dissenting. Under Rule 29(4) (b) of the Rules of the Arkansas Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, we may certify to the Supreme Court any case filed in this court if it involves an issue of significant public interest. I do not agree with the majority decision because it does not acknowledge that this case involves such an issue and should be certified to the Supreme Court for decision.
After the briefs had been filed in this case, the Supreme Court of the United States decided the cases of United States v. Leon, - U.S. -, 104 Sup. Ct. 3405, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677 (1984), and Massachusetts v. Sheppard, _ U.S. _, 104 Sup. Ct. 3424, 82 L. Ed. 2d 737 (1984). Leon reversed a 70-yégpold rule that excluded from introduction in federal court evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914); and Sheppard reversed that same rule which Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), through the application of the Fourteenth Amendment, had required in state courts for 23 years. The decisions in Leon and Sheppard were widely reported by the news media as well as in the literature. In Arkansas, the story was on the front pages of both the Arkansas Gazette and the Arkansas Democrat on July 6, 1984.
In Leon the Court said that “the Fourteenth Amendment contains no provision expressly precluding the use of evidence obtained in violation of its commands,” and that the exclusionary rule was “a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights through its deterrent effect.” The Court noted that “the substantial social costs exacted by the exclusionary rule for the vindication of the Fourth Amendment rights have long been a source of concern,” and that “an objectionable consequence of this interference with the criminal justice system’s truth-finding function is that some guilty defendants may go free or receive reduced sentences as a result of favorable plea bargains.” The court concluded that “when law enforcement officers have acted in objective good faith or their transgressions have been minor, the magnitude of the benefit conferred on such guilty defendants offends basic concepts of the criminal justice system.”
In Sheppard the Court applied this “good faith” rule to a case tried in a state court. The trial judge had held that a search warrant failed to conform to the commands of the Fourth Amendment because it did not particularly describe the items to be seized, but he ruled that the items actually seized could be admitted into evidence, notwithstanding the defect in the warrant, since the police had acted in good faith in executing what they reasonably thought was a valid warrant. The United States Supreme Court agreed in these words:
In sum, the police conduct in this case clearly was objectively reasonable and largely error-free. An error of constitutional dimensions may have been committed with respect to the issuance of the warrant, but it was the judge, not the police officers, who made the critical mistake. “[T]he exclusionary rule was adopted to deter unlawful searches by police, not to punish the errors of magistrates and judges.” Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. -, - (1983) (White, J., concurring in the judgment). Supressing evidence because the judge failed to make all the necessary clerical corrections despite his assurances that such changes would be made will not serve the deterrent function that the exclusionary rule was designed to achieve. Accordingly, federal law does not require the exclusion of the disputed evidence in this case.
The majority opinion in the instant case has reversed the conviction of a defendant whom the jury has found guilty. The reversal is based upon the Arkansas Supreme Court decision of Lunsford v. State, 262 Ark. 1, 552 S.W.2d 646 (1977). In that case, as in this case, the testimony of the officer was not recorded.1 Lunsford, however, relied upon Russ v. City of Camden, 256 Ark. 214, 506 S.W.2d 529 (1974), in holding that the state must produce “the written evidence relied upon by the issuing magistrate as establishing probable cause,” and Russ relied upon Mapp v. Ohio as authority for its holding. Since the United States Supreme Court has now reversed the rule it laid down in Mapp v. Ohio, the Arkansas Supreme Court may well want to reverse the rule it made in Russ and Lunsford. This is certainly not an unreasonable suggestion because before Mapp v. Ohio made the same rule applicable to state courts that Weeks v. United States had made applicable to federal courts, the Arkansas Supreme Court had said:
It has long been the settled rule that state courts are not bound by the rules of procedure in federal courts on the question of the competency or incompetency of evidence. For example, federal courts hold evidence obtained through an illegal search warrant, or without a search warrant, inadmissible, while this court has always held such testimony competent and admissible. We think this announced rule on the admissibility of evidence in search and seizure cases, which has always been followed in this state, should and does apply in the instant case.
State v. Browning, 206 Ark. 791, 794, 178 S.W.2d 77 (1944).
Moreover, Rule 16.2(e) of our Rules of Criminal Procedure provides that “a motion to suppress evidence shall be granted only if the court finds that the violation upon which it is based was substantial, or if otherwise required by the Constitution of the United States or of this state.” The rule then sets out criteria that the court shall use in determining whether a violation is substantial. One consideration specifically listed is “the extent to which the violation was willful,” and collectively the criteria do not appear to conflict in spirit or letter with the decisions of Leon and Sheppard. It, therefore, seems to me that our Supreme Court should be given the opportunity to decide whether in the light of these recent cases the old exclusionary rule should still be applied in a case where the officer executing the warrant acted in “good faith.” Surely that is an issue of significant public interest.
However, before I would certify this matter to the Supreme Court, I would remand it to the trial court for that court to conduct a hearing to determine whether under the criteria set out in our Criminal Procedure Rule 16.2, as viewed in the light of Leon and Sheppard, the motion to suppress should be granted. There seems to be no constitutional problem with doing this, see United States v. Sager, 743 F.2d 1261 (8th Cir. 1984), and this is the procedure followed by the Arkansas Supreme Court in Jackson v. State, 271 Ark. 71, 607 S.W.2d 371 (1980), when the United States Supreme Court decided the case of Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573 (1980), after the briefs had been filed in the Jackson appeal. Payton had held that absent exigent circumstances, a warrantless, nonconsensual entry into a defendant’s home to make a routine felony arrest was constitutionally invalid and, although the defendant had to stand trial, the exclusionary rule prohibited introduction of any evidence seized pursuant to the invalid arrest. In Jackson the Arkansas Supreme Court remanded for an evidentiary hearing to determine if exigent circumstances had existed when the arrest was made in that case.
A remand of the instant case would accomplish three things. First, after conducting an evidentiary hearing to the extent the trial court finds necessary, that court could make a new finding on the motion to suppress as I have already discussed. Second, the attorneys representing the parties could participate in the hearing and, after the trial court’s finding is filed in this court, they could file supplemental briefs in this case on appeal. Third, under the recent case of Bliss v. State, 282 Ark. 315, 668 S.W.2d 936 (1984), decided after the appellant’s brief had been filed in the case now before us, the court held that a trial judge must recuse on a hearing where he is required to rule upon the validity of a search warrant which he issued. That case holds this must be done even though no request to disqualify is made, and also holds that no objection to the failure to disqualify is necessary. The merit of a remand to comply with the rule in Bliss is clear in this case where the judge needs to be, and in fact was, a witness to the circumstances surrounding the issuance of the warrant.
After the trial court’s findings have been made and filed in this court, I would then certify the case to the Arkansas Supreme Court as a case of significant public interest under Rule 29(4) (b).
I do want to address one argument made by the state that is not addressed by the majority opinion. As I understand the point, the state contends that even if the motion to suppress were granted, there would still be sufficient evidence in the record to convict the appellant of the misdemeanor crime of possession of a controlled substance since the crime was committed in Officer Jerry Ridgell’s presence when the appellant made a sale of marijuana to Dwight Hood. The trouble is that Ridgell’s testimony to that effect was given in the suppression hearing but not in the trial of the case before the jury.
I am authorized to state that Judge Cooper joins in this dissent.
The majority opinion in this casé is somewhat misleading in saying that the officer “stated that he had not been sworn.” The truth of the matter is that the officer also said he could not truthfully answer whether he was sworn or not “due to the length in time and all the things that were going on at the time,” but that he did recall giving the judge a statement concerning the issuance of the search warrant and that the judge asked him some questions “in regard to sworn testimony.”