If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
UNPUBLISHED
In re K SHOCKLEY-WAGNER, Minor. June 16, 2022
No. 358516
Eaton Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 20-020339-NA
Before: GLEICHER, C.J., and SAWYER and GARRETT, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
The circuit court terminated the parental rights of KSW’s parents following a petition filed
by the child’s legal guardians. The court’s decision was adequately supported by evidence that
the parents had not financially supported, regularly visited, contacted, or communicated with their
child for a period of two years. Only respondent-mother has challenged the termination, but she
could present no evidence countering that she “regularly and substantially failed or neglected,
without good cause” to visit, contact, or communication with KSW during the relevant period. We
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Petitioners are the mother and stepfather of respondent-mother. They have served as
KSW’s guardians since December 2017. On January 9, 2020, petitioners filed a petition to
terminate the parental rights of respondent and the child’s father. The circuit court took jurisdiction
over KSW under MCL 712A.2(b)(6), which provides for court jurisdiction:
If the juvenile has a guardian under the estates and protected individuals code, 1998
PA 386, MCL 700.1101 to 700.8206, and the juvenile’s parent meets both of the
following criteria:
(A) The parent, having the ability to support or assist in supporting the juvenile, has
failed or neglected, without good cause, to provide regular and substantial support
for the juvenile for 2 years or more before the filing of the petition or, if a support
order has been entered, has failed to substantially comply with the order for 2 years
or more before the filing of the petition. . . .
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(B) The parent, having the ability to visit, contact, or communicate with the
juvenile, has regularly and substantially failed or neglected, without good cause, to
do so for 2 years or more before the filing of the petition. . . .
The court ultimately terminated respondent’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(f), which
similarly provides:
The child has a guardian under the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA
386, MCL 700.1101 to 700.8206, and both of the following have occurred:
(i) The parent, having the ability to support or assist in supporting the minor, has
failed or neglected, without good cause, to provide regular and substantial support
for the minor for a period of 2 years or more before the filing of the petition or, if a
support order has been entered, has failed to substantially comply with the order for
a period of 2 years or more before the filing of the petition.
(ii) The parent, having the ability to visit, contact, or communicate with the minor,
has regularly and substantially failed or neglected, without good cause, to do so for
a period of 2 years or more before the filing of the petition.
Respondent does not contest on appeal that she did not provide financial support for her
son. Instead, she challenges the circuit court’s conclusion that despite having the ability to do so,
she regularly and substantially failed or neglected without good cause to visit, contact, or
communicate with KSW.
Petitioners spent significant time in the circuit court, and in their appellate brief, describing
respondent’s physical and medical neglect of KSW while the child was in his mother’s care. They
also exhaustively described the child’s special needs. However, the court did not take jurisdiction
over the child or terminate respondent’s parental rights based on this evidence and it is largely
irrelevant to the issue on appeal. It is important to note though that KSW has lived with petitioners
since he was three years old. Respondent lives two to three hours away. But respondent lives with
her father rent-free and has transportation. Respondent rejected petitioners’ offers to help her find
housing and a job nearer her son. Respondent’s main form of communication with petitioners and
KSW was through Facebook Messenger. Virtual and phone communication between respondent
and KSW was difficult given KSW’s young age and also because he has Autism Spectrum
Disorder.
II. ANALYSIS
“To terminate parental rights, a trial court must find by clear and convincing evidence that
at least one statutory ground under MCL 712A.19b(3) has been established.” In re Moss, 301
Mich App 76, 80; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). We review for clear error a court’s determination that
a statutory ground for termination has been proven by clear and convincing evidence. In re
Williams, 286 Mich App 253, 271; 779 NW2d 286 (2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted);
MCR 3.997(K). A decision is clearly erroneous “if although there is evidence to support it, the
reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been made.” In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich App 35, 41; 823 NW2d 144 (2012) (cleaned
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up). We review de novo a lower court’s interpretation and application of relevant statutes. In re
Sanders, 495 Mich 394, 404; 852 NW2d 524 (2014).
As noted, the court found termination supported under MCL 712A.19b(3)(f), and
respondent contests only the second part of that factor—that she regularly and substantially failed
or neglected, without good cause to visit, contact, or communicate with KSW for a two-year
period. The two-year period is measured from the date of filing the petition. In re Caldwell, 228
Mich App 116; 576 NW2d 724 (1998) (analyzing a substantively identical provision in MCL
710.51(6)(b)). Petitioners filed their initial petition on January 9, 2018. Accordingly, the court
was required to determine whether from January 9, 2018 to January 9, 2020, respondent had “the
ability to visit, contact, or communicate with” KSW, but “regularly and substantially failed or
neglected, without good cause, to do so.” MCL 712A.19b(3)(f)(ii).
Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to respondent, the circuit court did
not err. Respondent had very limited in-person contacts with KSW. According to the testimony
of respondent and her mother, respondent saw KSW on Christmas in 2018. Respondent visited
KSW on Easter in 2019 and came to petitioners’ home for three two-hour visits in the summer of
2019. Respondent did not visit KSW after he underwent eye surgery in 2018. The majority of
respondent’s contacts were through Facebook Messenger’s video call feature. Given KSW’s
young age and special needs, respondent’s video interactions with KSW were usually less than
five minutes long. During the majority of video calls, respondent spoke to petitioners rather than
with KSW. And respondent would sometimes go several weeks without contacting petitioners at
all. Respondent’s final video visit was in September or October 2019. Petitioners requested
respondent stop calling or initiating video calls because KSW’s therapist and physician believed
these communications were traumatic for the child.
Respondent complains that petitioners blocked many of contacts. Specifically, respondent
preserved screenshots evidencing that petitioners declined 133 Facebook Messenger chats and 33
video calls from January 2018 through October 2019. Petitioners explained that these rejected
contacts often came after KSW’s bedtime or during a meal. The circuit court addressed this issue
as follows:
So even if we lump those together that’s 166 days out of the two years, which is
730 days; that takes us down to 22.7 percent by my calculation of the days, again,
even if every communication was on a separate day. But based on the testimony
of [grandmother] in this case . . . she says that . . . most of those communications
were between mother and daughter and not between daughter and her son . . . .
[A]nd the conversations sometimes were . . . [respondent] was distracted sometimes
by either her father or a friend she had in the house. And . . . I fully understand that
communicating with a young child, especially a young special needs child, it’s . . .
extremely hard to communicate . . . over Facetime or Messenger or any other mode
that there is . . . . [B]ut I find very credible from [grandmother’s] testimony that
there was never any communication between [respondent] and [KSW] over
telephone. So . . . my only interpretation of that is that [respondent] has tried to put
herself in the best light, as far as keeping communications open, but frankly, based
on all the evidence that I’ve . . . heard in this trial today I do not find that there has
been, under the facts and circumstances here, any regular or substantial
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communications even though one of the years, or at least most recently, there’s
more attempts, at least as far as regular attempts, it’s been very spotty.
In respondent’s view, the circuit court improperly focused on whether there were regular
and substantial successful or attempted contacts, rather than whether there were regular and
substantial failures to contact. However, looking at the inverse of the court’s finding—that
respondent failed to contact KSW for 564 days or 77.3% of the statutory period—reveals that
respondent’s challenge is unfounded. Record evidence supported the court’s calculations and we
find no clear error.
Respondent also urges that her lack of contact from October 2019 to January 9, 2020 cannot
be held against her. Respondent argues that petitioners denied her access to KSW during that
period. The question is whether petitioners’ refusal to allow access negated respondent’s “ability
to visit, contact, or communicate” under MCL 712A.19b(3)(f)(ii). We again discern no error.
MCL 712A.19b(3)(f)(ii) provides three alternative methods for interaction between a respondent
and his or her child—visits, contacts, or communications. Petitioners discontinued video chats
and phone calls between respondent and KSW in October 2019 on the recommendation of KSW’s
therapist and physician. Respondent could have sent KSW cards, letters, or presents. She could
have requested in-person visits or even therapeutic visits facilitated by KSW’s counselor.
Respondent did none of these things. Accordingly, respondent maintained the ability to visit,
contact, or communicate with her child, but failed to do so.
Moreover, respondent could have enforced her legal right to visit, contact, or communicate
with KSW. Petitioners were granted a regular guardianship of KSW under MCL 700.5204 of the
Estates and Protected Individuals Code, MCL 700.1101, et seq. Under MCL 700.5204(5), “the
court may at any time . . . order reasonable parenting time and contact of the minor ward with his
or her parents.” Yet, respondent never petitioned the court for a parenting-time order. See In re
SMNE, 264 Mich App 49, 51; 689 NW2d 235 (2004). And no evidence supports that a petition
would have been required, since petitioners never disallowed in-person visits.
Though not dispositive on the question of whether respondent failed to “regularly and
substantially” visit, contact, or communicate with KSW, we also note the quality of the contacts
between mother and child. Given KSW’s diagnoses, KSW did not truly engage in the video chats.
He was often distracted and lost interest quickly. Respondent often grew frustrated with KSW and
hung up on him on several occasions. Even knowing these limitations, respondent made no effort
to visit her child in-person more often. As a result, mother and son did not cultivate their
relationship or preserve their bond. The purpose of MCL 712A.19b(3)(f)(ii) is to ensure a parent
maintains a relationship with the child. Respondent did not meet that goal here.
We affirm.
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Kristina Robinson Garrett
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