dissenting. The majority concludes that R.C. 1302.42(A) controls in this case. I disagree and, therefore, dissent.
The majority correctly quotes R.C. 1302.42(A) as providing, in part: “* * * title to goods passes from the seller to the buyer in any manner and on any conditions explicitly agreed on by the parties.” (Emphasis added.) The term “title” which is used in that provision, however, differs from that used in the parties’ stipulation: “Titles to the trailers were transferred from Fruehauf to PPG in the State of Michigan * * (Emphasis added.) In the stipulation, the word “titles” means the tangible certificates of title not the ownership concept of “title.” This distinction requires that we apply R.C. 1302.42(C) (situs of the making of the contract controls), infra, to determine whether the taxable event occurred in Ohio.
*215I would hold that the levy of the Ohio sales tax on this transaction was proper, because the parties made the contract in Ohio and, therefore, the transfer of title occurred in Ohio.
R.C. 5739.02 levies an excise tax “on each retail sale made in this state.” With certain exceptions, which the parties have not asserted in this case, all “sales” are retail sales. R.C. 5739.01(E). “ ‘Sale’ and ‘selling’ include all transactions by which title or possession, or both, of tangible personal property, is or is to be transferred * * * for a consideration in any manner, whether absolutely or conditionally, whether for a price or rental, in money or by exchange, and by any means whatsoever * * R.C. 5739.01(B). Appellant clearly had possession before and after the purchase. We must, therefore, examine whether title to the 12 trailers in question was transferred in Ohio.
Appellant concedes that the contract was made in Ohio. Yet, appellant argues that Michigan is the situs of the sale, because Fruehauf transferred its Michigan certificates of title to appellant. This court, however, has previously refused to apply Ohio’s Certificate of Motor Vehicle Title Law, R.C. 4505.01 et seq., formalistically in order to determine the nature of a party’s interest in property. “* * * The purpose of the Certificate of Title Act is to prevent the importation of stolen motor vehicles, to protect Ohio bona-fide purchasers against thieves and wrongdoers, and to create an instrument evidencing title to, and ownership of motor vehicles. Commercial Credit Corp. v. Pottmeyer (1964), 176 Ohio St. 1 [26 O.O.2d 286]; Switzer v. Carroll (C.A. 6, 1966), 358 F. 2d 424 [36 O.O.2d 232]; Associates Discount Corp. v. Colonial Finance Co. (1950), 88 Ohio App. 205 [30 O.O.2d 463]. The Act was not adopted to clarify contractual rights and duties, as was R.C. Chapter 1302.” Hughs v. Al Green, Inc. (1981), 65 Ohio St. 2d 110, 115 [19 O.O.3d 307] (opinion by Sweeney, J.).4 Indeed, it is R.C. Chapter 1302 which gives us direction in this case as to when and where titles are transferred for purposes of R.C. 5739.01(B).
R.C. 1302.42(C) provides: “Unless otherwise explicitly agreed where delivery is to be made without moving the goods,
“(1) if the seller is to deliver a document of title, title passes at the time when and the place where he delivers such documents; or
“(2) if the goods are at the time of contracting already identified and no documents are to be delivered, title passes at the time and place of contracting.”
The trailers were already in the possession of the purchaser, appellant. *216The “documents of title” mentioned in R.C. 1302.42(C) are bills of lading and the like, R.C. 1301.01(0), which are not involved in this case. “* * * If shipment is not contemplated division (C) turns on the seller’s final commitment, i.e., the delivery of documents or the making of the contract.” R.C. 1302.42(C), Official Comment 4. Fruehauf’s final commitment was making the contract. That was the taxable event, and it occurred in Ohio.
Appellant also argues that the tax imposed in this case violates the Commerce Clause of Section 8 of Article I of the United States Constitution. Two United States Supreme Court cases require the opposite conclusion.
In McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. (1940), 309 U.S. 33, the court upheld a New York City tax “* * * conditioned upon events occurring within the state, either transfer of title or possession of the purchased property, or an agreement within the state, ‘consummated’ there, for the transfer of title, or possession. * * *” 309 U.S., at 43-44. In McLeod v. J. E. Dilworth Co. (1944), 322 U.S. 327, the court struck down the application of an Arkansas taxing statute to a transaction in Tennessee and quoted the Arkansas Supreme Court opinion in that case with approval: “ ‘ The distinguishing point between the Berwind-White Coal case and the cases at bar is that in the Berwind-White Coal case the corporation maintained its sales office in New York City, took its contracts in New York City and made actual delivery in New York City. * * *’ 205 Ark. at 786. * * *” 322 U.S. 327, 329. The logic of those cases demonstrates that the assessment in this case is constitutional. Appellant maintained its office in Delaware, Ohio, made the contract in Ohio through the Columbus office of Fruehauf and, therefore, acquired title in Ohio. These facts are sufficient to satisfy the constitutional requirements of the Commerce Clause.
The majority’s holding, therefore, invites Ohio companies to indulge in a taxpayer’s charade. That is, a taxpayer may avoid sales tax altogether on personal property used in interstate commerce by contracting for the purchase in Ohio but securing evidence of ownership, such as a certificate of title, in one of our sister states in which the transfer of the certificate alone is not a taxable event for sales tax purposes. R.C. Chapters 5739 and 1302 define this transaction as being a taxable sale. It is regrettable that the majority holding creates a tax loophole which does not exist in the Revised Code.
Accordingly, we should affirm the decision of the Board of Tax Appeals.
Krupansky, J., concurs in the foregoing dissenting opinion.“The reason for the statute [4505.04] is to determine what proof, i.e., certificate of title, should be required where a plaintiff is asserting some right pertaining to his allegedly owned automobile and defendant’s defense or claim is based upon a claimed right, title or interest in the same automobile. The reason ceases when the defendant’s defense is not based upon some claimed right, title or interest in the same automobile.” Grogan Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. v. Gottfried (1978), 59 Ohio App. 2d 91, 95 [13 O.O.3d 154], footnote 4 (opinion by Brown, Clifford, J.), motion to certify denied, June 16, 1978.