delivering the opinion of the court:
In the above stated case a rule was issued requiring the respondent to show cause^why an alternative writ of mandamus should not issue as prayed for.
The respondent moves the court to discharge the rule and dismiss the proceedings in the cause for the following reasons, based upon the alleged insufficiency of the plaintiff’s petition, viz.:
(1) Because it does not show that the contract referred to has been examined and approved by the city solicitor for the mayor and council of Wilmington as provided by an ordinance of the City of Wilmington.
(2) Because it does not show that the bond with surety given by the relator has been approved by the mayor and presi-
*389dent of council of the mayor and council of Wilmington as provided by an ordinance of the City of Wilmington.
(3) Because it does not show that the resolution of the board of health awarding the contract to the relator was not rescinded before the said petition was filed.
The court are of the opinion that the reasons filed are not sufficient to prevent the issuance of the alternative writ, and it. is therefore ordered that the rule be made absolute, and that the alternative writ issue.
The writ issued and the return thereto was filed.
{June, 24, 1912.)
Pennewill, C. J., and Woolley and Rice, J. J.,sitting.
Motion by the relator to quash and strike out the return filed by the respondent to the alternative writ of mandamus for the following reasons, viz.:
1. Because the contract relied on was awarded to the lowest and best bidder.
2. Because the awarding of the said garbage contract belonged solely and exclusively to the board of health.
3. Because the board of health is the body named by law to exercise full, sole and exclusive jurisdiction over such matters.
The respondent contended that no legal or binding -contract was made by the city with the relator, because,
1. When- the board of health advertised for bids it unlawfully inserted in said advertisements the following language: “Bidders must submit cut and description of the style of cart or wagon to be used by them in the collection or removal of the garbage.”
2. The board of health did not lawfully award said contracts in that they were not awarded to the lowest and best bidders.
The respondent also contended that if the alleged contract was not illegal, it was nevertheless incomplete and imperfect because it was not signed by the mayor, nor had he affixed the seal of the city thereto; and that therefore the board of health had the power to rescind the action of the board which awarded the contract to the relator.
*390After argument, the following opinion was announced:
Woolley, J.,delivering the opinion of the court:
From the alternative writ of mandamus issued in this case upon the petition of the relator and from the answer filed in response thereto, it appears that the relator’s right to a peremptory writ of mandamus is dependent upon the consideration and determination of a number of questions. These questions, stated somewhat in the order in which they occur, are whether there was in the first instance a lawful contract between the relator and the board of health as the contracting agency of the municipal corporation of which the respondent is mayor, respecting the collection and disposal of garbage for the fourth district of the City of Wilmington, first upon the charge of an excess of the authority of the board of health in requiring, by its advertisements for bids, that each bidder file with his bid a cut or picture of the particular type or kind of cart he would use in the event of being awarded the contract, thereby making the bidding less competitive and more uncertain, and second, upon the ground that the award was arbitrarily made.
If we should consider these questions and find that a contractual relation does in fact exist between the relator and the municipality, it would then be necessary to determine, before awarding a peremptory writ of mandamus upon the mayor to sign and seal the written contract presented, whether as a matter of law, the contract was not made and completed by the bid and award and nothing remained for the mayor to do but approve the bond. To the petition in the case of State of Delaware, upon the relation of McCormick v. Fisher, 5 Penn. 273, 64 Atl. 68, was appended a copy of the bid made in that case, which by express language distinctly showed that both the city and the relator contemplated that their undertakings as shown by the bid and award, should be reduced to writing and signed by them, and the court, holding the act of the mayor in such a matter to be merely ministerial, commanded him to execute the written contract. In the case under consideration, however, the bid upon which the relator claims to have been awarded the contract and bases his *391right to ask this court to compel the respondent to execute it in writing, was referred to iii the petition but was not filed with the petition and therefore it does not disclose to the court, as did the bid in the Fisher case, whether the contract was complete on the award or a subsequently written contract was contemplated and intended to be signed.
[1] Whatever may be the solution of these questions, the primary matter for determination is whether the relator, upon his own showing, is entitled to have the mayor sign and seal the particular contract which he submits with his petition for execution. It appears by the petition, as before stated, that in the advertisement for bids, each bidder was requested and required to submit a cut or picture of the particular land or make of cart he would use in the event of being awarded the contract. The relator complied with this request and filed such a cut with his bid and was formally awarded the contract by the board of health. Whether the contract was legal in the first instance or if legal whether it was complete on the bid and award or contemplated a written instrument subsequently to be signed, we do not say, but we do say, that from the petitioner’s own showing, the contract which we are asked to compel the mayor to execute, makes no reference to the type of cart the petitioner showed by his bid he would use if awarded the contract. We therefore find that the contract which we are asked to command the mayor to sign is different from the contract based upon the petitioner’s bid and the award by the board of health. We therefore conclude that the petitioner has failed to show that he is entitled to the remedy for which he prays.
The motion to quash the answer is refused and the prayer for a peremptory writ of mandamus is denied.
Whereupon the above named relator, to wit, on the eighth day of July, filed five other petitions for the issuance of writs of peremptory mandamus. (Pennewill, C. J., and Woolley and Rice, J. J., sitting.) Objection was made to the issuance of rules to show cause. It was agreed by counsel that the court might consider and determine all questions that could be raised either *392upon the return of the rule or upon the return to the alternative writ, etc.
In the first petition the relator asked that a rule issue requiring the former board of health “to show cause why a writ of peremptory mandamus should not issue against them requiring them to meet and draw up and present to your petitioner for execution, a written contract in accordance with the contract actually awarded by them to your petitioner.”
[2] This petition was, after argument, dismissed, for the reason that if such a contract should be drawn up and presented, it should be done by the present board. While the terms of office of the preceding members of the board of health have expired, the board itself has not ceased to exist, but the office continued with different personnel.
In the second petition the relator asked that a rule issue, requiring Daniel 0. Hastings, city solicitor, “to show cause why a writ of peremptory mandamus shall not issue against him, requiring him to draw up the said above mentioned contract.”
This petition was also dismissed because it did not appear to the court that there was any law making it the duty of the city solicitor to perform suóh duty.
In the third petition the relator asked that a rule issue, requiring Harrison W. Howell, mayor, “to show why a writ of peremptory mandamus shall not issue against him requiring him to execute the said above mentioned contract by signing his name thereto as mayor and affixing the corporate seal of the said ‘The Mayor and Council of Wilmington’ thereto.”
This petition being predicated upon the issuance of the writ of peremptory mandamus in the first two petitions, which being dismissed, it was also dismissed.
The fourth and fifth petitions asked that rules issue requiring the said Harrison W. Howell, mayor, as aforesaid, and Samuel H. Benson, president of council, respectively, “to show cause why a writ of peremptory mandamus shall not issue against him requiring him to approve said bond as aforesaid in accordance with law.”
The last two petitions, after further consideration, were on *393the sixteenth day of July disposed of together. The facts and questions involved sufficiently appear in the opinions following the arguments of counsel.
Argument of Counsel for Petitioners.
1. The board of health alone has full, complete and exclusive control and jurisdiction in all matters pertaining to the making of contracts for the collection and removal of garbage in the City of Wilmington. City Charter 138; McCormick v. Fisher, 5 Penn. 273; United States Sand Filtration v. Bird, (1904) not reported, New Castle County, Appearance Docket, p. 225.
2. Where an inferior body is invested with powers that involve the exercise of judgment and discretion, the courts will never interfere with the action of said body—unless it clearly appears—
(a) That said body has acted outside of its jurisdiction,—or
(b) That said body has clearly been guilty of fraud. Liebig Mfg. Co. v. Board of Health, 8 Del. Ch. 26 (40); Harlan and Hollingsworth v. Paschall, 5 Del. Ch. 458; Keough v. Mayor and Council, 4 Del. Ch. 498 ; 2nd High on Injs. §§ 1186-1247; 98 Mass. 431; 70 Ill. 65; 47 Barb. 64; 92 Ill. 372; 46 Minn. 542; 79 Ga. 807.
3. The power conferred on the board of health to award contracts for the collection and removal of garbage to the “lowest and best bidder” is a power that involves the exercise of discretion and judgment, and as it is conceded that the board of health in awarding the contract for the fourth district of the City of Wilmington, has not been guilty of fraud or wrong doing of any kind, but has acted honestly and in good faith, the courts will not interfere to annul the contract it has made. 2 Beach on Contracts, § 1183 (1897); High on Ext. Leg. Rems. § 91.
“The charter has confided this discretion to the Council, and the courts will not review the reasons of its action further than to see that the discretion is fairly and honestly exercised.” Keough v. Mayor and Council, (supra); Findley v. City of Pittsburg, 82 Pa. St. 351 (1876); American Paving Co. v. Wagner, 139 Pa. St. 623; Schefbauer v. Kearney, 57 N. J. Law 601 (1895); 76 Md. 397; 36 O. St. 326; Kelly v. Chicago, 62 Ill. 282; State ex rel *394Eaves v. Rickards, 28 L. R. A. 301; Anderson v. Board of Public Schools, (Mo.) 26 L. R. A. 707; People v. Doraheimer, 55 How. Pr. 118; Johnson v. Sanitary Commission, 163 Ill. 287; Wilson v. Trenton, 60 N. J. L. 399; Affirmed by Court of Errors and Appeals, 44 L. R. A. 542.
4. When the board of health asked for proposals or bids for the collection and removal of garbage in the City of Wilmington, and bids were sent to the board of health and the board of health accepted one of the bids, and “awarded the contract” to one of the bidders, the contract was complete and nothing remained to be done but for the mayor, as the official head of the municipality, to sign the said contract and affix the official or corporate seal of the municipality thereto. 1 Dillon Munic. Corp. § 470; American Lighting Co. v. McCuen, 72 Md. act. 706; Keough v. Mayor and Council, (supra); Dillon Municipal Corporations, § 470, p. 502.
5. And as the signing of said contract and the affixing of the official or corporate seal thereto by the mayor, is a purely formal and ministerial act, the courts (upon his refusal to perform this ministerial duty) will compel him to do so by awarding a peremptory writ of mandamus. 14 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, p. 165.
Argument of Counsel for Respondents.
1. The contract was illegal because when the board of health advertised for bids it unlawfully inserted in said advertisement the following language: “Bidders must submit cut and description of the style of cart or wagon to be used by them in the collection or removal of the garbage.” Charter Laws and Ordinances of the City of Wilmington, 796, § 11; Packard v. Hayes, 94 Md. 233; Ertle v. Leary, 114 Cal. 238; California Improvement Co. v. Reynolds, 123 Cal. 88; Anderson v. Fuller, 41 Southern 684 (Fla.); Mazet v. City of Pittsburgh, 137 Pa. 548; Ricketson v. Milwaukee, 105 WisC. 591; Gage v. City of New York, 110 Appellate Div. Rep., Sup. Ct. N. Y. 403; McQuillen on Municipal Corporations, § 1206.
2. No legal or binding contract was made by the city with the relator because the board of health did not lawfully award *395said contract in that it was not awarded to the lowest and best bidder. Section 4 Charter Laws and Ordinances of the City of Wilmington, 797; Coughlin v. Gleason, Mayor, 121 N. Y. Reports 631; Malloy v. New Rochelle, 198 N. Y. 402; McQuillen on Municipal Corporations, § 1227; Faist v. Hoboken, 72 N. J. 361; Fourmy v. Franklin, 52 Southern (La.) 250; Dement v. Rokker, 126 Ill. 174.
To the same effect are the following cases, except some of them are based upon contracts awarded to a special class of bidders: Shaw v. Trenton, 49 N. J. 339; Inge v. Mobile (Ala.), 33 Southern 678; Goddard v. Lowell, 179 Mass. 496; Lewis v. Detroit, 139 Mich, 306; Miller v. City of Des Moines, 143 Iowa 409; Mitchell Furniture Co. v. Toole, Mont., 55 L. R. A. 644; Adams v. Brennan, 177 Ill. 194.
3. If the contract was illegal and void, or had not been completed, the board of health had a right to rescind its action in awarding the contract to the relator.
It will be observed that two days after awarding the contract .by a former board of health, the succeeding board of health rescinded the action of the former board in awarding the said contract to the relator.
“All proposals for the performance of the work required under this ordinance shall be accompanied by a certified check on a bank or trust company doing business in the City of Wilmington for the sum of two hundred dollars for each and every district as a guarantee for the proper execution of the contract.” Section 13, Laws and Ordinances.
In addition to the quoted provision of the ordinance the Statute of Frauds provides that no action shall be brought on a contract that is not to be performed in a year, unless the same be reduced to writing. This contract, it will be observed, runs for three years.
The contention of the respondent is that until everything contemplated by the parties and by the statute of the state and the ordinances is done, the power is reserved to either party to rescind its action. State v. Board, 81 Ohio 218; Edgemoor Bridge Works v. Bristol, 170 Mass. 528; Dunham v. Boston, 94 Mass. 375; *396Jersey City v. Brown, 32 N. J. 504; Eads. v Carondelet, 42 Mo. 113; Spinney v. Downing, 108 Cal. 666, 41 Pac. 797.
4. The mayor is not compelled to execute an illegal contract and is entitled to have the court decide whether the proposed contract was in compliance with the law.
It is respectfully submitted that it was not the intent of the court in the case of McCormick v. Fisher, 5 Penn. 273, to decide the mayor was bound to execute an illegal contract.
Section 7 of the City Charter makes it the duty of the mayor “to take care to have the laws and ordinances of said city faithfully executed.”
5. Writ of mandamus is not the proper remedy in this case. Lunney v. Commissioner, 72 N. Y. 496; Ryan v. Aldridge, 83 Hun. N. Y. 279; Paving Co. v. Mooney, 4 Appellate Div. N. Y. 562; Vincent v. Ellis, 116 Iowa 609.
Pennewill, C. J.,with whom concurred Rice, J., delivering the opinion of the court:
The relator claims that a contract was awarded to him by the board of health of the City of Wilmington, by resolution of said board, after the acceptance of his bid for the collection and removal of garbage in the fourth district of said city; and that such contract was complete, valid and binding at the time it was so awarded. That being a complete and valid contract it became the duty of the defendants to approve the bond executed by the relator in pursuance of the statute, the sureties therein being good and sufficient.
We do not understand it to be contended by the defendants that the sureties in said bond are not sufficient; but they do contend that they are not required to approve the bonds until the contract made by the city with the relator, through the board of health, is reduced to writing so that it may be known for what the bonds are given.
In other words, the defendants contend that' the contract was not complete upon the adoption of a resolution by the board of health awarding the contract to the relator, because the law contemplates that such agreement shall be reduced to writing and *397signed by the parties before it can be regarded as a complete and binding contract.
[3] The question is not, whether the acceptance of a bid based upon an advertisement and specifications, or the adoption of a resolution formally awarding a contract to the successful bidder, may constitute a valid and binding contract. It will not be denied that a perfectly good contract may be so made.
In Keough v. Mayor and Council, 4 Del. Ch. 491, the court correctly stated: “It is agreed, that, in order to constitute a contract binding at law, the bid must be accepted, and the contract awarded accordingly.”
[4] But the question here is whether something more than that was not required before the contract could be regarded as complete. Does not the law contemplate and require that such an agreement shall be reduced to writing and signed by the proper parties before it is binding on the city?
Section 13 of the ordinance provides that:
“All proposals for the performance of the work required shall be accompanied by a certified check on a bank or trust company doing business in the City of Wilmington for the sum of two hundred dollars for each and every district as a guarantee for the proper execution of the contract.”
In the case of State v. Board, 81 Ohio St. 218, 90 N. E. 389, where the question before the court was very similar to the one here, it was said:
“In this case, under the statute cited, it is quite clear that the real substantial object to be attained, is the making of the written contract; it is the only contract authorized by the statute, and all that precedes is but preliminary to the efficient object, viz., the written contract. Until that is executed the city is not bound. In the present case the board was authorized to bind the city by the written contract specified in the statute, but was wholly unauthorized to bind the city by any other contract.”
In the case of Jersey City v. Brown, 32 N. J. Law, 504, the court said in the course of their opinion:
“Even in a case between private individuals, where no writing is required, if it appears that the parties, although they have *398agreed on all the terms of their contract, mean to have them reduced to writing and signed, before the bargain shall be considered as complete, neither party will be bound until that is done, so long as the contract remains without any acts done under it on either side. Wood v. Edwards, 19 Johns. (N. Y.) 212. The propriety of this rule is still more apparent in a case where one of the parties is acting in a public capacity, and their acts are made binding upon a municipal corporation.”
See, also, Edge Moor Bridge Works v. Bristol, 170 Mass. 528, 49 N. E. 918; Dunham v. Boston, 12 Allen (Mass.) 375.
In Eads v. Carondelet, 42 Mo. 113, it was said: “And when a parol agreement is assented to, which it is understood between the parties is to be put into writing, it is not binding till it is put in that form.”
To the same effect is Spinney v. Downing, 108 Cal. 666, 41 Pac. 797.
We think it is clear: (1) That the law contemplates that a contract for the collection and removal of garbage shall be reduced to writing and signed by the parties; and (2) that such was the understanding of the parties themselves.
The provision in the ordinance requiring that the bidder shall furnish a certified check for two hundred dollars to guarantee the execution of the contract could have no purpose or meaning if a written contract was not required. It will be observed that such check is not demanded to guarantee the performance of the contract. A bond must be given for that purpose. The expressed purpose of the check is to secure the execution of the contract. The contract meant is the contract awarded by the board of health, and manifestly the contract to be executed is a written contract.
In the case of McCormick v. Fisher, 5 Penn. 275, 64 Atl. 68, this court held that it was the duty of the mayor to sign a contract awarded for the collection and removal of garbage; and it appears from the reported case that the court were of the opinion that a written contract was necessary. It is true a bond and not a check, was required to be given by the bidder, and the condition of the bond was that he should, in case the contract was awarded to him, *399execute an agreement under seal for the performance of the contract; and practically the same provision was contained in the' specifications.
The specification in the Fisher case was as follows: “All proposals provided for in this section shall be accompanied by bond with approved security in the sum of five hundred dollars conditioned for the good faith of the bid.”
The bond in that case provided that “if the above bounden Daniel McCormick shall have awarded to him by the said ‘the mayor and council of Wilmington ’ the contract for which the above proposal is submitted, and shall thereupon execute an agreement under seal with said ‘the mayor and council of Wilmington,’ for the performance of said contract,” etc.
In the present case no such bond was required, but the specification provided that “each bidder must furnish a certified check for two hundred dollars for each district with his bid as a guarantee for the proper execution of his contract, which amount shall be forfeited by the bidder if the contract be awarded him and he fails to execute the contract and give bond.”
We think the specification and bond in the one case, and the specification and check in the other, alike clearly indicated that the contract should be reduced to writing so that it might be signed or executed by the person to whom the contract should be awarded.
It is equally clear, we think, that the parties themselves understood and expected that the contract should be reduced to writing and signed by the respective parties.
Clearly such was the expectation of the board of health or city, because the board, after awarding the contract, instructed its secretary to prepare the contract, have the successful bidder execute the same, and then send it to the mayor for his signature. The relator did in fact execute the written contract, and sought by a mandamus proceeding to compel the mayor to sign it also.
There is nothing to show that the parties, or either of them, understood that the contract was complete when the board of health by vote, or resolution, awarded the contract to the relator. The facts, including the conduct of the parties, showed the con*400trary. It does not appear even that the action of the board was communicated to the bidder as a contract, or that it was intended to be so. On the contrary, it was to be communicated to the bidder and to the mayor in the form of a written contract, which was to be signed by them. The action of the board clearly contemplated the .written contract as the only contract which the city was to make with the plaintiff and the conduct of the relator as clearly showed that such was his understanding.
It may be also said that a written contract was necessary because of the difficulty, if not impossibility, of discovering from the specifications, advertisement, bid and acceptance, what the contract embraced. For example, the specifications provided for a water-tight cart, but of no particular name, but the board approved the “Holzberg” cart specifically. It would seem impossible, if the contract was not reduced to writing, for the sureties in the bond given to secure the performance of the contract, to know what their undertaking really was; or for the mayor and president of council to tell, when asked to approve the bond, just what the bond was given for.
The practice has been to reduce such contracts to writing; the understanding has been that they should be reduced to writing, and we think such practice and understanding is warranted by the law.
While the matter before the court, is the rule to show cause why a peremptory writ of mandamus should not issue, it was agreed by counsel, in order to secure an early decision of the cases, that the court might in this preliminary proceeding consider and determine all questions that could be raised upon the return of the rule, or upon the defendants’ return to the alternative writ.
It was further agreed that in the determination of such questions the court might consider the oral arguments made, and briefs filed, by counsel in a recent action of mandamus between the same parties in this court, as well as any facts disclosed by the record in that case which are pertinent to the present case and not shown by the petition for the rule now Under 'consideration.
It is because of this agreement that we have taken into consideration certain facts which do not appear in said petition.
*401Inasmuch as a written contract was contemplated by the ordinance as well as by the parties, and no such contract was executed, we are of the opinion that this court could not direct the defendants to approve the bonds in question, and the petitions before the court are therefore dismissed.