Filed 6/20/22 Mogilefsky v. Panda Express CA2/6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SIX
ARTHUR MOGILEFSKY, 2d Civ. No. B314888
(Super. Ct. No. 20CV-0454)
Plaintiff and Appellant, (San Luis Obispo)
v.
PANDA EXPRESS, INC.,
Defendant and Respondent.
After declaring appellant Arthur Mogilefsky a “vexatious
litigant,” the trial court ordered him to furnish security to
maintain his pending lawsuit against respondent Panda Express,
Inc. (Panda). When appellant failed to post the security, the
court dismissed his action pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure
section 391.4.1 Appellant contends the dismissal must be
reversed because the court erroneously declared him a vexatious
All statutory references are to the Code of Civil
1
Procedure.
litigant. We conclude substantial evidence supports both the
court’s vexatious litigant finding and the dismissal. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Panda owns and operates a chain of Asian-style fast food
restaurants. On January 3, 2020, appellant visited Panda’s
Arroyo Grande location. Appellant, who had pre-ordered his food
online, carried his small dog, a Chihuahua mix, under his arm.
Appellant’s food was ready when he arrived and he proceeded to
the counter to retrieve his food. Appellant held the dog above the
food counter. Panda employees served appellant, who then left
with his to-go order.
Appellant alleges that during this visit, three of Panda’s
employees told him dogs are not allowed in the restaurant.
Appellant claims he told them his dog was a service dog and that
the Panda employees’ comments violated the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), as incorporated by California’s Unruh Act.
Panda maintains that under its policies, service dogs are
allowed to accompany guests with disabilities in all areas where
guests are permitted and that its associates are trained to
welcome service dogs. According to associates who worked at the
Arroyo Grande location, appellant was a regular guest who had
never been denied service or asked to leave because of his dog. 2
On January 6, 2020, appellant filed Arthur Mogilefsky v.
Panda Express, San Luis Obispo (SLO) Sup. Ct. No. 20LC-0018
(Panda I), a lawsuit arising out of his January 3, 2020 Panda
2Panda claims, based on post-litigation information, that
appellant’s dog was not a bona fide service dog and that even if it
was, appellant had no legal right to bring an unvaccinated and
unlicensed dog into the restaurant.
2
visit.3 Appellant alleged violations of the Unruh Act. While
several motions were pending, including a request for monetary
sanctions against appellant, he voluntarily dismissed Panda I
without prejudice.
Before dismissing Panda I, appellant filed Arthur
Mogilefsky v. Markson et al., SLO Sup. Ct. No. 20CV-0237,
another lawsuit related to the January 3, 2020 Panda visit.
Appellant complained that Panda’s litigation and in-house
counsel had sent him “unwanted” emails regarding their Panda 1
defense. On September 10, 2020, the trial court granted the
defendants’ anti-SLAPP motion, dismissed the case and ordered
appellant to pay $14,685 in attorney fees and costs.
On August 27, 2020, appellant filed Arthur Mogilefsky v.
Panda Express, SLO Sup. Ct. No. 20CV-0454 (Panda II), a third
lawsuit arising out of the January 3, 2020 visit. Appellant
alleged causes of action for violation of the Unruh Act, negligent
employee training and unfair competition. He also sought a
state-wide permanent injunction requiring Panda restaurants to
adopt a general nondiscrimination policy and an ADA-compliant
service dog policy.
Panda moved for orders (1) declaring appellant a “vexatious
litigant” and (2) requiring him to post security under section
391.3 before proceeding with Panda II. At Panda’s request, the
trial court took judicial notice of six other actions filed by
appellant that were resolved against him: (1) Arthur Mogilefsky
v. Costco, Santa Barbara Sup. Ct. No. 17CV04422 (judgment
entered against appellant on May 14, 2019); (2) Arthur
Mogilefsky v. Allegiant Air LLC, SLO Sup. Ct. No. 20LC-0016
3 All the litigation matters referenced in this opinion were
filed by appellant in propria persona.
3
(dismissed without prejudice on February 13, 2020); (3) Arthur
Mogilefsky v. Delta Airlines, SLO Sup. Ct. No. 20LC-0052
(dismissed without prejudice on April 20, 2020); (4) Arthur
Mogilefsky v. Delta Airlines, SLO Sup. Ct. Case No. 20LC-0349
(voluntarily dismissed with prejudice on July 22, 2020); (5)
Arthur Mogilefsky v. Allegiant Air LLC (C.D. Cal. Jul. 15, 2020,
Civ. No. 2:20-CV-04269) 2020 U.S.Dist.Lexis 125070 (judgment
entered against appellant on July 15, 2020);4 and (6) Arthur
Mogilefsky v. Rafael Mendoza, SLO Sup. Ct. No. 20LC-0396
(voluntarily dismissed with prejudice on September 15, 2020).5
The trial court granted Panda’s motion and ordered
appellant to post security in the amount of $82,500 within 30
days. When appellant failed to post security after two extensions,
Panda moved to dismiss Panda II pursuant to section 391.4.
Appellant did not oppose the motion or appear at the hearing.
The trial court granted the motion, entering judgment in Panda’s
favor.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
The trial court’s determination that an individual is a
vexatious litigant is an exercise of its discretion. We presume the
order is correct and imply the findings necessary to support the
judgment, upholding the ruling if it is supported by substantial
evidence. (Garcia v. Lacey (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 402, 407.) We
“view the evidence most favorably to the prevailing party, giving
4This case was filed in the superior court (SLO Sup. Ct.
No. 20LC-0350) and then removed to federal court.
5 Appellant, a former attorney, considers litigation “one of
[his] hobbies” and “a boatload of fun.”
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it the benefit of every reasonable inference and resolving all
conflicts in its favor. [Citation.] Substantial evidence is evidence
of ponderable legal significance, reasonable, credible and of solid
value.” (Oregel v. American Isuzu Motors, Inc. (2001) 90
Cal.App.4th 1094, 1100.)
Substantial Evidence Supports the Trial
Court’s Vexatious Litigant Finding
“The vexatious litigant statutes (§§ 391-391.7) are designed
to curb misuse of the court system by those persistent and
obsessive litigants who, repeatedly litigating the same issues
through groundless actions, waste the time and resources of the
court system and other litigants.” (Shalant v. Girardi (2011) 51
Cal.4th 1164, 1169.)
The trial court based its vexatious litigant finding on
section 391, subdivision (b)(1), which states that a vexatious
litigant is one who “[i]n the immediately preceding seven-year
period has commenced, prosecuted, or maintained in propria
persona at least five litigations other than in a small claims court
that have been (i) finally determined adversely to the person.”
Under this statute, the term “‘[l]itigation’ means any civil
action or proceeding, commenced, maintained or pending in any
state or federal court.” (§ 391, subd. (a).) A litigation is
“determined adversely” to a plaintiff within the meaning of the
vexatious litigant statute if the litigant does not win the action or
proceeding he or she began, including cases that are voluntarily
dismissed by a plaintiff. (Garcia v. Lacey, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th
at p. 406.) Indeed, a voluntary dismissal is “prima facie proof the
litigation was ‘determined adversely’ to the plaintiff” for purposes
of section 391, subdivision (b)(1).) (Tokerud v. Capitolbank
Sacramento (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 775, 780 & fn. 3.)
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Appellant does not dispute the trial court’s finding that he
filed at least five litigations in propria persona within the last
seven years that were resolved against him. To the contrary,
appellant concedes the court “followed the strict language of
[section] 391(b)(1)(i)” in finding him a vexatious litigant. He
contends that rather than counting the number of such lawsuits,
the court should have examined their merits. He claims the
proper “legal standard is that [the cases] must be unreasonable,
groundless, harassing in nature and/or lacked merit.”
As Panda points out, appellant urges us to follow the
federal standard of vexatiousness in which a substantive showing
is required. As the court in Cranford v. Crawford (E.D.Cal. Aug.
31, 2016, No. 1:14-cv-00055-AWI-MJS (PC)), 2016 U.S. Dist.
Lexis 117714, explained, “the [California] state statutory
definition of vexatiousness is not enough to find a litigant
vexatious in federal court.” (Id. at p. *7.) “[T]he [federal]
standard for declaring a litigant vexatious is more stringent. . . .
[T]he mere fact that a plaintiff has had numerous suits dismissed
against him is an insufficient ground upon which to make a
finding of vexatiousness.” (Goolsby v. Gonzales (E.D.Cal. Dec. 18,
2014, No. 1:11-cv-00394-LJO-GSA (PC)), 2014 U.S. Dist. Lexis
73819, *3-5; see Darden v. Mechael (E.D.Cal. June 21, 2018, No.
1:17-cv-00505-LJO-SAB (PC)), 2018 U.S. Dist. Lexis 84177, *8
[Under section 391, subdivision (b)(1) “there is no requirement of
evidence of misconduct on the part of Plaintiff and any final
determination which was adverse to Plaintiff qualifies”].)
We decline to apply a federal standard that is not
incorporated into or even suggested by section 391, subdivision
(b)(1). “It is a fundamental rule of statutory construction that
when a statute’s language is plain, we are to consult the words of
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the statute, ‘giving the language its usual, ordinary meaning.’
[Citation.]” (Egar v. Superior Court (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 1306,
1308.) “We may not add language to a statute that is not
otherwise present. [Citation.]” (City and County of San
Francisco v. International Union of Operating Engineers, Local
39 (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 938, 945.)
In sum, we have considered each of appellant’s contentions
on appeal and conclude they lack merit. Appellant has failed to
demonstrate that the trial court erred by dismissing Panda II.
DISPOSITION
The judgment of dismissal is affirmed. Respondent shall
recover its costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED.
PERREN, J.
We concur:
GILBERT, P.J.
YEGAN, J.
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Ginger E. Garrett, Judge
Superior Court County of San Luis Obispo
______________________________
Arthur Mogilefsky, in pro. per, on behalf of Plaintiff and
Appellant.
Markson Pico, Brett S. Markson and Timothy A. Pico, on
behalf of Defendant and Respondent.
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