United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 94-3594.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
James R. YOUNG, Defendant-Appellant.
June 20, 1997.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. (No. 94-01036,
Maurice M. Paul), Judge.
Before TJOFLAT, DUBINA and CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Appellant James R. Young ("Young") appeals his conviction and sentence imposed by the
district court for violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and § 924(e) (unlawful possession of a firearm).
The district court sentenced Young to 262 months incarceration based on an offense level of 34
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A). Upon review of the record, we affirm Young's conviction
and sentence.
BACKGROUND
The prosecution of Young resulted from the Gainesville, Florida, police department's search
for Kristi S., a fourteen-year-old runaway. When the police finally located Kristi S., she informed
them that she had been staying with Young at his apartment. Kristi S. told the police that while she
was at Young's apartment, she noticed guns in his attic. She observed a rifle in a canvas case and
a handgun in a cardboard box.
The police conducted a criminal history check of Young and learned that he was a convicted
felon. Based on this information, the police obtained a search warrant for Young's apartment.
During the search, they discovered the rifle in Young's attic inside a zippered case as Kristi S. had
described. The police also located the cardboard box, but the handgun was not inside. While
conducting the search, the police realized that Young was hiding in the attic. Concerned that Young
might be armed with the missing handgun, the police called a SWAT team to the scene. Young then
came down from the attic and the police took him into custody.
The government charged Young with being a felon in possession of a firearm. During the
trial, the government presented the testimony of James Anderson, whose home had been burglarized
and from whom a rifle was stolen. Mr. Anderson identified his stolen rifle as the rifle discovered
in Young's attic. The government also presented evidence that Young's fingerprints had been found
at the point of entry of the burglary of the Anderson home. The court cautioned the jury to consider
this evidence only in relation to Young's knowledge of and possession of the gun. Following the
trial, the jury returned a verdict of guilty. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A), the district court
sentenced Young to 262 months incarceration.
ISSUES
Young presents several issues for appellate review: (1) whether the search warrant for
Young's home was invalid; (2) whether the district court erred in admitting evidence about Young's
prior crimes; (3) whether the district court erred in sentencing Young as a career criminal under
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A); and (4) whether the statute under which Young was convicted, 18
U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), is unconstitutional.
DISCUSSION
Having conducted a thorough review of the record, we summarily affirm the district court's
rulings on the validity of the search warrant and the admission of the evidence of Young's prior
crimes.1 Young's argument regarding the constitutionality of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) is foreclosed by
this court's recent decision in United States v. McAllister, 77 F.3d 387, 389-90 (11th Cir.), cert.
denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 262, 136 L.Ed.2d 187 (1996). The final issue presented by
Young—whether the district court erred in sentencing him as an armed career criminal under
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A) because Young's possession of the firearm was not "in connection with"
the burglary—merits discussion.
We review a sentencing court's findings of fact for clear error and review its application of
the law to the facts de novo. United States v. Ramsdale, 61 F.3d 825, 831 (11th Cir.1995). We hold
1
See 11th Cir.R. 36-1.
that the district court did not err in sentencing Young as an armed career criminal because the
firearm stolen in the burglary was possessed "in connection with" that burglary. Therefore, we
affirm Young's sentence.
We begin our analysis by focusing on the wording of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A), which
states:
(b) The offense level for an armed career criminal is the greatest of:
....
(3)(A) 34, if the defendant used or possessed the firearm or ammunition in
connection with a crime of violence or controlled substance offense, as
defined in § 4B1.2(1), or if the firearm possessed by the defendant was of a
type described in 26 U.S.C. § 5845(a)[ ]; or
....
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b). This section does not define possession "in connection with a crime of
violence." In the absence of any guideline definition, we must construe the phrase according to its
ordinary and natural meaning. See Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 113 S.Ct. 2050, 124
L.Ed.2d 138 (1993). "[T]he meaning of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context." King
v. St. Vincent's Hosp., 502 U.S. 215, 221, 112 S.Ct. 570, 574, 116 L.Ed.2d 578 (1991).
The Government urges this court to give the term "in connection with" a literal interpretation.
Under the Government's interpretation, the enhancement under § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A) was appropriate
because Young did possess the firearm during the commission of the burglary.2 Thus, giving the
phrase its ordinary meaning, Young possessed the firearm in connection with a crime of violence—a
burglary—whether he entered the dwelling with the firearm or later obtained the firearm while in
the dwelling.
Our circuit has addressed the "in connection with" language used in U.S.S.G. §
4B1.4(b)(3)(A) and U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5) in two cases. See United States v. Gainey, 111 F.3d 834
(11th Cir. 1997); United States v. Whitfield, 50 F.3d 947, 948 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----,
2
The indictment charged that James R. Young ... "did knowingly possess in and affecting
commerce, a firearm described as a Remington bolt action rifle, Model 700, 270 caliber, serial
number A6632175, and rounds of .22 caliber ammunition, which had been transported in
interstate commerce in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 922(g), and 924(e)."
116 S.Ct. 234, 133 L.Ed.2d 163 (1995). In both cases we compared the varying approaches applied
by other circuits (i.e., "possession"3 or "facilitation"4 tests), but found that the facts of both cases did
not require us to adopt either test because the sentences imposed by the district courts were not in
error. Gainey, at 837; Whitfield, 50 F.3d at 949.
In Smith, the Supreme Court held that a defendant who trades a firearm for cocaine uses the
firearm in relation to a drug offense even though he did not "use it for its intended purpose." 508
U.S. at 229-30, 113 S.Ct. at 2055. The Court noted that "[i]t is one thing to say that the ordinary
meaning of "uses a firearm' includes using a firearm as a weapon ... [b]ut it is quite another to
conclude that, as a result, the phrase also excludes any other use." Id. at 230, 113 S.Ct. at 2054. The
Court acknowledged that using a firearm as a medium of exchange was not the expected manner of
use but determined that section 924(c)(1)'s language "sweeps broadly, punishing any "us[e]' of a
firearm, so long as the use is "during and in relation to' a drug trafficking offense." Id. at 229, 113
S.Ct. at 2054. Smith persuades us that the possession of a firearm "in connection with" a crime of
violence does not exclude possession of the firearm as the fruit of the crime which the possessor is
contemporaneously committing.
An analogous case is United States v. Guerrero, 5 F.3d 868 (5th Cir.1993), cert. denied, 510
U.S. 1134, 114 S.Ct. 1111, 127 L.Ed.2d 422 (1994). The defendant in Guerrero pled guilty to
possession of a firearm by a felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a), and to
possession of a stolen firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(j) and 924(a)(2). The district court
sentenced the defendant as an armed career criminal pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A). On
appeal, Guerrero argued that the district court erred in imposing a base offense level of 34 under
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A) based on its finding that he possessed the firearms in connection with a
3
See United States v. Condren, 18 F.3d 1190, 1197 n. 19 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S.
856, 115 S.Ct. 161, 130 L.Ed.2d 99 (1994) ("[T]he enhancement is required not only for use, but
also simply for possession, of a firearm in connection with another felony.").
4
See United States v. Routon, 25 F.3d 815, 819 (9th Cir.1994) ("[The Government] must show
that the firearm was possessed in a manner that permits an inference that it facilitated or
potentially facilitated—i.e., had some potential emboldening role in—a defendant's felonious
conduct.").
crime of violence—burglary of a habitation. Guerrero did not object to this finding in the district
court, so the appellate court reviewed the district court's finding for plain error.
Guerrero argued that he could not have possessed the firearms in connection with the
burglary because he remained outside the house as a lookout. The appellate court rejected his
argument for two reasons. First, the evidence established that Guerrero actively participated in the
burglary by prying open the back door and breaking into the gun cabinet. Second, the court
reasoned that even if Guerrero remained outside the residence, he could still be responsible for the
criminal acts of his cohort. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A) and (B). Thus, the court noted, it would
not be plain error to hold Guerrero accountable for the possession of the firearms by his confederate.
Additionally, and more importantly for our purposes, the Fifth Circuit discussed the "in
connection with" language in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A). Relying on the Supreme Court's decision
in Smith, the court construed the phrase according to its ordinary and natural meaning. The court
noted that "[t]he Supreme Court reads terms such as "used or possessed' quite expansively in the
context of firearms." Guerrero, 5 F.3d at 872. The Fifth Circuit examined the guidelines for
enhancing drug offenses where the defendant possessed a dangerous weapon, see U.S.S.G. §
2D1.1(b)(1), and concluded that the rationale for U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1), as expressed in the
commentary5, was equally applicable to a crime of violence such as a burglary of a residence.
"Possession of firearms obviously increases the danger of violence whether or not such weapons are
actually used. If armed burglars encounter the occupants of a home or law enforcement officials,
it makes little difference how the burglars obtained their firearms." Guerrero, 5 F.3d at 873.
We find the Fifth Circuit's reasoning persuasive. As in Guerrero, Young was sentenced as
an armed career criminal based on his unlawful possession of a firearm rather than his participation
in the burglary by which the firearm was obtained. The one-point enhancement in section
4B1.4(b)(3)(A) for possession of the firearm "in connection with" a crime of violence merely
5
U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, comment. (n.3), states in relevant part: "The enhancement for weapon
possession reflects the increased danger of violence when drug traffickers possess weapons. The
adjustment should be applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the
weapon was connected with the offense."
reflects the context of Young's possession of the firearm: the commission of a burglary.
The one distinguishing fact between the present case and Guerrero is that Young obtained
the firearm more than a year before he was charged with violations of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and §
924(e). However, the Government presented evidence that the rifle possessed by Young was stolen
from Mr. Anderson's home; that Young's fingerprints were found on the windowsill of Mr.
Anderson's home where the burglar made his entrance; that the exterminator who sprayed Young's
apartment saw the rifle in Young's attic several months after the burglary; and that Kristi S. saw the
rifle in the attic on two separate occasions following the burglary. This evidence is sufficient to
place Young at Anderson's residence on the date of the burglary.
Young urges this court to adopt, by analogy, the reasoning of other circuits which have
addressed the "in connection with" language in U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5)6. These circuits hold that
the "in connection with" language requires more than mere use or possession. These circuits hold
that the "in connection with" requirement is satisfied only when the firearm serves a purpose related
to the crime; its presence or involvement must not be the result of accident or coincidence. United
States v. Wyatt, 102 F.3d 241, 247 (7th Cir.1996); United States v. Nale, 101 F.3d 1000, 1003 (4th
Cir.1996); United States v. Thompson, 32 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir.1994); United States v. Routon, 25 F.3d
815, 819 (9th Cir.1994); United States v. Gomez-Arrellano, 5 F.3d 464, 466-67 (10th Cir.1993).
These cases applied the definition of "in relation to" in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)7, as interpreted by the
Supreme Court in Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 238, 113 S.Ct. 2050, 2058, 124 L.Ed.2d 138
6
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5) states:
(5) If the defendant used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection
with another felony offense; or possessed or transferred any firearm or
ammunition with knowledge, intent, or reason to believe that it would be used or
possessed in connection with another felony offense, increase by 4 levels....
7
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) provides in part:
(c)(1) Whoever, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking
crime ... for which he may be prosecuted in a court of the United States, uses or
carries a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of
violence or drug trafficking crime, be sentenced to imprisonment for five years,
....
(1993), and held that a weapon is used "in connection with" an offense under § 2K2.1 if the weapon
facilitated or potentially facilitated the felonious conduct. Thompson, 32 F.3d at 7; Routon, 25 F.3d
at 819; Gomez, 5 F.3d at 466-67.
We conclude that the Fifth Circuit's interpretation of Smith is more accurate and pertinent
to the issue presented here. Accordingly, we decline to follow the other circuits' rationales which
defined the language of U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1. We note that the Fifth Circuit is the only circuit to
interpret the specific language of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A), which is at issue in the present case.
Additionally, the guideline section at issue here is addressed to armed career criminals. In our view,
an armed career criminal possesses a firearm in connection with a crime of violence when that
firearm is obtained during the commission of a burglary. Accordingly, we affirm Young's
conviction and sentence.
AFFIRMED.