled is that which the credit grantor is not

permitted to charge to the borrower under CLEC. Put differently, the amounts that a credit

grantor charged in violation of CLEC are the amounts to be trebled for a knowing violation

of the subtitle.

If the General Assembly intended for this penalty provision to require a credit

grantor to pay treble the amount collected in excess of the principal loan amount, it would

have written the provision to read as such. See Peterson v. State, 467 Md. 713, 727 (2020)

13
(explaining that this Court presumes that the General Assembly “meant what it said and

said what it meant.”); Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Corp. v. Beebe-Lee, 431 Md. 474, 491

(2013) (holding that if the General Assembly wanted to impose a settlement agreement

constraint on a statute’s authority, it would have done so in the plain language of the statute

at issue); Sacchet v. Blan, 353 Md. 87, 93 (1999) (emphasizing that if the General

Assembly intended to include certain common law crimes in its legislation, it would have

written the statute at issue to reflect such an intention). However, the plain language of

CL § 12-1018(b) makes no reference to amounts collected in excess of the principal

amount financed. The General Assembly only expressly authorized forfeiture of “the

amount of interest, fees, and charges” that are “collected in excess of that authorized by the

subtitle.”

As such, the amount to be trebled under CL § 12-1018(b) are those amounts

collected that are not authorized under CLEC.

D. Legislative History of CL § 12-1018

“While this Court ‘begin[s] our analysis by first looking to the normal, plain

meaning of the language of the statute,’” “[i]t is the ‘modern tendency of this Court to

continue the analysis of the statute beyond the plain meaning’ of the statutory language.”

United Bank, 472 Md. at 426 (quoting Brown, 454 Md. at 551); Moore v. RealPage Util.

Mgmt., Inc., 476 Md. 501, 514 (2021) (quoting In re: S.K., 466 Md. 31, 50 (2019)). In

doing so, the Court may examine “the context of a statute, the overall statutory scheme,

and archival legislative history of relevant enactments.” In re: S.K., 466 Md. at 50 (quoting

Brown, 454 Md. at 551) (internal quotation marks omitted). We see fit to engage in such

14
a check here, as an overview of the statute’s legislative history indicates that the language

adopted in CL § 12-1018(a)(2) and CL § 12-1018(b) is not unique to CLEC. Here, the

legislative history reveals that this language originated in CL § 12-413, the Maryland

Secondary Mortgage Loan Law.

As previously discussed, the General Assembly enacted CLEC as a part of the

Credit Deregulation Act of 1983. 1983 Md. Laws, ch. 143. When Senate Bill 591, which

became CLEC, was introduced in the General Assembly, it was viewed primarily as a

deregulation effort to enable Maryland banks “to compete more effectively with banks in

nearby states.” Patton, 437 Md. at 105. Notably, Senate Bill 591’s original language did

not include the penalty provisions that would eventually be codified as CL § 12-1018(a)

and CL § 12-1018(b). Instead, upon urging from the Attorney General and the Secretary

of Licensing and Regulation,3 additional protections for borrowers and penalties for credit

grantors who violated the provisions were added as amendments to the bill. Patton, 437

Md. at 105–06. Markedly, the bill file indicates that “[t]hese amendments would add new

sections . . . identical as to penalty, as those now existing under the Maryland Secondary

Mortgage Loan Law.”4 See Senate Bill 591, Analysis of Proposed Administration

3
The Division of Labor and Industry has been a subunit within a cabinet-level department
that has changed names three times since 1970. From 1970 to 1995, it was the Department
of Licensing and Regulation. It was renamed the Department of Labor, Licensing, and
Regulation from 1995 to 2019. In 2019, it was renamed the Department of Labor. See
Maryland Department of Labor—Historical Evolution, Maryland Manual On-Line
https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/20dllr/html/dllrh.html [https://perma.cc/XW69-
6882].
4
It is evident that CL § 12-413 served as a template for the General Assembly in drafting
the language of CL § 12-1018(a) and CL § 12-1018(b). CL § 12-413 states:
15
Amendments (March 28, 1983) in legislative bill file for Senate Bill 591. The General

Assembly ultimately adopted the proposed amendments with the penalty provisions, which

were codified as CL § 12-1018(a) and CL § 12-1018(b) respectively. In their original form,

these provisions read as follows:

(a) Except for a bona fide error of computation, if a credit grantor violates
any provision of this subtitle the credit grantor may collect only the principal
amount of the loan and may not collect any interest, costs, or other charges
with respect to the loan.

(b) In addition, a credit grantor who knowingly violates any provision of this
subtitle shall forfeit to the borrower 3 times the amount of interest and
charges collected in excess of that authorized by this subtitle.

1983 Md. Laws, ch. 143.

In 1990, the General Assembly amended CLEC to “clarif[y] the rights of borrowers

and credit grantors under Subtitles 9 and 10 of Commercial Law when errors are discovered

in certain credit agreements.” See Senate Bill 403, Bill Analysis of Revolving and Closed

End Credit, Corrections (1990 General Assembly) in legislative bill file for Senate Bill

403. The General Assembly specifically amended CL § 12-1018(a) to provide credit

grantors a right to cure certain CLEC violations if: (1) the violation was unintentional and

Except for a bona fide error of computation, if a lender violates any provision
of this subtitle he may collect only the principal amount of the loan and may
not collect any interest, costs, or other charges with respect to the loan. In
addition, a lender who knowingly violates any provision of this subtitle also
shall forfeit to the borrower three times the amount of interest and charges
collected in excess of that authorized by law.

CL § 12-413.

16
in good faith; (2) within 10 days after receiving notice of the error or violation, the credit

grantor corrects the error or violation; and (3) the credit grantor makes the borrower whole

for all losses, including reasonable attorney’s fees and interest. Id.; see

CL § 12-1018(a)(3).

Although the General Assembly amended CL § 12-1018(a) during the 1990

Legislative Session, CL § 12-1018(b) remained unchanged in its original form. During the

1993 Legislative Session, the General Assembly amended CL § 12-1018 to include the

word “fees” as an impermissible collection. 1993 Md. Laws, ch. 404. As such,

CL § 12-1018(b) has remained unchanged since its original enactment in 1983, with the

exception of this one-word addition.

Nothing in the legislative history indicates that the General Assembly intended for

CL § 12-1018(b) to be interpreted inconsistently with its plain meaning. This penalty is

distinctly separate from CL § 12-1018(a)(2), which addresses the amounts collected in

excess of the principal loan amount. CL § 12-1018(b) provides an additional penalty for

credit grantors that knowingly violate CLEC, and, therefore, are liable for treble the

amounts that were collected in violation of the subtitle. Accordingly, assuming Santander

knowingly collected the convenience fees alleged by Mr. Lyles in violation of CLEC, the

appropriate calculation of damages under CL § 12-1018(b) is treble the amount of

convenience fees collected.

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 CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that CL § 12-1018(b) requires a credit grantor

that is found to have knowingly violated CLEC to forfeit three times the amount of interest,

fees, and charges collected in violation of the subtitle.

CERTIFIED QUESTION OF LAW
ANSWERED AS SET FORTH ABOVE.
COSTS TO BE DIVIDED EQUALLY.

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