In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 21-1933
LINDA BROOKS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
AVANCEZ,
Defendant-Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Indiana, Fort Wayne Division.
No. 1:19-cv-00515-HAB — Holly A. Brady, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED JANUARY 6, 2022 — DECIDED JULY 6, 2022
____________________
Before SYKES, Chief Judge, and ROVNER and SCUDDER, Cir-
cuit Judges.
ROVNER, Circuit Judge. Linda Brooks filed a lawsuit claim-
ing that her employer, Avancez, discriminated against her on
the basis of her age and disability, PTSD. Avancez, on the
other hand, claims that it fired her for legitimate non-discrim-
inatory reasons—primarily because of threats that she made
to other employees in the workplace. Because Brooks has not
provided evidence that the employer’s stated reason for her
2 No. 21-1933
discharge is pretext for illegal discrimination, we affirm the
district court’s grant of summary judgment along with its de-
nial of her motion to amend the complaint to add a claim for
intentional infliction of emotional distress.
I.
In June 2018, Brooks began working at Avancez as a tem-
porary employee assigned through an agency. She was as-
signed to the third shift of something called the “console line”
which had eight different stations. Brooks worked at the
“Continuity and Final Inspection Station.” Her duties in-
cluded testing the electronics and inspecting each console be-
fore shipment to a car manufacturer for use in its production
line. Brooks was the oldest assembler on the shift. On Septem-
ber 26, 2018, Avancez hired Brooks as a permanent employee.
Brooks’ discrimination claim is based on several incidents
during her employment and surrounding her termination.
We recount these incidents with facts taken in the light most
favorable to Brooks, as we must during summary judgment.
Taylor v. Ways, 999 F.3d 478, 482 (7th Cir. 2021).
According to Brooks, shortly after being hired, she partic-
ipated in a two-day orientation and training session for new
employees. Brooks claims that the trainer asked all of the par-
ticipants to state their names and ages, and Brooks complied.
A few months later, after her initial training, on October 29,
2018, Brooks informed her team lead, Linda Chambers, that
she was supposed to be, but had not been, trained on other
stations. The third shift plant manager, Keith Redd, chimed in
asking Chambers why Brooks was not being trained on other
stations. According to Brooks’ account, Chambers responded
that Brooks would not be trained on all of the eight
No. 21-1933 3
workstations in her area because “they said she is too old.” R.
47 at 4, ¶26. At no point in this suit has Brooks identified the
“they” of this statement. Redd immediately corrected Cham-
bers’ characterization by confirming that Brooks should be
trained on all other stations. Nevertheless, the next day,
Brooks filed a complaint with human resources complaining
of a “hostile work environment.” R. 65-9 at 9. 1 Brooks testified
in her deposition that she was fully trained on all but one sta-
tion as of April 2019. R. 65-15 at 21, 25 (Dep. pp. 81–83, 97–98).
Brooks also claims that two other employees, Tiffany
Crawford and Christeena Goodwin, would “regularly” make
statements about Brooks being old and slow. According to
Brooks’ testimony at her deposition, “regularly” meant that
Crawford made age-related comments more than twice, but
less than ten times and Goodwin made age-related comments
“a couple of times”—at least twice, but less than ten times.
R. 65-15 at 28–29 (Dep. pp. 111–13). Brooks did not have spe-
cific examples of their comments but rather described in gen-
eral that the two made statements that were about Brooks be-
ing old and slow.
In addition to these age-related incidents, Brooks’ disabil-
ity claim stems from the events surrounding her termination.
1 Although the complaint she sent to human resources does set forth
the contention that her team lead said she was too old to train, the bulk of
the document contains generalized complaints about work assignments
and perceived disrespect from the team lead. Brooks did not sign the doc-
ument, but shortly after she submitted it, the plant manager, Redd, asked
her if she was the one who had submitted an unsigned complaint to hu-
man resources. Brooks responded that she had forgotten to sign the com-
plaint, and Redd assured her that he would put her name on it for her. The
copy of the document in the record is unsigned. R. 65-9 at 9.
4 No. 21-1933
On February 6, 2019, Brooks went to the office of Chad Pieper,
the human resources manager, to look at her human resources
record due to confusion about what had become of her Octo-
ber complaint after she submitted it. (See footnote 1, supra).
After she had been in the office for five to ten minutes, Steve
McGuire, the third shift supervisor, entered the room to dis-
cuss a conflict that had arisen between Brooks and a co-
worker the night before. During the course of the meeting,
Brooks stated that she had PTSD. What followed next is dis-
puted. According to Brooks, whose version of events we must
credit, she testified at her deposition, “I’m, I’m a service con-
nected veteran, and I have PTSD, and I’ve been experiencing
a lot of hostile, um, environmental-type situ … incidents that
I wrote about and one of the statements was missing out of
my file, and I wanted to know why it wasn’t there.” R. 65-15
at 31 (Dep. p. 124). According to Avancez manager Pieper,
Brooks said to McGuire, “[I] have PTSD and anything can
happen.” Id. at 32 (Dep. pp. 127–28). Brooks denied that she
made that statement, but concedes that during the meeting,
after she made the statement about her PTSD, Pieper said
“You just threatened Steve … . You said you had PTSD and
that anything could happen.” Id. (Dep. p. 127). In other words,
taking the facts in the light most favorable to Brooks, she de-
nies that she made the threat to McGuire, but admits that Pie-
per accused her of making a threat to McGuire in the form of
the statement “[I] have PTSD and anything can happen.” Id.
at 32 (Dep. p. 128). 2 Pieper prepared and issued an oral
2 According to McGuire, who also made notes of the incident, she said
to him “I have PTSD and I can’t help what might happen to you.” R. 56-3
at 248. Once again, we credit Brooks’ version of the facts, but note others’
documentations of the statements for evidence of pretext or lack thereof.
No. 21-1933 5
warning to Brooks and then drafted a written disciplinary
statement documenting the threat, which Brooks refused to
sign. According to Brooks, Pieper informed her that she could
be terminated for failing to sign the disciplinary form.
Shortly after the February 6 meeting and the dispute about
the threat, Brooks wrote a letter to the CEO, with the follow-
ing subject line: “AGE DISCRIMINATION.” The letter com-
plained of age discrimination, a hostile work environment,
and stated that harassment by co-workers was causing her
PTSD to “go into relapse.” R. 65-9 at 13. In response to her
letter, the director of team member relations, Andrea Bou-
chard, met with Brooks in person. According to Brooks’ com-
plaint, Bouchard told her that if things were so bad, Brooks
should “find a job somewhere else.” R. 47 at 6, ¶45.
Approximately one month later, on March 12, 2019,
Brooks received a three-day suspension for bypassing a qual-
ity-control system meant to detect errors in products. The di-
rector of team member relations reviewed a surveillance
video of the event in which a co-worker called Brooks to her
station for help scanning a part. Brooks took the correct part
off a shelf, scanned it and then put it back on the shelf without
replacing the faulty part on the console. Brooks does not dis-
pute the substance of the video recording, but rather disputes
only who was to blame for the error. According to Brooks’ ac-
count of the event, she “demonstrated the assembly, only, and
she expected the assembler to correctly process the part.”
Brooks’ Brief at 10. She does not explain why she placed the
correct part back on the shelf. She argues that Avancez re-
fused her request “to produce the CSN number which would
have verified the error,” but she does not explain what a CSN
number is, what it means to “verify an error,” or how it would
6 No. 21-1933
have altered management’s assessment that she had bypassed
a quality control measure. Id. This incident is not listed in the
termination paperwork that Avancez prepared when it termi-
nated Brooks, and as far as we can tell and discuss below,
Avancez does not rely on it as justification for Brooks’ termi-
nation in this suit. Instead, it appears that Avancez describes
this incident and the resulting disciplinary action to demon-
strate that Avancez had a legitimate, non-discriminatory rea-
son for suspending Brooks in March 2019, and that she was
not being singled out for adverse employment actions based
on her age or disability.
The final episode leading to Brooks’ termination began
with a May 9, 2019 dispute between Brooks and a co-worker.
Brooks complained to the Human Resources Department that
the team lead, Chambers, had cursed at her. Chambers, in
turn, complained to the supervisor that after a disagreement,
Brooks threatened her by saying “we can take it outside.”
R. 56-3 at 256. The following day, May 10, the shift supervisor
directed Brooks to a meeting with a human resources assis-
tant, Kathy Marburger, and a Union Committee Chairperson,
Teresa Braden. Brooks contacted her UAW representative,
Todd McKibbon, and asked him to attend as well. 3 During
that meeting both Marburger and Braden heard words that
they interpreted as a threat to McKibben. Brooks alleges that
she said, “please help me or do I have to go to another organ-
ization to receive help with this harassment.” R. 47 at 7, ¶52.
3 The parties sometimes refer to the meeting as occurring on May 9,
and sometimes on May 10. As far as we can tell, the incident between
Brooks and Chambers occurred on May 9, and the meeting followed the
next day, on May 10. We use these dates even when the parties’ briefs have
described them otherwise.
No. 21-1933 7
It is undisputed that shortly after it was uttered, Braden ac-
cused Brooks of threatening McKibben. Id. at ¶53; R. 65-15 at
45 (Dep. pp. 177–78). And in response to Brooks’ denial, Mar-
burger said, “Yes, you did threaten him, I’m going to termi-
nate you.” R. 65-15 at 45 (Dep. p. 178). McKibben, for his part,
denied being threatened.
Avancez initially suspended Brooks while investigating
the episode, and then terminated her on May 24, 2019. The
termination paperwork stated that she was being terminated
for making threats, for disrespectful and disruptive conduct
and attitude and for insubordination for failing to sign per-
sonnel meeting notes. 4 One further clarification is worthy of
mention: Brooks’ brief states that in its answers to interroga-
tories, Avancez added additional reasons for the termination,
namely, that she was also terminated for bypassing a quality
control measure. See Brooks’ Brief at 12. Although the out-
come of this case does not depend on us pinning this issue
down, it is worth noting that Avancez did not add this as a
reason for termination in the answers to the interrogatories.
The answers to the interrogatories state as reasons for her ter-
mination: “Defendant states that Plaintiff was terminated for
legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons set forth in her termi-
nation paper work, … in particular, making threatening re-
marks to her team lead, supervision and union representa-
tives culminating in her termination in May of 2019.” R. 65-9
at 18. And also, “Subsequent to this[,] Plaintiff was suspended
for non-threat based misconduct of bypassing safety
4 According to the Collective Bargaining Agreement employees are
required to sign all written reprimands and warnings, not as an admission
to the substance of the notes, but as recognition of receipt of the document.
R. 56-3 at 209.
8 No. 21-1933
protocols in March 2019. Ultimately, she was terminated for
her threats in May 2019.” R. 65-9 at 20. 5
In our chronological presentation of the facts, we have
skipped over several of Brooks’ complaints of incidents of
poor treatment by co-workers where workers used profanity,
refused work assignments, or violated work rules. These in-
clude a time when a co-worker refused Brooks’ instructions
and said, “I am not doing that shit[.] You’re not my supervi-
sor,” (R. 65-9 at 10), and another where a co-worker told her
“Fuck you” and then later refused to assist Brooks on the line.
R. 65-4 at 28. In a third incident, Brooks received conflicting
instructions from supervisors, one of whom, along with a co-
worker, cursed at Brooks. Brooks describes a few other inci-
dents in which she believes co-workers escaped punishment
that Brooks felt was due. Brooks does not make any connec-
tion between the profanity and disrespectful behavior and her
age or disability. Brooks does not describe ways in which
those other workers were similarly situated to her or how
their misdeeds were similar in nature to the ones for which
she was discharged. We discuss below what, if any, impact
these incidents have on her claims.
5 But see R. 56-2 at 6. Although not part of the answer to the interrog-
atories nor argued in the briefs, director of team member relations, Bou-
chard, stated in her affidavit “[t]he reason for this decision [Brooks’ termi-
nation] was based not only on the most recent conduct by Brooks in May
of 2019, including threatening remarks to co-workers and [a] union repre-
sentative, but her prior written discipline for making an earlier threat to
members of management and her three day suspension for quality, cou-
pled with her ongoing refusal to adhere to Avancez’s expectation that
team members sign off on receiving discipline resulted in the decision to
terminate employment.”
No. 21-1933 9
II.
A. Age and disability discrimination claims.
Although there are many tests and rubrics for viewing dis-
crimination claims, it is important to recall that, at the end of
the day they are all merely convenient ways to organize our
thoughts as we answer the only question that matters: when
looking at the evidence as a whole, “whether the evidence
would permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude that the
plaintiff’s race, ethnicity, sex, religion, or other proscribed fac-
tor caused the discharge or other adverse employment ac-
tion.” Ortiz v. Werner Enters., Inc., 834 F.3d 760, 765 (7th Cir.
2016). Because we are evaluating this question in the context
of Avancez’s motion for summary judgment, our task is to
look at the facts in the light most favorable to Brooks and de-
termine whether Avancez is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). We review the district court’s grant
of summary judgment under the de novo standard of review.
Gaddis v. DeMattei, 30 F.4th 625, 630 (7th Cir. 2022).
With that said, we can begin by looking simultaneously at
Brooks’ claim of disability discrimination under the Ameri-
cans with Disabilities Act (ADA), age discrimination under
the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and re-
taliation claims under both Acts, as they may all be evaluated
together. For each of these claims, we must begin by deter-
mining whether Brooks belongs to a class of people protected
by the corresponding statute. In the case of the ADEA, that
analysis is straightforward. The ADEA protects workers who
are forty years old and older from discrimination based on
age. Tyburski v. City of Chicago, 964 F.3d 590, 598 (7th Cir.
2020). The ADA requires a bit more. Section 12112(a) of the
10 No. 21-1933
ADA prohibits employers from discriminating “against a
qualified individual on the basis of disability in regard to job
application procedures, the hiring, advancement, or dis-
charge of employees, employee compensation, job training,
and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.”
42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). To prove a violation of § 12112(a), Brooks
must show (1) she is disabled; (2) she is otherwise qualified to
perform the essential functions of the job with or without rea-
sonable accommodation; (3) she suffered an adverse employ-
ment action; and (4) the adverse action was caused by her dis-
ability. Kurtzhals v. Cnty. of Dunn, 969 F.3d 725, 728 (7th Cir.
2020). Finally, for a retaliation claim, Brooks must show that
“(1) she engaged in protected activity; (2) she suffered an ad-
verse employment action; and (3) a causal connection exists
between the two.” Rozumalski v. W.F. Baird & Assocs., Ltd., 937
F.3d 919, 924 (7th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation and citation
omitted).
The plaintiff proceeded under the burden-shifting frame-
work of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973),
which can be a helpful way to evaluate evidence of discrimi-
natory intent in employment discrimination claims. The
framework is the same for each claim. Brooks can make a
prima facie case of discrimination by demonstrating that
(1) she is disabled under the ADA and/or protected under the
ADEA and/or engaged in a statutorily protected activity;
(2) she performed her job to her employer’s legitimate expec-
tations; (3) she suffered an adverse employment action; and
(4) one or more similarly situated individuals outside her pro-
tected class received better treatment. Tyburski, 964 F.3d at 598
(ADEA); Rozumalski, 937 F.3d at 926 (retaliation); Hooper v.
Proctor Health Care Inc., 804 F.3d 846, 853 (7th Cir. 2015)
(ADA). If Brooks successfully establishes a prima facie case of
No. 21-1933 11
discrimination using these steps, then Avancez must produce
evidence demonstrating that it took the actions Brooks com-
plains of based on legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons. If
successful, it falls to Brooks to demonstrate that Avancez’s
reason is pretextual—that is, an attempt to mask a discrimi-
natory reason with a legitimate excuse. Tyburski, 964 F.3d at
598 (ADEA); Rozumalski, 937 F.3d at 926 (retaliation); Hooper,
804 F.3d at 853 (ADA).
Under the third step, there is no dispute that Brooks’ ter-
mination qualified as an adverse employment action. Turning
to the first prong of the McDonnell Douglas framework, Brooks
was in her mid to late 50’s at the relevant times of this suit and
therefore is covered by the ADEA. Although the district court
had “serious questions” as to whether the plaintiff was disa-
bled under the ADA, it accepted for summary judgment pur-
poses only, as do we, that Brooks was disabled as defined by
the ADA. Brooks v. Avancez, No. 1:19-CV-515-HAB, 2021 WL
1535300, at *5 n.3 (N.D. Ind. Apr. 19, 2021).
Brooks alleges that she engaged in protected activity when
she complained of age discrimination. We see plenty of evi-
dence of this. She submitted a complaint to human resources
that complained of age discrimination, she wrote to the CEO
complaining of age discrimination, and complained to the di-
rector of team member relations of age discrimination.
We do not, however, see any evidence as presented by
Brooks that she complained of disability discrimination.
Brooks claims that she complained about disability discrimi-
nation four times: to human resources in her unsigned com-
plaint on October 29, 2018; when she complained to Pieper on
February 6, 2019; in her letter to the CEO in mid-February;
and the follow up with director of team member relations,
12 No. 21-1933
Bouchard. Brooks’ Brief at 25. The October 29, 2018 complaint,
however, does not make any mention of PTSD or any other
disability. It complains only of Chambers’ statement that she
was too old to train and other complaints about rude, disre-
spectful, and unprofessional behavior by co-workers. Accord-
ing to Brooks’ facts, her first mention of PTSD occurred at the
February 6 meeting when she stated, “that she was a U.S.
Army service connected veteran diagnosed with PTSD and
that the hostile environment was affecting her mental health.”
R. 47 at 5, ¶36. Thus, Brooks’ statement at the February 6
meeting was not a complaint of disability discrimination, but
rather a statement that other situations in the workplace were
exacerbating her PTSD, namely age discrimination, and un-
professional and disrespectful behavior by her co-workers. As
for the February 15 letter to the CEO, it would be hard to de-
scribe that communication as a complaint about disability dis-
crimination. In fact, that letter has at the top “SUBJECT: AGE
DISCRIMINATION.” R. 56-3 at 254. The only mention of her
PTSD in that complaint is that “the retaliation, harassment I
am experiencing [based on age] has cause [sic] my U.S. Army
Service Connected Disability PTSD to go into relapse.” Id.
Once again, this was not a complaint that she was being dis-
criminated against based on PTSD, but rather a complaint that
age discrimination was exacerbating her preexisting PTSD
condition. And finally, Brooks states that she discussed disa-
bility discrimination with Bouchard in mid-February, but in
her deposition she recounts that she discussed with Bouchard
only the threats, cursing, and invasion of her personal space.
See R. 65-15 at 35–37 (Dep. pp. 137–48). Taking all of the facts
as Brooks alleges, although she informed her employer at
some point that she suffered from PTSD, we do not see any
evidence in the record, taken in the light most favorable to
No. 21-1933 13
Brooks, that she ever made any complaints to anyone in
Avancez’s management that she was being discriminated
against based on her PTSD. At the end of the day, these details
do not have any impact on the outcome of this case, because,
as we noted in Lesch v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., 282 F.3d 467, 473
(7th Cir. 2002), “[i]t is not always necessary to march through
this entire process if a single issue proves to be dispositive.
Here, as is often true, that issue is pretext or the lack thereof.”
Id.
In some cases, the inquiry about whether an employee is
meeting the employer’s legitimate work expectations over-
laps with the question of pretext. Where legitimate expecta-
tions and pretext overlap, we can be more efficient by ad-
dressing both together rather than first determining whether
there is a prima facie case of discrimination and then turning
to pretext. Everroad v. Scott Truck Sys., Inc., 604 F.3d 471, 477–
78 (7th Cir. 2010). And, in fact, this is more in keeping with
the “whole evidence” outlook espoused by this court in Ortiz,
834 F.3d at 764–65. If the employer offers a non-discrimina-
tory reason for the termination and we determine the reason
is not pretextual, we can skip the remaining analysis of the
prima facie case. See Adelman–Reyes v. Saint Xavier Univ., 500
F.3d 662, 665 (7th Cir. 2007). In this case, the question of pre-
text and employer expectations do indeed overlap. Brooks
was not meeting Avancez’s legitimate expectations if she was
making threats and refusing to follow company rules. These
are non-discriminatory reasons for termination. See Everroad,
604 F.3d at 478. But were they pretextual in this case?
Pretext means “more than a mistake on the part of the em-
ployer; pretext means a lie, specifically a phony reason for
some action.” Smith v. Chi. Transit Auth., 806 F.3d 900, 905 (7th
14 No. 21-1933
Cir. 2015) (citing Wolf v. Buss (Am.) Inc., 77 F.3d 914, 919 (7th
Cir. 1996)). The plaintiff must demonstrate pretext by a pre-
ponderance of the evidence. Robertson v. Dep’t of Health Servs.,
949 F.3d 371, 378 (7th Cir. 2020). If Avancez “honestly be-
lieved its reasons for taking the challenged actions, even if
those reasons were incorrect, then the reasons were not pre-
textual.” See v. Ill. Gaming Bd., 29 F.4th 363, 368 (7th Cir. 2022).
“In determining whether the employer’s reason can be char-
acterized as pretextual, we do not evaluate whether the em-
ployer’s proffered justification was accurate or even whether
it was unfair. Our sole focus is on whether the employer’s
stated reason can be characterized as a falsehood rather than
an honestly held belief.” Robertson, 949 F.3d at 378; see also For-
rester v. Rauland-Borg Corp., 453 F.3d 416, 418 (7th Cir. 2006)
(“[T]he question is never whether the employer was mis-
taken, cruel, unethical, out of his head, or downright irra-
tional in taking the action for the stated reason, but simply
whether the stated reason was his reason: not a good reason,
but the true reason.”). Because courts are not super-personnel
departments who sit in judgment of management decisions,
it is of no moment if the employer’s reasoning is incorrect,
“foolish, trivial or even baseless.” Gordon v. United Airlines,
Inc., 246 F.3d 878, 879 (7th Cir. 2001). “[A]arguing about the
accuracy of the employer’s assessment is a distraction … be-
cause the question is not whether the employer’s reasons for
a decision are ‘right but whether the employer’s description
of its reasons is honest.’” Jones v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., 302 F.3d
735, 744 (7th Cir. 2002) (quoting Kariotis v. Navistar Int’l Transp.
Corp., 131 F.3d 672, 677 (7th Cir. 1997) (emphasis in original)).
In other words, it does not matter if Brooks’ words should
have been perceived as threats or whether they even oc-
curred; the only question is whether the employer honestly
No. 21-1933 15
believed it had a non-discriminatory reason for termination—
that is, that Brooks made threats.
In this case, Brooks concedes that in both incidents man-
agement immediately asserted that Brooks had made threats.
R. 65-15 at 32, 45 (Dep. pp. 125, 177–78); R. 47 at 5, 7, ¶¶37, 53.
The immediacy of Pieper’s assertion at the February 6 meet-
ing, and Marburger and Braden’s joint assertions at the May
10 meeting reflect a level of reliability. They had no time to
collude or deliberately misrepresent but acknowledged the
threat immediately on the heels of the utterance. One might
analogize to the hearsay exception for present sense impres-
sions in which “we generally credit the proposition that state-
ments about an event and made soon after perceiving that
event are especially trustworthy because ‘substantial contem-
poraneity of event and statement negate the likelihood of de-
liberate or conscious misrepresentation.’” Navarette v. Califor-
nia, 572 U.S. 393, 399–400 (2014), (citing Advisory Committee’s
Notes on Fed. Rule Evid. 803(1), 28 U.S.C. App., p. 371) (de-
scribing the rationale for the hearsay exception for “present
sense impression[s]”). Moreover, the termination paperwork
signed by management on May 24, 2019, after the company’s
management had time to review its policies, also lists the
threats as the first reason for termination (along with poor
conduct and attitude and insubordination for failure to sign
personnel meeting notes describing the threats). Finally, after
Brooks filed a union grievance, a union representative inter-
viewed Brooks and his notes reflect that Brooks admitted say-
ing “I am Service Connected[.] I have PTSD and anything
could happen.” R. 56-3 at 250. The union representative, after
interviewing other people who were present at the May 10
meeting, also found evidence that Brooks made similar state-
ments at that May meeting. We do not credit this union
16 No. 21-1933
investigation as proof that the statements occurred. That, of
course, would be a fact issue for trial and, in any event, a un-
ion investigation is separate from this proceeding. But the
notes of that investigation, which are in this record, do bolster
Avancez’s position that people present at the meeting believed
that Brooks issued a threat. Whether or not that threat oc-
curred is not important for our purposes.
We do not dismiss the possibility that an employer’s pre-
conceived stereotype of a particular worker might influence
what the employer hears or claims to hear in such an interac-
tion. An employer who harbors hidden or open prejudice to-
ward women, for example, might hear “abrasiveness” or
“rudeness” in her speech, or stereotypes of an immigrant
group might color how an employer views an employee’s
work product. Guessing at an employer’s hidden animus or
inner prejudice, however, is not enough to defeat summary
judgment. The employee must support her hunch with evi-
dence. Payne v. Pauley, 337 F.3d 767, 772 (7th Cir. 2003) (a
plaintiff cannot thwart summary judgment by speculating as
to the defendant/employer’s state of mind). If Avancez’s de-
cision-makers harbored some discriminatory prejudice about
people with PTSD that altered their interpretation of Brooks’
comment and made them believe it was a threat when it was
not, Brooks has not presented a thread of evidence to support
this theory. In fact, the only adverse employment action that
she claims was based on PTSD was her termination for mak-
ing a threat and using her PTSD as the excuse for making it.6
6 Brooks does not allege that her employer labeled her as having trou-
ble getting along with co-workers or making threats based on a perception
about age.
No. 21-1933 17
In sum, Avancez has met its burden of production by
providing a non-discriminatory reason for termination—that
it earnestly and honestly believed that Brooks had threatened
co-workers. Brooks’ evidence of pretext, on the other hand, is
both scattershot and not relevant to the adverse actions that
form the basis of her complaint. For example, she claims as
evidence of pretext that Avancez selectively enforced its pol-
icies against her but not others. See Coleman v. Donahoe, 667
F.3d 835, 858 (7th Cir. 2012). When a plaintiff claims that she
was disciplined and a similarly situated employee was not,
the plaintiff must show not only that the two employees en-
gaged in similar conduct (including considerations of differ-
entiating or mitigating circumstances), but also that the con-
duct was material to the adverse employment action. An-
tonetti v. Abbott Lab’ys, 563 F.3d 587, 592 (7th Cir. 2009).
Brooks’ examples do not provide apt comparisons to her con-
duct, nor do they offer sufficient evidence of pretext.
For example, Brooks spends some time in her brief argu-
ing about allegedly similarly situated employees who hurled
rude statements and disrespectful profanity around the work-
place and yet were not disciplined despite Brooks’ own con-
clusion that the “co-workers’ conduct was worse than [her
own].” Brooks’ Brief at 18. Rude and disrespectful behavior,
however, is not at all the same as making threats. In fact, un-
der the collective bargaining agreement, profanity falls under
the category of “conduct and attitude” and does not even call
for a written warning on the first offense. R. 56-3 at 243–45.
Making threats, on the other hand, calls for an immediate
18 No. 21-1933
three-day suspension for the first offense and discharge for
the second offense. 7 R. 56-3 at 241.
Brooks also argues that she was improperly disciplined for
insubordination for not signing notices of disciplinary action
(what the parties call “write-ups”) because the CBA either did
not require a signature during the time at issue, or did not set
forth punishment for failing to do so. Brooks is conflating two
events. Brooks claims that Pieper threatened to terminate her
after she refused to sign the write-up following the February
6, 2019 meeting, despite the fact that the requirement to sign
“write ups” was not an offense until the Collective Bargaining
Agreement went into effect six weeks later, on March 21, 2019.
But Brooks was not, in fact, terminated or disciplined in any
way for failing to sign this write-up on February 6. R. 65-15 at
35 (Dep. p. 138). The termination paperwork that manage-
ment signed on May 24, 2019, on the other hand, did indeed
list insubordination for failure to sign the write up from the
May 10 meeting. R. 56-3 at 261. Brooks concedes, however,
both that she refused to sign those notes and that by May 24,
2019, the CBA required that employees “must sign all written
reprimands and warnings.” See Brooks’ Brief at 9–10 (citing R.
56-3 at 209). 8 Failure to meet a requirement of the CBA is, in
fact, insubordination whether or not the disciplinary
7 An employer’s efforts to take workplace threats seriously is not with-
out reason. In 2019, 20,870 workers in private industries experienced non-
fatal workplace violence, and 453 were killed. Nat’l Inst. for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH), https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/vio-
lence/fastfacts.html.
8Brooks’ brief erroneously cites to page 237 of this document, but the
point she references in the CBA appears on page 209 of that document. See
R. 56-3 at 209 (p. 13 of the CBA).
No. 21-1933 19
consequence for the offense is set forth explicitly in the CBA.
More generally, this is not an example of selective enforce-
ment, but rather, it is an argument that the employer wrongly
disciplined Brooks. As we have established, however, the wis-
dom or propriety of an employer’s discipline is a distraction;
the “question is not whether the employer’s reasons for a de-
cision are right but whether the employer’s description of the
reason is honest.” Jones, 302 F.3d at 744 (internal citations
omitted) (original emphasis omitted). Thus, even if Pieper
had erroneously disciplined Brooks in February 2019 for fail-
ure to sign the discipline report prior to the effective date of
the CBA (and Brooks concedes he did not), his error alone was
not pretext for discrimination. There is no evidence that other
employees were not asked to sign their disciplinary actions or
not disciplined when they refused.
Brooks also claims that she was wrongfully accused of and
disciplined for soliciting on the job, whereas another em-
ployee solicited on the job and was not disciplined. This inci-
dent did not lead to her termination, and although her super-
visor made notes about it, those notes specifically state “[t]his
is not a write up.” R. 65-4 at 30. Other than providing a pho-
tocopy of a Girl Scout cookie order sheet (R. 65-4 at 31), Brooks
has not provided any facts from which we might assess
whether the other employee was similarly situated and
whether Brooks was treated more harshly than her co-worker.
Brooks’ brief also contains a section which she labels
“ADEA Pretext and Direct Evidence of Discrimination.” Be-
cause we now view evidence as a whole without divisions be-
tween direct and indirect evidence (See Ortiz, 824 F.3d at 765–
66), we can evaluate her claims of direct evidence of discrim-
ination in the same breath as we look together at pretext and
20 No. 21-1933
satisfactory job performance. Brooks claims that her direct ev-
idence of discrimination is twofold: her allegation that her
team lead, Chambers, said she was too old for training, and
her co-workers’ taunts that she was old and slow.
According to Brooks’ own narrative, however, after
Chambers made the comment about Brooks being too old to
train, someone who outranked Chambers, supervisor Keith
Redd, immediately and clearly corrected Chambers and
stated that Brooks should be trained on all the stations on the
production line. And, in fact, Brooks conceded that following
that conversation she did receive training on all of the units of
the line and believed, by April 2019, she received training on
all but one station. In short, if there was any confusion by a
co-worker that she was too old for training, it was quickly
remedied by a supervisor. 9 The only evidence in the record
about training comes from an Avancez training chart which
shows that Brooks had as much or more training than all of
her co-workers, other than the team lead. R. 56-3 at 247. In
fact, during her deposition her only objection to the training
document was that she had more mastery of the equipment
than the document indicated. Id. at 45–47. The district court
concluded that it “could not find, as a matter of law, that
Plaintiff has suffered a discriminatory failure to train when,
in fact, she was one of the best trained individuals on her
shift.” Brooks, 2021 WL 1535300, at *9. We agree.
9 Brooks alleges that Chambers was a supervisor and not a co-worker;
even if this is true, Chambers’ error was immediately corrected by a su-
pervisor with greater authority. We discuss the co-worker/supervisor dis-
tinction further below.
No. 21-1933 21
As for the comments by Chambers, Crawford, and Good-
win that she was old and slow, these kinds of remarks can
raise an inference of discrimination if they are made by a per-
son with decision-making power over the adverse employ-
ment action at issue and are made around the same time and
in reference to that decision. Bagwe v. Sedgwick Claims Mgmt.
Servs., Inc., 811 F.3d 866, 885 (7th Cir. 2016). Brooks argues in
her reply brief that Chambers was a supervisor. Putting aside
the question of waiver, we can conclude that as a matter of
law Chambers was not a supervisor. A supervisor is someone
who can affect a “significant change in employment status,
such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with
significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a
significant change in benefits.” Vance v. Ball State Univ., 570
U.S. 421, 431 (2013) (quoting Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth,
524 U.S. 742, 761 (1998)). We know that Chambers had none
of these powers because in her May 9 complaint to manage-
ment, she stated that she asked to have Brooks removed from
her line and team four times without management heeding
her request. R. 56-3 at 257. Moreover, even if she were a su-
pervisor, there was a clear break between any of her requests
to remove Brooks from her line, or the ageist comments and
the independent action—the threats—that ultimately led
more senior management to terminate Brooks. Staub v. Proctor
Hosp., 562 U.S. 411, 421 (2011) (“[I]f the employer’s investiga-
tion results in an adverse action for reasons unrelated to the
supervisor’s original biased action … then the employer will
not be liable.”).
Discriminatory behavior by non-decisionmakers can, in
some cases, form the basis of an age discrimination claim
where the subordinate without decision-making authority
has such influence over the decisionmaker that she is able to
22 No. 21-1933
use her discriminatory actions to manipulate the decision-
maker into taking the adverse employment action. See id. at
420–21. To show age-based discrimination under this “cat’s
paw” theory of liability, Brooks must have evidence that the
biased non-supervisor actually harbored discriminatory ani-
mus against her and that the employee’s scheme proximately
caused her termination. Sinha v. Bradley Univ., 995 F.3d 568,
574 (7th Cir. 2021).10 Brooks’ theory is that her supervisory co-
worker, Chambers, influenced Avancez to terminate Brooks
because Brooks “complained about not being trained and har-
assment.” Brooks’ Brief at 24.
Chambers’ unheeded requests to have Brooks removed
from her line demonstrated her inability to influence
Avancez’s decision. Moreover, Avancez’s management made
the decision to terminate Brooks after reviewing her history
of making threats to co-workers, her prior discipline for mak-
ing an earlier threat, and her refusal to sign off on the disci-
pline report. R. 56-2 at 5; R. 65-9 at 25. Chambers’ complaint
could not have been the proximate cause of Brooks’ termina-
tion because management conducted its own independent in-
vestigation and evaluation of Brooks’ employment history
and terminated her based on other information, in particular,
10As described by the Supreme Court, “The term ‘cat’s paw’ derives
from a fable conceived by Aesop, put into verse by La Fontaine in 1679,
and injected into United States employment discrimination law by Judge
Posner in 1990. See Shager v. Upjohn Co., 913 F.2d 398, 405 (7th Cir. 1990).
In the fable, a monkey induces a cat by flattery to extract roasting chest-
nuts from the fire. After the cat has done so, burning its paws in the pro-
cess, the monkey makes off with the chestnuts and leaves the cat with
nothing.” Staub, 562 U.S. at 415 n.16. This theory describes a situation in
which a lower-level employee influences or manipulates the employer
into taking discriminatory actions.
No. 21-1933 23
that she had threatened Avancez employees. Moreover, even
if Avancez took Chambers’ complaints into account, “the de-
cisionmaker is not required to be ‘a paragon of independ-
ence.’” McDaniel v. Progress Rail Locomotive, Inc., 940 F.3d 360,
370 (7th Cir. 2019) (quoting Martino v. MCI Commc’ns Servs.,
Inc., 574 F.3d 447, 453 (7th Cir. 2009)). An employer may avoid
cat’s paw liability if the decisionmaker “is not wholly depend-
ent on a single source of information” and conducts her “own
investigation into the facts relevant to the decision.” Martino,
574 F.3d at 453 (internal quotations and citation omitted). If
“the employer’s investigation results in an adverse action for
reasons unrelated to the supervisor’s original biased action …
the employer will not be liable.” Staub, 562 U.S. at 421. We
conclude that neither Chambers’ complaints nor the other em-
ployees’ age-related comments singularly influenced
Avancez to terminate Brooks. Avancez terminated Brooks be-
cause of its honestly held belief that Brooks issued threats in
the workplace.
In short, all of Brooks’ arguments fail on the same
grounds. For all of these claims—ADEA, ADA and retalia-
tion—a plaintiff must prove, by a preponderance of the evi-
dence, that the protected category or action was the “but-for”
cause of the challenged adverse employment action. Sinha,
995 F.3d at 573 (ADEA); Kurtzhals, 969 F.3d at 728 (ADA); 11
11 We have noted that the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 changed the
language of the statute from prohibiting discrimination “because of” a dis-
ability to prohibiting discrimination “on the basis of” a disability. See Pub.
L. No. 110-325, § 5(a)(1) (Sept. 25, 2008). Our circuit still has not deter-
mined definitively whether the changes affect our interpretation of the
ADA as requiring “but for” causation, but we continue to assume that
“but for” causation is required. See Kurtzhals, 969 F.3d at 728; Monroe v.
Ind. Dep’t of Transport., 871 F.3d 495, 504 (7th Cir. 2017) (citing Serwatka v.
24 No. 21-1933
Rowlands v. United Parcel Serv.—Fort Wayne, 901 F.3d 792, 801
(7th Cir. 2018) (retaliation). In this case, whatever else was
happening in the workplace, the plaintiff would have been
terminated because Avancez had the honestly held belief that
Brooks made threats of violence to other employees. Thus,
even taking all of the facts in the light most favorable to
Brooks, and making all reasonable inferences in her favor, she
has not met her burden of persuading this court that
Avancez’s stated reason for terminating her was pretextual.
More generally, a reasonable factfinder could not conclude
that PTSD, age, or protected activity caused her discharge. See
Ortiz, 834 F.3d at 764–65.
The remainder of Brooks’ arguments are all aimed at prov-
ing that she did not actually issue a threat at the May 10, 2019
meeting. Once again, however, the pivotal question is
whether Avancez believed that Brooks issued a threat. And as
we noted, Brooks concedes that in both the February and May
meetings, management told Brooks that she had made a
threat.
B. Hostile work environment claim.
Supreme Court cases recognize that discrimination in the
workplace can emanate not only from the terms and condi-
tions of employment, but also when “the workplace is perme-
ated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult
that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions
of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working
environment.” Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523
Rockwell Automation, Inc., 591 F.3d 957, 961 n.1 (7th Cir. 2010)); Roberts v.
City of Chicago, 817 F.3d 561, 565 n.1 (7th Cir. 2016); Hooper, 804 F.3d at 853
n.2.
No. 21-1933 25
U.S. 75, 78 (1998) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S.
17, 21 (1993)). Hostile work environment cases originated in
the context of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (applicable to
claims of discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin), 42 U.S.C. § 2000(e), but have been ap-
plied in this circuit to harassment based on disability as well.
See Ford v. Marion Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 942 F.3d 839, 852 (7th Cir.
2019). This court has also assumed, without deciding, that a
hostile work environment claim can be brought under the
ADEA. See Tyburski, 964 F.3d at 600; Racicot v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc., 414 F.3d 675, 678 (7th Cir. 2005); Bennington v. Caterpillar,
Inc., 275 F.3d 654, 660 (7th Cir. 2001); Halloway v. Milwaukee
Cnty., 180 F.3d 820, 827 (7th Cir. 1999).
Once again, we use a multistep framework to organize
how we evaluate hostile work environment claims. A plaintiff
must demonstrate that (1) she was subject to unwelcome har-
assment; (2) the harassment was based on disability or age or
another protected category; (3) the harassment was suffi-
ciently severe or pervasive, both subjectively and objectively,
so as to alter the conditions of her employment and create a
hostile or abusive atmosphere; and (4) there is a basis for em-
ployer liability. Mahran v. Advocate Christ Med. Ctr., 12 F.4th
708, 714–15 (7th Cir. 2021); Tyburski, 964 F.3d at 601–02; Abrego
v. Wilkie, 907 F.3d 1004, 1015 (7th Cir. 2018). Insults, personal
animosity, and juvenile behavior are insufficient evidence of
a hostile work environment unless they are so pervasive or
severe as to interfere with an employee’s work performance.
Id. Although we certainly do not condone such behavior, and
recognize that a series of separate, isolated acts can collec-
tively add up to a hostile work environment, occasional vul-
gar language, and coarse, rude, or boorish behavior will not
26 No. 21-1933
amount to a hostile work environment. See Racicot, 414 F.3d at
678.
The district court found no evidence whatsoever of a hos-
tile environment based on the plaintiff’s PTSD, and we agree.
Brooks does not allege that anyone made any comments at all
about her PTSD and concedes that she did not tell any of her
co-workers about her PTSD, including the co-workers who
made offensive comments to her. None of the comments she
alleges occurred have anything to do with PTSD or any other
disability. The other complaints Brooks had about her co-
workers’ abusive conduct—swearing, refusing to follow her
directions, using disrespectful language—were not focused
on her age or disability and thus could not create a hostile
work environment on the basis of a protected category.
As for her age claim, as we noted, her team lead’s com-
ment that “they said you’re too old” to train was quickly rec-
tified. As for the three employees—Chambers, Crawford, and
Goodwin—who regularly told Brooks she was old and slow,
Brooks did not have specific examples of statements made by
any of these employees. She testified only that “Um, because
of my age, I would regularly be harassed by these three, …
Ms. Chambers, team lead, Ms. Crawford, quality control, and
Christeena [Goodwin], team member.” R. 65-15 at 28 (Dep. p.
110). When asked about specific statements they made,
Brooks responded, “Liza would verbally complain about me
being too slow, um, Tiffany would, uh, quality control, would
also complain about me being too slow, and she even said I
was, you know, these old people and make reference to my
age and so did, uh Chris …, uh, Ms. Goodwin.” Id. (Dep. pp.
110–11). When pressed further for specific examples, Brooks
responded, “Just comments that, uh, about, about my age. She
No. 21-1933 27
would comment about my age and being too slow.” Id. at 28
(Dep. p. 111). When asked for a third time to identify specific
comments, Brooks responded that Tiffany would, “come and
stand over me when I’m working routinely and make little
comments, and, and, and move stuff around and just be all in
my area, uh, stating that she could write me up and just harass
me.” Id. She also testified that Goodwin “would harass me be-
cause, um, you know, she felt I was, you know, um, just slow.
She felt I was slow, and she could do the job better. She would
routinely tell me, oh, I, tell Liza and Tiffany, oh, I, … I’m doing
better than she’s doing. And she would routinely make little
snide comments about my age.” Id. at 28 (Dep. p. 112). Once
again, counsel for Avancez asked for specific examples, but
Brooks only had broad generalizations: “one day she, uh, um,
um, one day she, uh, she, she wanted to, I guess she wanted
Li … I don’t know. She, she just would routinely do it and I
recall one time she said something about my age and she ac-
tually left the line without permission. … They would just
make the comment, these, these older people are slow.” Id.
Brooks reported that Crawford and Goodwin each made
these comments more than twice but less than ten times. Id. at
28–29 (Dep. pp. 111–13). Neither the severity nor frequency of
the comments is sufficient to constitute a hostile work envi-
ronment. The insults Brooks received may be juvenile, insult-
ing, and boorish, but no reasonable jury could find that they
were so frequent or pervasive as to create a hostile work en-
vironment. See Tyburski, 964 F.3d at 602. We need not address
the remaining factors of a hostile work environment claim.
C. Intentional infliction of emotional distress.
On September 14, 2020, Brooks filed a motion for leave to
amend the complaint to add a claim for intentional infliction
28 No. 21-1933
of emotional distress. The district court held that Brooks’
claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was futile
and could not survive a dispositive motion. Generally, deni-
als of leave to amend are reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Gandhi v. Sitara Cap. Mgmt., LLC, 721 F.3d 865, 868 (7th Cir.
2013). But when the basis for denial is futility, we apply the
legal sufficiency standard of Rule 12(b)(6) to determine
whether the proposed amended complaint fails to state a
claim. See, e.g., General Elec. Cap. Corp. v. Lease Resolution Corp.,
128 F.3d 1074, 1085 (7th Cir. 1997). Accordingly, our review
for abuse of discretion of futility-based denials includes de
novo review of the legal basis for the futility. Runnion ex rel.
Runnion v. Girl Scouts of Greater Chi. & Nw. Ind., 786 F.3d 510,
524 (7th Cir. 2015).
Indiana courts have been reluctant to apply the tort of in-
tentional infliction of emotional distress to employment situ-
ations, and our circuit, in applying Indiana law has followed
suit. Cortezano v. Salin Bank & Tr. Co., 680 F.3d 936, 941 (7th
Cir. 2012); McCreary v. Libbey-Owens-Ford Co., 132 F.3d 1159,
1167 (7th Cir. 1997). To prevail on such a claim, Brooks would
have to show that Avancez engaged in (1) extreme and outra-
geous conduct that (2) intentionally or recklessly (3) caused
(4) severe emotional distress. See York v. Fredrick, 947 N.E.2d
969, 976 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). The conduct alleged must be “so
outrageous” and “so extreme” so as to go “beyond all possible
bounds of decency.” Id. at 976–77. Under the facts alleged by
Brooks, she encountered rude, inappropriate, and unprofes-
sional behavior from co-workers. No reasonable fact finder,
however, could find that the behavior was so extreme and
outrageous as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency.
The district court properly dismissed Brooks’ request for
leave to add such a claim.
No. 21-1933 29
The opinion of the district court is AFFIRMED in all re-
spects.