[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
DEC 30, 2008
No. 08-11549
THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar
CLERK
________________________
Agency Nos. A97-194-154
A97-194-155
JORGE LUIS PINTO-PACHECO,
GLADYS MARIELA ARNAEZ DE PINTO,
JOANMARY VANESSA PINTO-ARNAEZ,
ANDREINA VANESSA PINTO-ARNAEZ,
Petitioners,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
_________________________
(December 30, 2008)
Before BLACK, BARKETT and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jorge Luis Pinto-Pacheco, his wife, and two of their children petition this
court for review of the Bureau of Immigration Appeals’ (the “BIA”) affirmance of
the Immigration Judge’s (the “IJ”) decision denying their application for asylum,
withholding of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), and
requesting relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”).1 For the
reasons stated below, we deny their petition.
BACKGROUND
The petitioners are a Venezuelan family who entered the United States on
different dates between 2000 and 2002. They lived in Miami, Florida while Pinto-
Pacheo worked in the Miami recruiting office of the Venezuelan Air Force from
August 2000 to October 2002. The family remained in the United States after the
assignment—and their authorization to remain here—ended. They were issued
notices to appear by the Department of Homeland Security, charging them with
removability as aliens who remained in the United States for a time longer than
permitted, pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B). Pinto-Pacheco filed an
application for asylum and withholding of removal under the INA and CAT in
1
Petitioners failed to raise any arguments in their brief concerning the denial of CAT
relief; they have therefore abandoned that issue. Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226,
1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005). Thus this opinion does not discuss matters relevant to the CAT claim.
2
April 2003, naming his wife and two daughters as derivative beneficiaries.2
In his application, Pinto-Pacheco asserted that he sought asylum and
withholding of removal based on his political opinion and membership in a
particular social group; he stated he was a member of a group of Venezuelan
military personnel protesting the presidency of Hugo Chavez. Because of his
involvement with this group, Pinto-Pacheco and his family had received death
threats and he had been beaten by two Venezuelan groups, the Bolivarian Circles
and the National Guard. He feared returning to Venezuela because he had
participated in the military group’s protest against Chavez at the Plaza Altamira, a
public square in Caracas and had been identified as an enemy of the Chavez
government. He feared that he and his family would be persecuted, and possibly
killed or tortured, if they returned to Venezuela.
In support of his application, Pinto-Pacheco submitted several documents,
including a December 2002 article from El Nuevo Herald newspaper describing
his participation in the Plaza Altamira protest and stating, “[Pinto-Pacheco’s]
request for asylum was made directly by his wife . . . who . . . presented to lawyers
a video and documents as proof of the political persecution of which her husband
2
His daughter Andreina turned 21 during the immigration court proceedings and
consequently filed her own application for asylum and withholding of removal. Her application
repeated the allegations contained in her father’s application.
3
is a victim.” The article stated that Pinto-Pacheco participated in the protest,
feared arrest by the army or a strike against the protestors by the Bolivarian
Circles. The article also reported that Pinto-Pacheco had told his superiors he
disagreed with Chavez and had resigned from the military. Other articles
described the deaths of three Venezuelan soldiers who had protested the Chavez
government, the arrest of a dissident general, and the “massacre of citizens” in
December 2002 at the Plaza Altamira. A 2002 letter from the Venezuelan
Department of Defense to Pinto-Pacheco requested he return the service passports
issued to the petitioners because Pinto-Pacheco violated administrative procedures
by failing to return the passports after his mission abroad was completed. Pinto-
Pacheco also submitted a printout of an internet list of military personnel
announcing their formal resistance to Chavez. Pinto-Pacheco’s name and picture
appear on the list. A 2003 Human Rights Watch document demanded that
Chavez’s government investigate the abductions and murders of four opposition
supporters—three of whom had participated in the Plaza Altamira protest.
Pinto-Pacheco’s written statement identified him as a member of the
Venezuela Armed Forces for twenty-four years and stated that he declared his
opposition to Chavez’s government on December 14, 2002. After participating in
the Plaza Altamira protest from December to February, he returned to the United
4
States because his life was in danger and Chavez had threatened to detain all
military engaged in disobedience at Plaza Altamira. He asserted that Plaza
Altamira was threatened by the Bolivarian Circles on several occasions “in which
we were attacked with gun shots and stones.” He accused Chavez-hired assassins
of killing three people at the plaza and stated that one person arrested for the
killings was being protected. The record also contained the U.S. State
Department’s Venezuela Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2005,
which noted the ongoing existence of harassment, official intimidation, and
attacks on political opposition members. The report stated that the government
and its agents were not suspected of politically motivated killings, but that security
forces committed unlawful killings and were responsible for approximately 6,000
deaths over the previous 5 years. It also noted that “[u]nlike in the previous year,
no deaths resulted from security force intervention in antigovernment
demonstrations.”
An asylum officer’s report, prepared after an interview with Pinto-Pacheco,
stated that Pinto-Pacheco feared he would be harmed by the government and the
Bolivarian Circles because of his political opinion. He testified that he had been
apolitical and not a member of any political organization until he returned to
Venezuela in October 2002 after his job in the United States ended. Because he
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disagreed with Chavez’s leadership, he protested at Plaza Altamira from
December 2002 until February 2003, when he returned to Miami. He stated that
he was never physically harmed, but that National Guard and Bolivarian Circles
members threatened him and sought to use violence to disperse the Plaza Altamira
protestors. The asylum officer found Pinto-Pacheco’s testimony not credible
because it was “internally inconsistent.” The officer noted that Pinto-Pacheco
orally testified that he was not physically harmed in Venezuela and explained that
when he wrote in his application that he was “beaten,” he meant beaten mentally,
not physically. He testified that he and his family were not threatened, despite
having stated in his written application that they received death threats in
Venezuela. Additionally, he stated that he was retired from the military by the
government, in contrast to the news article reporting that he had resigned and
announced his disagreement with Chavez to his superiors. Pinto-Pacheco also
stated that he returned to Venezuela in October 2002 to find housing for his
family, but the asylum officer concluded that the purpose of that trip was to find a
way to stay lawfully in the United States.
At the removal hearing before the IJ, Pinto-Pacheco testified that he left the
United States in November 2002 to find housing and schools in Caracas, and that
he and his family did not intend to stay permanently in the United States prior to
6
that time. He re-entered the United States in February 2003 and applied for
asylum because his life was in danger in Venezuela. He was not a member of any
political organization before 2002 or 2003. He rebelled against the Chavez
government by participating, along with “hundreds of people,” in the protest at the
Plaza Altamira, during which the protestors were “battered, ambushed” by
government supporters, many protestors were arrested, and a rock hit his hand. He
also testified that he was threatened by members of the military while he was
demonstrating and via calls to his cellular telephone. He stated that he was
discharged from the military. He also testified that his wife was threatened by a
“commission” of Venezuelans in Miami, who went to their house to get their
passports and “did many threats [and] told her you are the wife of a traitor.” He
stated that he would be killed if he returned to Venezuela.
On cross-examination, Pinto-Pacheco testified he did not contact his father
or siblings, who resided in Venezuela, for help with his family’s relocation; he
looked for an apartment there for a month, but could not find one because they
were too expensive; and he found two schools, but did not enroll his children
because he was waiting for their documents. He was asked about unused airline
tickets in his family members’ names to return to Venezuela on October 27, 2002
and explained that he had received permission from the Venezuelan government
7
for his family to remain in the United States for an additional six months and that
their airline tickets were “open” tickets. The family did not leave the United
States in October as required because his daughters had to stay in school. He
acknowledged that he learned in August 2002 that his job in the United States
would be ending in October. He testified that he decided in November—before
joining the Altamira protest—that “at the moment” his family should stay in the
U.S. because of the upheaval and “constant political problems” in Venezuela,
including businesses not operating. Pinto-Pacheco stated that the rock incident
was the only physical harm he suffered, but also testified that he was physically
attacked during ambushes by Chavez supporters. He said he began fearing for his
life in January and made the decision to seek asylum in February. He also testified
that his wife was interested in filing an asylum claim as early as December 2002,
when she was interviewed by El Nuevo Herald for the article. He also explained
that he did not tell the asylum officer about the rock incident because it was too
difficult to do so through the translator.3 He testified that he was discharged from
the military and acknowledged that he received a pension, but was “fighting that
pension” with the government. At one point during the hearing, the IJ noted on
3
Neither he nor the translator mentioned having difficulty communicating to the officer at
the time.
8
the record that Pinto-Pacheco was not directly answering questions.
The IJ denied the petitioners’ application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and CAT relief, and ordered them removed to Venezuela. The IJ found
that the acts in question—receiving threatening telephone calls and being hit on
the wrist by a rock during a mass demonstration—did not rise to the level of
persecution. The IJ also noted that in response to Pinto-Pacheco’s participation in
the Plaza Altamira protest, the “government has responded by politely asking for
the military passports back, retiring him and sending him a monthly pension.”
Additionally, the IJ found that Pinto-Pacheco was not credible, based on his
non-responsiveness and the “massive inconsistences” between his application, his
asylum interview, and his hearing testimony. Specifically, the IJ found that Pinto-
Pacheco told the asylum officer he had been beaten, yet testified during the
hearing that his only physical mistreatment was a rock thrown by an unknown
person that hit his wrist. The IJ acknowledged Pinto-Pacheco’s argument that
interpretation problems existed during the asylum interview, but found that Pinto-
Pacheco was able to communicate accurately with the asylum officer “all essential
elements of his claim[,] including his age, where he was born, the fact that he had
served in the Air Force.” The IJ noted that Pinto-Pacheco disputed only one part
of the interview, that dealing with whether he had resigned, retired, or was
9
discharged from the military. The IJ also questioned Pinto-Pacheco’s account of
the timing of his fear of persecution, because Pinto-Pacheco testified that he feared
for his life beginning in January 2003, but the El Nuevo Herald article describing
his asylum application and fear was published in December of 2002. The IJ also
questioned whether Pinto-Pacheco and his family ever intended to return to
Venezuela, since after learning in August 2002 that his job in the United States
was ending, he nonetheless enrolled his children in a U.S. school for the fall and
demonstrated a “lack of diligence in seeking living arrangements” back in
Venezuela. Also, the IJ found inconsistencies between Pinto-Pacheco’s alleged
fear of persecution developing in January 2003, the family’s unused airline tickets
from October 2002, and evidence of his wife’s concern about strikes and closings
of schools and businesses in Venezuela before Pinto-Pacheco participated in the
Altamira protest.4 The IJ also found that Pinto-Pacheco’s testimony included the
repetition of “catch phrases” and sounded rehearsed and memorized.
The IJ further found that the documentary evidence weakened rather than
supported the petitioners’ claim, as it demonstrated that Pinto-Pacheco’s wife and
4
The IJ appears to have conflated two parts of Pinto-Pacheco’s testimony here. Pinto-
Pacheco testified that his wife was interested in filing an asylum claim as early as December
2002. He also testified that in November, when he stopped looking for housing and schools in
Venezuela, he did so because of “constant strife” and businesses not operating, as well as
“constant political problems[.]” But there is no reference in the transcript to his wife’s concern
about strikes and closings.
10
their attorney “were utilizing the news media to, in essence, build a claim for
asylum.” The website listing of military dissidents did not help his claim, because
Pinto-Pacheco was the next-to-last person and the only non-officer on the list.
The IJ concluded that Pinto-Pacheco added his photo to the website after arriving
in the United States. Based on this evidence, the IJ found that it was not clear
whether Pinto-Pacheco even participated in the Altamira protest. Finally, the IJ
found that conditions in Venezuela had improved and incidents involving the
Bolivarian Circles had decreased in recent years. Because the IJ found that Pinto-
Pacheco did not qualify for asylum, he also denied withholding of removal.
On appeal, the BIA dismissed the petitioners’ appeal from the IJ’s denial of
their claims. The BIA found that the IJ did not clearly err when it determined that
Pinto-Pacheco was not credible, based on his demeanor and the inconsistencies
between his written application, asylum interview, and testimony as to whether
and what type of harm he suffered in Venezuela, when and why he feared for his
life, and whether he and his family intended to return to Venezuela. The notice of
appeal failed to explain the inconsistencies identified by the IJ. Second, the BIA
found that the petitioners failed to satisfy their burden of proof for asylum,
because being hit on the wrist by a rock did not rise to the level of past persecution
and Pinto-Pacheco’s testimony that he did not know if the Venezuelan government
11
was seeking him did not support a finding of a well-founded fear of future
persecution. Finally, the BIA found that because the petitioners had not met their
burden of proof for asylum, they also did not qualify for withholding of removal.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We “review only the [BIA’s] decision, except to the extent that it expressly
adopts the IJ’s opinion. Insofar as the Board adopts the IJ’s reasoning, we will
review the IJ’s decision as well.” Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284
(11th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). Here, the BIA issued its own opinion and
also adopted some of the IJ’s reasoning. We therefore review the decisions of
both the IJ and the BIA in this case.
We review de novo legal determinations of the IJ and BIA. D-Muhumed v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 817 (11th Cir. 2004). Factual determinations,
however, are reviewed under the substantial-evidence test, which requires us to
“view the record evidence in the light most favorable to the agency’s decision and
draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that decision.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft,
386 F.3d 1022, 1026-27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc). We must affirm the BIA’s
decision “if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on
the record considered as a whole.” D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 818 (quotation
omitted). “To reverse the . . . fact findings, we must find that the record not only
12
supports reversal, but compels it.” Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d 1283,
1287 (11th Cir. 2003).
DISCUSSION
An alien present in the United States may apply for asylum under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(a)(1). The Attorney General or Secretary of the Department of Homeland
Security has discretion to grant asylum if the alien meets the statutory definition of
a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A “refugee” is:
any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality or,
in the case of a person having no nationality, is outside any country in
which such person last habitually resided, and who is unable or
unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or
herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a
well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political
opinion[.]
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant carries the burden of proving
statutory “refugee” status. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a); Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. To
establish eligibility, the alien must, with specific and credible evidence, establish
(1) past persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor, or (2) a well-founded
fear that the statutorily listed factor will cause future persecution. 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.13(a) and (b); Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1287. Furthermore, “persecution is an
extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of verbal
13
harassment or intimidation, and . . . mere harassment does not amount to
persecution.” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (quotations and alteration omitted).
To establish a well-founded fear of persecution, the applicant must show
that there is a “reasonable possibility” of suffering persecution if he returns to his
home country. Mejia v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 498 F.3d 1253, 1256 (11th Cir. 2007).
The fear of persecution must be “subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.”
Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289. The alien must show a nexus between a statutorily
protected ground and the feared persecution, and he can do so by presenting
“specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he or she will be
singled out for persecution on account of” the statutorily listed factor. Forgue v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). The
alien does not, however, need to prove that he would be “singled out” for
persecution if (1) there is a “pattern or practice” of persecution against similarly
situated individuals and (2) his or her inclusion within that group of individuals
makes fear of persecution reasonable. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii).
An adverse credibility determination alone may be sufficient to support
denial of an asylum application. D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 819. The IJ, however,
must still consider all of the evidence introduced by the applicant. Forgue, 401
F.3d at 1287. The IJ must also offer specific, cogent reasons for an adverse
14
credibility finding. D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 819. Once an adverse credibility
finding is made, the burden is on the alien to show that the credibility decision was
not supported by “specific, cogent reasons” or was not based on substantial
evidence. A credibility determination, like any fact finding, is reviewed under the
substantial-evidence test and “may not be overturned unless the record compels
it.” Id. Finally, “we may not substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder
with respect to credibility findings.” Yang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198,
1201 (11th Cir. 2005).
Considering these factors, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and the
BIA’s conclusions that Pinto-Pacheco’s testimony was not credible. In particular,
Pinto-Pacheco’s accounts of whether and what type of physical harm he suffered
varied widely, from “beaten” and “attacked with gun shots and stones” in his
written application, to beaten mentally but suffering no physical harm in his
interview with the asylum officer, to being hit on the hand with a rock in his
testimony at the IJ hearing. Also, the El Nuevo Herald article, discussing Pinto-
Pacheco’s asylum claim, was published on December 18—just four days after he
joined the Plaza Altamira protest and a month before, according to his testimony,
his fear of living in Venezuela even developed. His testimony about the
circumstances of his departure from the Venezuelan military—whether he
15
resigned, retired, or was forced out—was also inconsistent, and his statement
about “fighting” the government for his pension was unsupported by corroborating
evidence. Pinto-Pacheco’s argument that translation errors affected his testimony
and were responsible for some of the inconsistencies also fails because he faults
only the translations during his asylum interview and does not address the
inconsistencies between his written application and his testimony before the IJ.
He also failed to specify which translations were incorrect or provide details to
support this argument. Additionally, almost two months before Pinto-Pacheco
joined the Plaza Altamira protest, his family chose to overstay their visas in the
United States rather than use the airplane tickets already in their possession. This
fact, coupled with their lack of preparation for a return to Venezuela, supports the
IJ’s conclusion that Pinto-Pacheco and his family intended to remain in the United
States even before his participation in the protest that allegedly created his fear of
persecution, and, therefore, that his current assertions of fear are less than genuine.
This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the fact-finder with
respect to credibility findings, Yang, 418 F.3d at 1201, and here Pinto-Pacheco
failed to show that the BIA’s credibility decision was not supported by “specific,
cogent reasons” or was not based on substantial evidence. D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d
at 819. Thus, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and the
16
BIA’s determinations that Pinto-Pacheco was not credible in his assertions that he
experienced past persecution.
Although an adverse credibility determination alone may be sufficient to
support denial of an asylum application, we note that Pinto-Pacheco also failed to
meet his burden of proving a well-founded fear of future persecution by failing to
establish either past persecution or a good reason to fear future persecution.
D-Muhumed, 388 F.3d at 819; 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a) and (b); Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at
1284, 1287, 1289. Substantial evidence supports the findings of the IJ and BIA
that Pinto-Pacheco failed to show past persecution because “persecution is an
extreme concept.” Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231 (quotation omitted) (holding that
menacing phone calls and threats made to alien, her brother, and members of
group to which alien belonged were not past persecution). The allegations Pinto-
Pacheco relies upon consisted of threatening telephone calls, threats made to his
wife in the United States, a rock thrown by an unknown assailant that hit his wrist,
and attacks on the group of protestors at the Plaza Altamira. This conduct does
not rise to the level of persecution and certainly does not compel this court to
conclude that he suffered past persecution, particularly in light of his inconsistent
testimony about the threats and whether he suffered any physical attacks.
Second, substantial evidence supports the findings of the IJ and the BIA that
17
Pinto-Pacheco failed to demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution.
The evidence suggests that petitioners decided to stay in the United States before
Pinto-Pacheco allegedly participated in the Plaza Altamira protest and informed
his superiors that he wished to resign in protest against Chavez’s presidency: his
family did not use airplane tickets to return home in October 2002, Pinto-Pacheco
made minimal efforts to relocate there despite the termination of his U.S.
assignment, and the El Nuevo Herald article discussed his fear of living in
Venezuela at a time before his oral testimony indicated he developed this fear.
This evidence casts doubt on the subjective genuineness of his fear.
Substantial evidence also supports the finding that his fear was not
objectively reasonable. Pinto-Pacheco did not suffer past persecution, as
discussed above, and the only bases for his claim of fear of future persecution
were his inconsistent testimony and the Country Report, which concedely noted
the existence of ongoing harassment, intimidation, and attacks on political
opposition members. The Country Report alone is not sufficient to demonstrate
future persecution absent evidence that Pinto-Pacheco would be singled out. See
Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 1259 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that
substantial evidence supported the IJ’s determination that petitioners were not
eligible for asylum or withholding of removal, despite the Country Report’s
18
recognition of widespread violence, because petitioners failed to prove they would
be singled out). Nor did Pinto-Pacheco present evidence of a “pattern or practice”
of persecution against military dissidents which would support his fear of future
persecution despite a lack of evidence that he would be singled out. 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.13(b)(2)(iii). Pinto-Pacheco offered only an internet listing of military
resisters to Chavez without evidence that those individuals are being targeted or
persecuted. Pinto-Pachedo presented articles discussing the deaths of protestors
during the protest at Plaza Altamira but offered no evidence that participants had
continued to be persecuted after leaving the protest. Thus, Pinto-Pacheco did not
meet his burden of showing refugee status on the basis of a well-founded fear of
future persecution.
Finally, to qualify for withholding of removal, an alien must establish
standards more stringent that those for asylum eligibility. Because Pinto-Pacheco
could not establish eligibility for asylum relief, he necessarily failed to
demonstrate that it was “more likely than not” that he would be persecuted in
Venezuela, which is the standard applicable to a withholding of removal claim.
Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1232
19
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we find no reversible error. Accordingly, we
deny the petitioners’ petition for review.
PETITION DENIED.
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