FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
RICHARD SEEBORG, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGEI.INTRODUCTION
In September 2009, plaintiff Armando Rodriguez, an individual who requires a wheelchair for mobility, filed this action against defendants Barrita Inc., Nicandro Barrita, ENS Associates Investments LLC, and Masoud Shahidi. In his First Amended Complaint (FAC), Rodriguez alleges that defendants violated the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), the California Disabled Persons Act, and the Unruh Act. In particular, he claims defendants discriminated against him by failing to remove architectural barriers to access at La Victoria Taquería, a restaurant in San Jose, California. Rodriguez seeks injunctive relief, damages, and attorney fees and costs.
A bench trial was held in October 2013. This order, which is based upon the evidence presented at trial, the oral arguments of counsel, and the parties’ briefs, comprises the findings of fact and conclusions of law required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a).1 As set forth below, Rodriguez prevails on some, but not all, of his allegations. As an initial matter, several alleged barriers are not actionable. Defendants are liable, however, with respect to all sixteen actionable barriers. While some of these barriers violate both federal and California law, others violate only state law.
II. FINDINGS OF FACT
A. Parties
1. Plaintiff Armando Rodriguez has been physically disabled since 2006, when a car accident left him paralyzed from the waist down. Due to his paraplegia, Rodriguez uses a wheelchair for mobility.
2. Defendant Barrita Inc., an entity incorporated in 2005, is the owner of the La Victoria Taquería located at 140 East San Carlos Street in San Jose, California (“La Victoria” or “the restaurant”). It has two officers, including co-defendant Nicandro Barrita.2 Barrita Inc. does not have by-laws or an independent board. It holds corporate meetings “as needed” every three or four months. No notes or minutes are taken during those meetings. At trial, Nicandro testified that Barrita Inc. has never issued stock, nor does it have any plans to do so.
3. Defendant Nicandro Barrita is the president of Barrita Inc. In 1998, before Barrita Inc. was formed, Nicandro signed a lease for the building that now houses La Victoria (“the building”). Barrita Inc. assumed the lease in 2008. As president of Barrita Inc., Nicandro is a *1068signatory on the lease for the corporation.
4. Defendant Masoud Shahidi purchased the building in 1999.
5. Defendant ENS Associates Investments LLC is a real estate investment company owned in equal shares by Masoud Shahidi and Ham-id Emarlou. ENS holds corporate meetings from time to time, but Shahidi and Emarlou do not keep minutes of the meetings. ENS has owned the building since 2004, when Shahidi transferred ownership to ENS. Shahidi, who has invested his own personal funds in ENS, is the signatory on the lease between ENS and Barrita.
B.Non-Party Witnesses
1. Carlos Tovar is Rodriguez’s brother-in-law. He accompanied Rodriguez during his 2008 visit to La Victoria.
2. Marcelino Barrita, Nicandro’s father, works at La Victoria. He was on the premises in 2007 when firefighters extinguished a fire that had started in the restaurant’s kitchen. Following the fire, he oversaw repairs to the facility.
3. Abdullah Mojaddidi is a wheelchair-bound individual with paraplegia. He testified regarding his experiences as a disabled patron of La Victoria.
4. Jonathan Adler, a general contractor and disability access consultant, testified as an expert for Rodriguez.
5. Karl Danz, a contractor with experience designing and implementing disabled access construction projects, testified as an expert for Rodriguez.
6. Dawn Anderson, an architect, testified as an expert for defendants.
C. Rodriguez’s Visit to La Victoria
1. In November 2008, Rodriguez visited La Victoria after attending a doctor’s appointment in San Jose. Because Rodriguez was unable to operate a ear at the time, his brother-in-law, Carlos Tovar, drove him. At trial, Rodriguez testified that he wanted to visit La Victoria because he remembered enjoying the restaurant prior to his accident.
2. When Rodriguez and Tovar pulled up to the restaurant, Rodriguez noticed that there was a stairway leading up to the front entrance. He further observed that there was no lift or ramp for persons in wheelchairs. Tovar went inside to see if there was an alternate entrance. At trial, Tovar testified that he used La Victoria’s restroom, which he observed to be too small for an individual in a wheelchair.
3. Tovar returned to the car, where he informed Rodriguez that there was no alternate entrance. He also told Rodriguez that even if he could get inside, the restroom would be too small for him to use. Based on this information, Rodriguez decided to go home. He was deterred by the restaurant’s barriers to access. Rodriguez persuasively testified that the experience made him feel sad, angry, and frustrated.
D. The Subject Property
1. The building was constructed in 1908 as a residence. It remained a residence until 1985, when the San Jose Building Department reclassified it as an office space.
2. The building was then remodeled in 1986. While the precise extent of the 1986 renovations is unknown, *1069records maintained by the Building Department indicate that the building underwent significant modifications pursuant to the 1985 change in occupancy. Upon examining the records, plaintiffs expert Jonathan Adler opined that the first-floor restroom was altered, rendering it smaller. He also concluded that the kitchen was enlarged and converted into a commercial cooking space. Adler further opined that new stairs were added to the entrance of the building. The records also indicate that a single-story addition was constructed in the rear of the building. While the parties dispute the extent of the 1986 remodeling, experts for both plaintiff and defendants opined that some degree of alteration occurred in 1986.
3. Despite the 1985 change in occupancy and the 1986 remodeling, both of which Rodriguez contends triggered heightened accessibility obligations under California disability law, the building was not made accessible to persons in wheelchairs. According to San Jose Building Department records, the prior owners, citing unreasonable hardship, requested an exception from compliance with handicapped accessibility law. The City apparently granted the owners’ request with respect to the 1985 change in occupancy and the 1986 remodeling.
4. Shahidi was unaware of the 1986 Department records until this lawsuit was filed. Similarly, Nicandro never made an attempt to discern if the restaurant was compliant with federal and state disability access obligations.
5. Nicandro testified that at least three different restaurants had operated within the building before La Victoria opened in 1998.
6. In 2007, a fire broke out in the La Victoria kitchen. Defendants closed the restaurant to repair the resulting damage. The repairs cost between $100,000 and $110,000.
7. The parties dispute the extent of the repairs. Defendants contend the fire damage was limited to the kitchen, the second floor, and the duct leading to the roof.
8. According to defendants, the following repairs were made after the fire: repair to walls and ceiling in the kitchen; repair to the shaft enclosing the'grease duct; repair to the kitchen’s tile floor; repair to the side of the building and overhang; repair to the wall and ceiling in the basement, including a storage area; repair to the walls and ceiling in the second floor; and superficial repairs to the portion of the roof and building structure covering the duct and stove hood. Interior and exterior elements of the building were also painted to match repaired portions of walls and siding. Most of these repairs, defendants assert, were undertaken to return the stove (including its hood and duct) to working condition.
9. Rodriguez contends that the post-fire repairs were more extensive than defendants are willing to admit. In addition to the aforementioned repairs acknowledged by defendants, Rodriguez claims that a new full-height stud wall was installed to support the stove hood in the kitchen. He also contends that a new stove hood was installed. He further emphasizes the testimony of Marcelino Barrita, a percipient witness and father of Nicandro, who *1070observed firefighters knocking down portions of second-floor stud walls encasing the hood duct. Rodriguez contends that because stud walls were partially removed, the resulting repairs constituted significant reconstruction.
10. After the fire, citing unreasonable hardship, Barrita Inc. applied for a formal exception from disabled access requirements. The City of San Jose Building Division granted the exception. In its hardship application, Barrita Inc. represented that the total cost of repairs was only $6,269. (Pi’s Exh. 14). This figure is significantly lower than the actual cost, which was somewhere between $100,000 and $110,000. In a separate permit application, defendants represented to the City that the repairs only cost $40,118. Furthermore, although Barrita Inc. represented in its hardship application that it would conduct a number of access upgrades, it made no such improvements during the 2007 repairs. Emphasizing these significant discrepancies, Rodriguez questions the credibility of defendants’ representations about the extent of the fire damage.
E. Barriers to Access
1.The parties stipulate that more than twenty distinct barriers to access existed at the time of Rodriguez’s 2008 visit to La Victoria. (Pi’s Exh. 56). Many of the stipulated barriers are alleged in Rodriguez’s FAC. Some, however, were not identified until April 2013, when plaintiffs expert Jonathan Adler filed a supplemental expert report following an on-site inspection of the premises.
2. Adler’s April 2013 report also purports to identify additional barriers that were created by subsequent modifications to the subject property. Rodriguez seeks to hold defendants liable for these late-arising •barriers, including insufficient disabled seating in the La Victoria dining room and excessive ramping on the path below the entrance steps.
3. The following barriers existed at the time of Rodriguez’s 2008 visit and were properly identified in Rodriguez’s FAC:
a. the restaurant had no accessible public entrance for wheelchair users,
b. the stair risers were excessively high,
c. the stair risers were not uniform,
d. the stair handrails were incomplete,
e. the stair handrails lacked sufficient gripping surface,
f. the stairs lacked caution striping,
g. the restroom lacked geometric signage,
h. the restroom’s tactile signage was improperly located,
i. the restroom door threshold was raised too high,
j. the restroom door was too narrow,
k. there was not enough space for a wheelchair to turn around inside the restroom,
l. the restroom door lacked sufficient strike-edge clearance, thereby making it difficult for a wheelchair user to enter and exit the restroom,
m. the restroom lacked sufficient space for a wheelchair user to transfer himself or herself to the toilet,
*1071n. the side grab bar was improperly-located,
o. the lavatory counter surface was too high,
p. the mirror was too high,
q. the paper towel dispenser was too high,
r. the sink was too high,
s. the hot-water pipe beneath the sink was not insulated, thereby posing a burn threat to a wheelchair user, and
t. the dining room “order counter” was too high. Id.
4.Since Rodriguez’s visit, several of the aforementioned barriers have been remediated. Id.
F. Availability of Accessibility Improvements and Alternatives
1. The interior structure of the building precludes defendants from bringing the restroom door into full compliance with federal and state accessibility standards. To make the restroom fully compliant, defendants would need to reconstruct a significant portion of the building.
2. Experts for both plaintiff and defendants testified that a power door opener is a potential solution to the strike-edge problems on the restroom door. Adler testified that when site conditions do not provide sufficient room to create strike-edge clearance in the doorway of an existing building, installing a power door opener is a preferred solution for disabled access.
3. Nicandro testified that installing a power door opener was “a possibility.” Vol. Ill, 328:23.
4. Plaintiffs experts provided several proposals for wheelchair lifts at the entrance of the building. The first plan proposes an incline lift at the left side of the stairs (“Lift A”). The second plan proposes an incline lift at the right side of the stairs (“Lift B”). The third plan proposes a vertical platform lift situated at the right side of the building (“Lift C”). Defendants contend that all three lifts would require the closing of the restaurant during construction. Danz, by contrast, testified that the restaurant could remain open for the installation of each lift. He further opined that none of the proposals would require unusual or difficult construction work.
5. Lift A: According to Danz, Lift A would take between seven and twelve days to construct, including permitting and inspection. He further testified that ramping would need to be installed in order to allow a wheelchair user to access the lift’s entrance. After proceeding up the ramping to the lift’s entrance, the wheelchair user would board the lift, which would proceed to turn around the base of the entrance steps and move at an incline up the stairway. Adler testified that the stairs would require structural modifications to support the proposed lift. Anderson testified that a concrete foundation would need to be poured and the stair wall reconstructed in order to provide adequate support.
6. Lift B: Like Lift A, Lift B would require structural support and alterations to the path of travel leading to the lift’s entrance. Danz testified that, as proposed, Lift B would extend at least twenty inches into the adjacent property when deployed. It would also require an encroachment into the city sidewalk, which would need to be raised and altered. *1072Because both Lift A and Lift B would move at an incline up the steps, they would block some space for customer ingress and egress when deployed. Testimony for experts for each side established that, for at least a brief period of time while deployed, an incline lift would provide fewer than thirty-six inches of stair width for patrons using the entrance steps.
7. Lift C: Unlike Lifts A and B, which would move at an incline along the entrance steps, Lift C would rise vertically up the right side of the building. Due to its proposed location on the right side of the restaurant, Lift C could not fit within the subject property. Accordingly, it would require a several-foot easement from the adjacent property, which is also owned by ENS. ENS granted such an easement after the commencement of this action. Shahidi ultimately revoked the easement, claiming that the lift would interfere with the City’s waste collection services. Nicandro, too, testified that the lift would interfere with garbage collection. Defendants, however, offered no corroborating evidence in support of this contention. Like Lifts A and B, Lift C would require defendants to remediate an excessive slope on the path of travel to the lift’s proposed entrance.
8. Danz testified that, excluding additional costs for site work, a vertical incline lift would cost $36,400 to install. His testimony further established that, -depending on the location of the incline lift, the site work and other costs would add somewhere between $10,100 and $22,100 to the project.
9. Defendants contend that La Victoria provides curbside take-out for disabled patrons. Nicandro testified, however, that the policy is not advertised on the premises or on the restaurant’s website. Moreover, Abdullah Mojaddidi testified that he was unable to place a curbside takeout order during a 2007 visit to the restaurant.
10. While the building has many barriers to access, and while defendants were aware of the presence of those barriers, no admissible facts reflected that defendants intended to discriminate against Rodriguez or other individuals with disabilities.
III. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A. Legal Standards
i. Title III of the Americans With Disabilities Act
Congress passed the ADA “to provide clear, strong, consistent, enforceable standards addressing discrimination against individuals with disabilities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12101(b)(2). Title III prohibits discrimination against disabled individuals by public accommodations. Id. at § 12182(a). Although restaurants are places of public accommodation, see id. § 12181(7), the law also recognizes that in “ ‘mixed-use’ facilities, where only part of the facility is open to the public, the portion that is closed to the public is not a place of public accommodation and thus is not subject to Title III of the ADA.” Doran v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 524 F.3d 1034, 1048 (9th Cir.2008).
To recover on a claim for discrimination under the ADA, a plaintiff must prove (1) he or she is disabled within the meaning -of the statute, (2) defendants are private entities that own, lease *1073(or lease to), or operate a place of public accommodation, and (3) the plaintiff was denied public accommodations by the defendant because of his or her disability. Arizona ex rel. Goddard v. Harkins Amusement Enters., Inc., 603 F.3d 666, 670 (9th Cir.2010).3 The third element is satisfied when there is a violation of applicable accessibility standards. Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.), Inc., 631 F.3d 939, 945 (9th Cir.2011). The Title III accessibility standards come in three broad categories: the “new construction” provisions, which apply to public accommodations constructed after January 26, 1992; the “alteration” provisions, which apply to post-January 26, 1992 alterations to buildings that existed as of that date; and the “readily achievable” provisions, which apply to unaltered portions of buildings constructed before January 26, 1992. See Moeller v. Taco Bell Corp., 816 F.Supp.2d 831, 847 (N.D.Cal.2011). Because the La Victoria building was constructed long before January 26, 1992, rendering it an “existing” facility under the ADA, the “new construction” provisions are inapplicable here.
a. ‘Alteration” Provisions
The altered portion of any existing building altered after January 26, 1992 is required, “to the maximum extent feasible,” to be “readily accessible to and useable by” individuals with disabilities. 42 U.S.C. § 12183(a)(2). To satisfy this standard, alterations must comply with the ADA Architectural Guidelines (ADAAG).4 See 28 C.F.R. § 36.406. These guidelines, which are promulgated by the Attorney General to carry out the provisions of the ADA, “lay out the technical structural requirements of places of public accommodation.” Chapman, 631 F.3d at 945.
b. “Readily Achievable” Provisions.
The ADAAG addresses whether an architectural element prohibits full and equal access to individuals with disabilities. See Moeller, 816 F.Supp.2d at 848. In existing but unaltered buildings, architectural barriers must be removed where it is “readily achievable” to do so. 42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv). The removal of barriers is “readily achievable” when it is “easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much difficulty or expense.”- Id. § 12181(9). If an entity demonstrates that the removal of an architectural barrier is not readily achievable, it nonetheless discriminates against persons with disabilities if it fails “to make such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations available through alternative methods if such methods are readily achievable.” Id. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(v).
ii. Unruh Act and California Disabled Persons Act
Long before Congress passed the ADA, California enacted several statutes to prohibit disability discrimination at the state level. See Jankey v. Song Koo Lee, 55 Cal.4th 1038, 150 Cal.Rptr.3d 191, 290 P.3d 187, 194-95 (2012). Two overlapping laws, the Unruh Civil Rights Act and the California Disabled Persons Act (CDPA), are presently “the principal sources of state disability access protection.” Id., 150 Cal.Rptr.3d 191, 290 P.3d at 195. Both statutes prohibit discrimina*1074tion on the basis of disability “in the full and equal access to the services, facilities, and advantages of public accommodation.” Moeller, 816 F.Supp.2d at 848. Although the Unruh Act and CDPA overlap substantially with the ADA, see Munson v. Del Taco, Inc., 46 Cal.4th 661, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d 685, 208 P.3d 623, 632 (2009), the California legislature has sought to afford disabled persons additional protections and remedies not provided under federal law. See Jankey, 150 Cal.Rptr.3d 191, 290 P.3d at 195 (“[S]hortly after passage of the ADA, the Legislature amended the state’s disability protections to strengthen California law in areas where it is weaker than the ADA and to retain California law when it provides more protection for individuals with disabilities than the ADA.”) (quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted). Unlike the ADA, which only provides for injunctive relief and attorney fees, the CDPA and the Unruh Act allow plaintiffs to recover damages. Cal. Civ. Code §§ 52(a), 54.3.5 Moreover, because California disability access standards long predate the ADA and ADAAG, the CDPA and the Unruh Act can sometimes operate to remedy barriers that would not otherwise fall within the ambit of the ADA. See Castaneda v. Burger King Corp., 264 F.R.D. 557, 561 (N.D.Cal.2009) (“It may be possible, however, for an accessibility barrier to violate the California statutes without violating the ADA.”).
There are several avenues by which a plaintiff can prevail ón a disability discrimination claim under the CDPA or the Unruh Act. First, he or she can prove that defendants violated California accessibility requirements. Public accommodations constructed or altered after July 1, 1970, are subject to California Health & Safety Code and Government Code requirements for disabled access. Moeller, 816 F.Supp.2d at 847. Since 1981, Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations, also known as the California Building Code, has set forth accessibility requirements for public accommodations. Id. A violation of Title 24 standards constitutes a violation of both the Unruh Act and the CDPA. See Arnold v. United Artists Theater Circuit, Inc., 866 F.Supp. 433, 439 (N.D.Cal.1994). To receive damages under the Unruh Act, however, the plaintiff also “must plead and prove intentional discrimination in public accommodations in violation of the terms of the Act.” Munson, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d at 690, 208 P.3d at 627 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The CDPA has no such requirement. See Cal. Civ.Code § 54.3. If a plaintiff prevails on a damages claim under both statutes, double recovery is not permitted. Munson, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d 685, 208 P.3d at 632.
A plaintiff can also prevail under these California statutes by proving that defendants violated federal disability law. Moeller, 816 F.Supp.2d at 848. Following passage of the ADA, the California legislature amended the CDPA and the Unruh Act to provide that a violation of the ADA constitutes a violation of both state statutes. See id.; Cal. Civ.Code §§ 51(f), 54(c). ' Because the ADA itself contains no intent requirement, the California Supreme Court has held that where an Un-ruh Act claim is premised on a violation of the ADA, the plaintiff need not demonstrate intentional discrimination to recover. Munson, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d 685, 208 P.3d 623.
B. Actionable Barriers
As a threshold matter, the parties dispute which of the alleged barriers are actionable. Defendants' argue that Rodriguez lacks standing to challenge several *1075barriers pertaining to the safety of the restaurant’s front stairway. They further contend that he lacks standing under the CDPA or the Unruh Act to seek monetary damages for certain barriers inside the restaurant. Finally, defendants assert that claims relating to certain barriers are barred as a result of being raised too late in this litigation.
i. Standing to Remediate Stairway Barriers
[11,12] The United States Constitution restricts federal judicial power to the adjudication of “cases” or “controversies.” U.S. Const. Art. Ill, § 2, cl. 1. Plaintiffs seeking to adjudicate their grievances in federal court must first demonstrate that they have standing to sue&emdash;“an essential and unchanging part of the case-or-controversy requirement of Article III.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). To establish standing, a plaintiff must show that he or she has suffered or is threatened with an injury that is both “concrete and particularized,” and “actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical;” that there is a causal link between the injury and the conduct of which the plaintiff complains&emdash;that is, that the injury is “fairly traceable” to the challenged conduct; and that the injury is “likely” to be “redressed by a favorable decision.” Bates v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 511 F.3d 974, 985 (9th Cir.2007) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-61, 112 S.Ct. 2130).
[13,14] “The Supreme Court has instructed us to take a broad view of constitutional standing in civil rights cases, espedally where, as under the ADA, private enforcement suits 'are the primary method of obtaining compliance with the Act.’ ” Doran, 524 F.3d at 1039 (quoting Traficante v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 409 U.S. 205, 209, 93 S.Ct. 364, 34 L.Ed.2d 415 (1972)). The ADA provides that a plaintiff is entitled to bring an action to correct both barriers he actually encountered and those he was actually deterred from encountering. 42 U.S.C. § 12188(a)(1). A barrier will only satisfy Lujan’s, “injury-in-fact” requirement, however, if it relates to the plaintiffs particular disability. Chapman, 631 F.3d at 947; see also id. at 947, n. 4 (“We recognize that an encountered barrier must interfere with the particular plaintiffs full and equal enjoyment of the facility, making his use of the facility more difficult than a nondisabled individual’s, to constitute an injury-in-fact, and that he is required to allege and prove that injury.”).
[15,16] Rodriguez seeks to remediate several barriers pertaining to the construction and safety of La Victoria’s front steps: excessive riser height at the bottom of the steps; the lack of uniform stair risers; incomplete handrails on the stairs; non-compliant grip on the handrails; and an absence of caution striping on each step (“stairway safety barriers”). Assuming these architectural elements violate the ADAAG, they nonetheless do not relate to Rodriguez’s particular disability. See Chapman, 631 F.3d at 947. The stairway safety barriers did not make Rodriguez’s “use of the facility more difficult than a nondisabled individual’s[.]” Id. at 947, n. 4.6 By contrast, the absence of a wheel*1076chair-accessible entrance (i.e., the lack of an ADA-complaint wheelchair ramp, lift, or other means of entering the facility in a wheelchair) plainly interfered with Rodriguez’s full and equal enjoyment of the facility, thereby causing an injury-in-fact that could be redressed by a decision in his favor. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130.
Although federal courts must maintain a broad view of constitutional standing in ADA cases, see Doran, 524 F.3d at 1039, the ADA “does not permit private plaintiffs to bring claims as private attorneys general to vindicate other people’s injuries.” Chapman, 631 F.3d at 960 (quoting Mclnnis-Misc.or v. Maine Med. Ctr., 319 F.3d 63, 69 (1st Cir.2003) (quotation marks omitted)).7 Because Rodriguez cannot demonstrate that the stairway safety barriers relate to his particular disability, he cannot demonstrate an “injury-in-fact” that can be redressed by court order. Accordingly, Rodriguez does not have standing to challenge these architectural elements.
ii. Availability of Damages Under State Law
Standing to pursue monetary relief under the CDPA or the Unruh Act is different from standing to seek injunctive relief under federal or state law. See Rey craft v. Lee, 177 Cal.App.4th 1211, 99 Cal.Rptr.3d 746, 756 (2009). Both state statutes restrict damages recovery to situations where “the plaintiff personally encountered the violation on a particular occasion, or the plaintiff was deterred from accessing a place of public accommodation on a particular occasion.” Munson, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d 685, 208 P.3d at 633; Cal. Civ. Code § 55.56. Unlike the ADA, these statutes require “something more than mere awareness of or a reasonable belief about the existence of a discriminatory condition.” Reycraft, 99 Cal.Rptr.3d at 756. Defendants assert that Rodriguez lacks standing to seek monetary damages for the barriers that existed inside the restaurant at the time of his 2008 visit. They argue that because Rodriguez remained in his vehicle during his visit to La Victoria and departed upon learning that there was no alternative entrance, he never came close to encountering any barriers on the premises. This argument is premised on the assumption that the restaurant entrance does not violate the ADA or state law in the first instance. By maintaining that the only noncompliant barriers were inside the restaurant, defendants argue that Rodriguez did not encounter any barriers to access. As discussed infra, however, the restaurant entrance violates the CDPA. Accordingly, there is no question that he was “deterred from accessing a place of public accommodation on a particular occasion.” Munson, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d 685, 208 P.3d at 633.
Although Rodriguez has standing to pursue monetary damages under state law, California Civil Code § 55.56 imposes a significant restriction on his potential recovery. That statute provides, in pertinent part:
*1077Statutory damages may be assessed [for construction-related accessibility claims under the CDPA or Unruh Act] based on each particular occasion that the plaintiff was denied full and equal access, and not upon the number of violations of construction-related accessibility standards identified at the place of public accommodation where the denial of full and equal , access occurred. If the place of public accommodation consists of distinct facilities that offer distinct services, statutory damages may be assessed based on each denial of full and equal access to the distinct facility, and not upon the number of violations of construction-related accessibility standards identified at the place of public accommodation where the denial of full and equal access occurred.
Cal. Civ. Code § 55.56(e) (2009).8 Accordingly, Rodriguez cannot recover separate minimum statutory damages for each barrier that was present at the time of his 2008 visit. The statute does not, however, affect his ability to recover actual damages.9
iii. April 2013 Barriers
Defendants further contend that several alleged barriers are not actionable because Rodriguez failed to incorporate them into his complaint. When Rodriguez filed this action in 2009, his initial complaint identified five barriers. An expert report, disclosed during the initial discovery period, identified ten additional barriers. The Ninth Circuit then decided Oliver v. Ralph’s Grocery, 654 F.8d 903 (9th Cir.2011), holding that a plaintiff claiming discrimination under the ADA due to architectural barriers in a place of public accommodation must allege each barrier in his or her complaint. Otherwise, the court held, defendants do not have fair notice of the claims against them as required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8. Id. at 908; Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. “In general, only disclosure of barriers in a properly pleaded complaint can provide [fair] notice; a disclosure made during discovery, including an expert report, would rarely be an adequate substitute.” 654 F.3d at 909.
In light of Oliver, Rodriguez was granted leave to amend his complaint in January 2013 so that he could incorporate the additional barriers identified during discovery. (Docket No. 164). The order granting leave to amend provided that discovery would' be reopened, limited to the ten additional barriers identified in the FAC, until March 14, 2013. In April 2013, after discovery closed, plaintiff’s expert Jonathan Adler identified several additional barriers at the subject property (“April 2013 barriers”).10 Some of these newly-identified barriers allegedly arose as a result of alterations made to the subject property after this action commenced. Rodriguez did not amend his complaint to incorporate the April 2013 barriers. Nonetheless, he contends that defendants should be held liable for them.
*1078At trial, Rodriguez claimed that Oliver should not govern this case, arguing that defendants had fair notice that their alterations to the subject property would create new barriers for wheelchair-bound patrons. The court in Oliver left open the possibility that in some circumstances Rule 8 might require less, noting that “a disclosure made during discovery ... would rarely be an adequate substitute” for a barrier alleged in a complaint. 654 F.3d at 909 (emphasis added). Here, however, Adler’s disclosure was made after discovery had closed. Further, the order reopening discovery specifically restricted discoverable subject matter to the additional barriers identified in the FAC. To the extent that Oliver allows for rare circumstances where discovery disclosures suffice to provide fair notice of alleged architectural barriers, Adler’s 2013 report presents no such circumstance. Accordingly, the April 2013 barriers are not actionable.11 See Paulick v. Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 2012 WL 2990760 (N.D.Cal.2012) (“The Oliver court makes clear ... that it is only the complaint that should be considered in determining whether the fair notice requirement has been met.”).
iv. Remediated Barriers
“Where ... a private plaintiff brings an ADA claim seeking to enjoin a defendant to remove an architectural barrier, removal of the barrier before final judgment moots the ADA claim based on that barrier.” Hernandez v. Polanco Enterprises, Inc., 19 F.Supp.3d 918, 2013 WL 4520253 (N.D.Cal.2013) (citing Oliver, 654 F.3d at 905). Prior to trial, the parties stipulated that several barriers have been remediated since the commencement of this action. (Pl. Exh. 56). Accordingly, Rodriguez’s ADA claim is moot with respect to these barriers. The remediated barriers are still actionable, however, to the extent Rodriguez can establish he is entitled to damages under the CDPA or the Unruh Act due to the presence of these barriers during his visit. Cf. Hernandez v. Polanco Enterprises, Inc., 19 F.Supp.3d 918, 2013 WL 4520253 (N.D.Cal.2013) (granting motion for summary judgment against plaintiffs CDPA and Unruh Act claims because plaintiff “made no showing that those barriers could support state-law claims independent of the alleged [mooted] ADA violations”).
v. Summary of Actionable Barriers
Rodriguez has an actionable ADA claim with respect to the following barriers, which were properly identified in the FAC and have not been remediated:
i. the restaurant had no accessible public entrance for wheelchair users,
ii. the restroom door lacked sufficient strike-edge clearance on the “push” side, thereby making it difficult for a wheelchair user to enter the restroom unassisted, and
iii. the restroom lacked sufficient strike-edge clearance on the “pull” side, thereby making it difficult for a wheelchair user to exit the restroom.
Rodriguez has an actionable claim for damages under state law with respect to the following barriers that were present during his 2008 visit and properly identified in the FAC:
i. the restaurant had no accessible public entrance for wheelchair users,
ii. the restroom door lacked sufficient strike-edge clearance on the “push” side, thereby making it difficult for a *1079wheelchair user to enter the restroom unassisted,
in. the restroom lacked sufficient strike-edge clearance on the “pull” side, thereby making it difficult for a wheelchair user to exit the iestroom,
iv. the restroom lacked geometric signage,
v. the restroom’s tactile signage was improperly located,
vi. the restroom door threshold was raised too high,
vii. the restroom door was too narrow,
viii. there was not enough space for a wheelchair to turn around inside the restroom,
ix. the restroom lacked sufficient space for a wheelchair user to transfer himself or herself to the toilet,
x. the side grab bar was improperly located,
xi. the lavatory counter surface was too high,
xii. the mirror was too high,
xiii. the paper towel dispenser was too high,
xiv. the sink was too high,
xv. the hot-water pipe beneath the sink was not insulated, thereby posing a burn threat to a wheelchair user, and
xvi. the dining room “order counter” was too high.
C. Rodriguez’s ADA Claim
Rodriguez asserts a claim under the ADA, alleging defendants discriminated against him during his 2008 visit to La Victoria. The parties do not dispute that Rodriguez is disabled within the meaning of the statute, nor do they contest whether defendants must comply with the ADA. Instead, they focus on whether Rodriguez suffered discrimination within the meaning of the statute&emdash;an inquiry that hinges on which accessibility standards were applicable at the time of Rodriguez’s visit.
i Applicable Standards: Was There an “Alteration”?
After the 2007 kitchen fire, defendants undertook a variety of repairs. Rodriguez claims that these repairs constituted an “alteration” within the meaning of the ADA, thereby triggering a heightened obligation to ensure that “altered portions of the facility are readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, including individuals who use wheelchairs.” See 42 U.S.C. § 12188(a)(2).12 Defendants maintain that the post-fire repairs did not amount to an alteration.
The ADA does not define “alteration.” In the absence of a statutory definition, courts have looked for guidance to the Department of Justice, which is charged with promulgating administrative regulations to implement Title Ill’s public accommodation provisions (§ 12186(b)), rendering technical assistance letters explaining the law’s requirements (§ 12206(c)), and' enforcing Title III in court (§ 12188(b)). .The DOJ’s ADA Architectural Guidelines provide:
[A]n alteration is a change to a place of public accommodation or a commercial facility that affects or could affect the usability of the building or facility or any part thereof.
(1) Alterations include, but are not limited to, remodeling, renovation, rehabilitation, reconstruction, historic *1080restoration, changes or rearrangement in structural parts or elements, and changes or rearrangement in the plan configuration of walls and full-height partitions. Normal maintenance, reroofing, painting or wallpapering, asbestos removal, or changes to mechanical and electrical systems are not alterations unless they affect the usability of the building or facility.
(Appendix A to 28 C.F.R. § 36.402).13 Rodriguez argues that because the kitchen could not function and the restaurant could not serve its customers during the 2007 fire repairs, the temporary closure of La Victoria affected the usability of the restaurant, thereby constituting an “alteration” under the ADA. See 28 C.F.R. § 36.402(b).
Although the concept of “usability” is central to determining whether an alteration has been made, neither the statute nor the DOJ’s implementing regulations define the term. See Roberts v. Royal All. Corp., 542 F.3d 363, 369 (2d Cir.2008). Moreover, few courts in the Ninth Circuit have interpreted “usability.” The DOJ has stated, however, that it “remains con-
vinced that the [ADA] requires the concept of ‘usability’ to be read broadly to include any change that affects the usability of the facility, not simply changes that relate directly to access by individuals with disabilities.” Final Rule, Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability by Public Accommodations and in Commercial Facilities, 56 Fed. Reg. 35544, 35581 (July 26, 1991).14
In arguing that the post-fire repairs affected the “usability” of La Victoria, Rodriguez relies on a 1998 DOJ opinion letter wherein the Acting Assistant Attorney General opines that “[rjeeonstruction after a fire is considered an ‘alteration.’ ” DOJ Topic Opinion Letter 772, August 26, 1998 (ECF No. 232-3, Exh. 2).15 This letter was sent to a member of Congress who had apparently requested guidance on behalf of a constituent who was preparing for reconstruction after a fire destroyed a portion of the interior of his restaurant. After summarizing the definition of “alteration” under § 36.402, the Acting Attorney General further explained:
[I]f the damage caused by the fire is minor and can be corrected by cleaning, re-painting, or re-wallpapering, the ADA *1081would not apply. If walls are being reconstructed or new toilet fixtures or other elements are provided, the ADA requirements would apply.
Id. These comments are not particularly instructive where, as here, the repairs include more than minor “cleaning, re-painting, or re-wallpapering” but less than the installation of new fixtures or the reconstruction of walls.16 Similarly, the La Victoria repairs fall somewhere, between the illustrations bookending § 36.402’s definition of “alteration.” While the post-fire work was somewhat more involved than “[n]ormal maintenance, reroofing, painting or wallpapering, asbestos removal, or changes to mechanical and electrical systems,” the repairs were less extensive than the “remodeling, renovation, rehabilitation, reconstruction, historic restoration, resurfacing of circulation paths or, vehicular ways, changes or rearrangement in the structural parts or elements, and changes or rearrangement in the plan configuration of walls and full-height partitions” described in the ADAAG. See 28 C.F.R. § 36.402.
Standing alone, the DOJ’s guidance does not suffice to resolve whether the La Victoria repairs could or did affect usability, thereby constituting an “alteration” for purposes of the ADA. Moreover, few courts in the Ninth Circuit have interpreted “usability” when assessing if an alteration has occurred. Courts in other jurisdictions, however, have tended to take an expansive view of alterations that affect usability. See Disabled in Action of Penn. v. Southeastern Penn. Transp. Authority, 635 F.3d 87, 91-94 (3d Cir.2011) (under ADAAG guidelines, complete replacement of stairway or inoperative escalator is considered “remodeling, renovation, rehabilitation [or] reconstruction” that affects “usability,” even absent “major structural alterations”); Regents of Mercersburg College v. Republic Franklin Ins. Co., 458. F.3d 159, 162-64 (3d Cir. 2006) (repairs following “fire that caused extensive damage to the roof and fourth floor of the building, as well as smoke and water damage to the first, second, and third floors” constituted alteration); Kinney v. Yerusalim, 9 F.3d 1067, 1073 (3d Cir.1993) (“if an alteration [such as resurfacing] renders a street more ‘usable’ to those presently using it, such increased utility must also be made fully accessible to the disabled through the installation of curb ramps”). In all cases, however, “alteration seems generally to exclude from ‘alterations’ those modifications that essentially preserve the status and condition of a facility, rather than rendering it materially ‘new’ in some sense.” Roberts v. Royal Atlantic Corp., 542 F.3d 363, 370 (2d Cir.2008).
The evidence presented at trial supports the conclusion that the post-fire repairs did not render La Victoria materially “new” in any sense. See id. Instead, it tends to show that the repairs essentially preserved the status and condition of the building. The repairs around the kitchen, second floor, and roof served to return the restaurant’s stove and its attendant systems to their working condition. See Appendix A to 28 C.F.R. *1082§ 36.402. (“[C]hanges to mechanical and electrical systems are not alterations unless they affect the usability of the building or facility”). The remaining changes appear to have been mostly superficial in nature. While the precise extent of the post-fire repairs remains unclear, the evidence leads to the conclusion that the post-fire repairs did not constitute an “alteration” for purposes of the ADA.17
ii. Is Removal of the Barriers “Readily Achievable”?
In the absence of an “alteration” after January 26, 1992, the “readily achievable” standards applied at the time of Rodriguez’s visit to La Victoria. Therefore, defendants remained under a general, ongoing obligation to remove any architectural barriers where it was “readily achievable” to do so. See 42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(iv). The removal of barriers is “readily achievable” when it is “easily accomplishable and able tp be carried out without much difficulty or expense.” Id. § 12181(9). As the statute makes clear, that standard encompasses a number of context-specific considerations:
In determining whether an action is readily achievable, factors to be considered include—
(A) the nature and cost of the action needed under this chapter;
(B) the overall financial resources of the facility or facilities involved in the action; the number of persons employed at such facility; the effect on expenses and resources, or the impact otherwise of such action upon the operation of the facility;
(C) the overall financial resources of the covered entity; the overall size of the business of a covered entity with respect to the number of its employees; the number, type, and location of its facilities; and
(D) the type of operation or operations of the covered entity, including the composition, structure, and functions of the workforce of such entity; the geographic separateness, administrative or fiscal relationship of the facility or facilities in question to the covered entity.
Id. at § 12181(9).
Defendants bear the initial burden of production as well as the ultimate burden of persuasion in establishing that remediation is not readily achievable. See Rodriguez v. Barrita, Inc., 2012 WL 3538014 (N.D.Cal.2012); ECF No. 138. *1083“Further, defendants must carry their burden with respect to each identified barrier to access in the facility.” Id. Three barriers remain at issue for purposes of Rodriguez’s ADA claim: inadequate push-side clearance on the restroom door, inadequate pull-side clearance on the restroom door, and the inaccessible restaurant entrance.
1. Restroom Door Barriers
La Victoria’s restroom entrance poses two actionable barriers: inadequate strike-edge clearance on both the “push” and “pull” sides of the restroom door.18 As a result of these related barriers, individuals in wheelchairs are left with insufficient maneuvering space to open and close the door when exiting or entering the bathroom. The building, however, lacks sufficient physical space to permit defendants to bring the door’s strike-edge clearance into full compliance with the ADAAG. Due to the layout of the restaurant’s interior walls and the placement of a stairway leading to the second floor, defendants cannot feasibly create adequate maneuvering space on either side of the restroom door.
Recognizing that full compliance is unworkable, Rodriguez contends that defendants must instead install' an automatic door opener. Defendants reject this suggestion, claiming that no federal statute or regulation explicitly requires the installation of an automatic door opener. This argument pays short shrift to the sometimes imperfect realities of disability access law compliance. If entities were required to provide disabled access only where they could do so in a manner fully and wholly compliant with federal regulations, the ADA’s scope would be unduly circumscribed.19 While literal removal of the restroom barriers (i.e., reconstructing the building so as to allow for proper strike-edge clearance on the restroom door) is not readily achievable, installation of an automatic door opener may nonetheless be easily accomplished and can be carried out with minimal difficulty or expense. - See § 12181(9). While such a device would not change the actual strike-edge clearance on the bathroom door, experts for both plaintiff and defendants agree that it would directly remediate the problems posed by those barriers.20
Defendants failed to prove that installation of an automatic door opener, a device that would effectively remediate the barri*1084ers posed by the bathroom door, was not readily achievable. Accordingly, defendants violated the ADA by failing to address the two restroom entrance barriers. See id.
2. Inaccessible Entrance
La Victoria lacks an accessible entrance for individuals in wheelchairs. Rodriguez argues that removal of this significant barrier is readily achievable. Specifically, he contends that defendants could readily install a wheelchair lift at the restaurant’s entrance. In support, plaintiffs experts furnished three alternate proposals detailing wheelchair lifts that could be constructed on the premises. At trial, defendants presented minimal evidence to rebut plaintiffs’ argument. Relying primarily, on the cross-examination of plaintiffs experts, during which defendants’ counsel elicited information regarding the scope of construction work required to execute plaintiffs’ proposals, defendants maintain that installing any lift at the entrance would simply be too burdensome and extensive of an undertaking to qualify as “readily achievable.” See § 12181(9).
Defendants concede that installing a wheelchair lift would not necessarily be cost prohibitive. At trial, they elected not to present evidence concerning their ability to pay for any of Rodriguez’s proposals. Accordingly, to the extent that a fact-intensive, context-specific “readily achievable” inquiry hinges in part on defendants’ financial resources, these factors do not cut in defendants’ favor. See id. (factors relevant to a “readily achievable” analysis include “the overall financial resources of the facility or facilities involved in the action,” the “effect on expenses and resources,” and “the overall financial resources of the covered entity”). Seizing upon this concession and further emphasizing that defendants submitted no evidence on the actual cost of remediating the barriers, Rodriguez argues that defendants failed to carry their burden to show that installing a wheelchair lift is not readily achievable.
Despite the paucity of defendants’ affirmative evidence on the matter, applicable law compels the conclusion that installation of a wheelchair lift at La Victoria is not readily achievable. As the ADA makes clear, existing, non-altered facilities only need to remove barriers where removal can be carried out without much difficulty or expense. § 12181(9). Elaborating upon the statutory standard, the ADAAG provides a list of “modest measures that may be taken to remove barriers and that are likely to be readily achievable.” 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. B at 647 (2000). The regulations provide:
Examples of steps to remove barriers include, but are not limited to, the following actions — (1) Installing ramps; (2) Making curb cuts in sidewalks and entrances; (3) Repositioning shelves; (4) Rearranging tables, chairs, vending machines, display racks, and other furniture; (5) Repositioning telephones; (6) Adding raised markings on elevator control buttons; (7) Installing flashing alarm lights; (8) Widening doors; (9) Installing offset hinges to widen doorways; (10) Eliminating a turnstile or providing an alternative accessible path; (11) Installing accessible door hardware; (12) Installing grab bars in toilet stalls; (13) Rearranging toilet partitions to increase maneuvering space; (14) Insulating lavatory pipes under sinks to prevent burns; (15) Installing a raised toilet seat; (16) Installing a full-length bathroom mirror; (17) Repositioning the paper towel dispenser in a bathroom; (18) Creating designated accessible parking spaces; (19) Installing an accessible paper cup dispenser at an existing inaccessible water fountain; (20) Removing *1085high pile, low density carpeting; or (21) Installing vehicle hand controls.
28 C.F.R. § 36.304(b). While this list is plainly non-exhaustive, none of its examples come close to the extensive construction required to build, and provide an accessible path to, a wheelchair lift at the entrance to La Victoria.21 Cf. TAM § 4.4200 (“A public accommodation generally would not be required to remove a barrier to physical access posed by a flight of steps, if removal would require extensive ramping or an elevator.... [W]here it is not readily achievable to do, the ADA would not require a public accommodation to provide access to an area reachable only by a flight of stairs.”).22 Moreover, while defendants concede that they could afford to build a wheelchair lift if required to do so, their admission does not alter the ADA’s fundamental command that barrier removal is readily achievable only where it is “easily accomplishable and able to be carried out without much difficulty or expense.” 42 U.S.C. § 12181(9) (emphasis added). The evidence makes clear that the proposed wheelchair lifts do not meet this standard.23 Accordingly, under the ADA defendants are not required to remove the barrier posed by the restaurant’s inaccessible entrance.
They are not, however, off the hook with respect to this barrier. When an entity demonstrates that the removal of an architectural barrier is not readily achievable, it nonetheless discriminates against persons with disabilities if it fails “to make such goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations available through alternative methods if such methods are readily achievable.” Id. § 12182(b)(2)(A)(v). . Defendants claim that La Victoria makes its' goods and services available to disabled patrons by (i) offering a fully accessible La Victoria restaurant approximately one-half mile from the subject property and (ii) providing curbside service at the subject property. As an initial matter, the offer of a fully accessible restaurant at another location simply is not a viable alternative. If a wheelchair-bound patron arrives at La Victoria on San Carlos Street with the intent of ordering, for example, a carne asada burrito with a side of the restaurant’s famous “orange sauce,” she can hardly be expected then to travel an additional one-half mile to place her order at a different establishment. While the patron may, upon seeing the front steps, choose to take such a course of action, the mere existence of a separate La Victoria location does not suffice to make the subject property’s goods and services “available through alternative methods.” See id.
By contrast, the DOJ has explicitly recognized that offering curbside service is the sort of measure that can satisfy an existing facility’s “alternative method” obligations under the statute. See -28 C.F.R. § 36.305(b) (“Examples of alternatives to barrier removal include, but are not limited to ... [providing curb service or home *1086delivery[.]”). Here, however, the evidence does not demonstrate that La Victoria actually offers such a service.24 While Nicandro testified La Victoria provides curbside service to its patrons, his testimony did not indicate that the restaurant offers the service in a manner that is sufficiently consistent and reliable to constitute an “alternative method” under the statute. Nicandro acknowledged that La Victoria does little to advertise the service at the restaurant or on its website. Further, the restaurant’s phone number is not displayed near the sidewalk for wheelchair-bound patrons to see. Moreover, Abdullah Mojaddidi persuasively testified that he was unable to place an order successfully for curbside service during a visit in 2007.
In sum, while installation of a wheelchair lift is not “readily achievable” under the terms of the ADA, defendants nonetheless violated that statute by failing to make La Victoria’s cuisine available through the readily achievable alternative method of providing curbside service. Accordingly, Rodriguez is entitled to injunctive relief to ensure that defendants make their goods and services available to disabled patrons.
D. Rodriguez’s State Law Claims
Rodriguez also seeks injunctive and monetary relief under the CDPA and the Unruh Act. Having proven that three barriers violate the ADA, Rodriguez has therefore established that those same barriers violate both state statutes as well. See Cal. Civ. Code §§ 51(f), 54(c); see also Moeller, 816 F.Supp.2d at 848. Even given these automatic CDPA and Unruh Act violations, defendants’ compliance with California disability access standards warrants additional discussion for several reasons. First, with respect to the entrance stairway, Rodriguez can obtain a more significant form of injunctive relief if he can prove that defendants were obligated to provide an accessible entrance under state law. Second, unlike his ADA claim, which is actionable only with respect to existing barriers, Rodriguez’s claim for damages under state law is actionable for each barrier that existed during his 2008 visit.
i. Injunctive Relief under the CDPA
As discussed above, barriers (i)-(iii) violate the ADA, thereby entitling Rodriguez to injunctive relief. With respect to the two bathroom barriers, an injunction under state law would mirror the scope of an injunction under the ADA. Accordingly, for purposes of injunctive relief under the CDPA, the aforementioned restroom barriers warrant no further discussion. The inaccessible entrance, however, presents a different scenario. Under the ADA, the restaurant entrance violates the law only because defendants fail to establish that they actually provide curbside service. Accordingly, an injunction under the ADA can do no more than address this particular violation. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 360, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996) (“The scope of injunctive relief is dictated by the extent of the violation established.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Rodriguez seeks much more than curbside service: he wants the barrier removed. While federal law does not provide such a remedy here, California law does.
1. Title Obligations
Unlike the ADA, which only regulates alterations made after January 26, 1992, Title 24 of the California regulatory code governs all alterations made in public accommodations after January 31, 1981. It *1087requires that any “altered” portions of public accommodations, including entranceways, paths of travel, and public restrooms, be brought into compliance with the then-applicable accessibility standards. Cal. Code Regs., tit. 24, § 2-105(b); Moeller, 816 F.Supp.2d at 848. Although the subject building far predates California’s disability statutes, Rodriguez contends that the 1985 change in occupancy and the 1986 modifications constituted “alterations” under California law, thereby triggering an obligation to bring the building into compliance with the 1984 version of Title 24, which was applicable at that time.25
The 1979 Uniform Building Code, which was in effect in California in both 1985 and 1986, provides that an “alteration” is “any change, addition or modification in construction or occupancy.” Unif. Bldg. Code § 402 (1979). In 1985, the City of San Jose granted the prior owner a municipal permit to change the building’s occupancy from a residence to a'deli and office space. This event plainly constituted an “alteration” under the Code. See id. The following year, the prior owners modified the building pursuant to the aforementioned change in occupancy. Defendants contend that the 1986 repairs were limited to the interior of the building. By contrast, plaintiffs expert Jonathan Adler, after reviewing City records, opined that the prior owners made significant modifications to the first and second floors of the building, including a new structural addition at the rear of the building and a new stairwell at the entrance.
Although the parties dispute the extent of the 1986 modifications, both sides’ experts agree, based on the City’s records, that the modifications constituted an “alteration” for purposes of then-applicable California law. While these experts’ legal conclusions lack relevance, their testimony is nonetheless probative to the extent that it reflects their expert architectural opinions, based on available records from the City, that the 1986 construction work was not minor or limited in scope. While defendants do not admit that the City’s records accurately reflect the scope and nature of the 1986 construction, they fail to provide any persuasive basis for concluding that the actual extent of the 1986 modifications was different than the records indicate. Moreover, evidence suggests that defendants’ conception of the 1986 modifications is unduly narrow. For example, while defendants apparently contend that the prior owners modified only the interior of the building, inspection notes from a City building inspector reflect that the prior owners built a new addition at the back of the structure. (Pl.’s Exh. 12). Regardless of whether this particular modification, which was apparently added for the purpose of providing a private office space, would by itself trigger an obligation to make the front entrance accessible, the discrepancy between defendants’ position and the documentary evidence suggests that defendants’ conception of the 1986 modifications is incomplete. By contrast, plaintiff’s evidence was persuasive as to the extent of the 1986 construction work. Accordingly, the 1986 modifications *1088served to “alter” the subject property. See id.
Given that both the 1985 change in occupancy and the 1986 modifications constituted an “alteration,” the building’s owners were obligated to comply with then-applicable disabled access standards. The 1984 version of Title 24 was in effect when each alteration occurred. As an initial matter, § 2-105(b)(llB)(4) of that title provides that when “alterations, structural repairs, or additions” are made to existing privately-funded facilities, the modifications must be made in compliance with subsections HA(5)-(7), which govern alterations to publicly funded facilities.26 Cal. Code Regs., tit. 24 § 2 — 105(b)(1113)(4) (1984). Subsection 11A(5), in turn, provides that state disability compliance regulations apply to:
All existing public funded buildings and facilities when alterations, structural repairs or additions are made to such buildings or facilities. This requirement shall only apply to area [sic] of specific alteration, structural repair or addition and shall not be construed to mean that the entire structure or facility is subject to this Code. Compliance shall require:
(a) That a primary entrance to the building or facility and the primary path of travel to the specific area shall be accessible to and usable by handicapped persons.
(b) That sanitary facilities, drinking fountains, and public telephones serving the remodeled area shall be accessible to and usable by handicapped persons.
Id. § 2-105(b)(llA). While this provision, when read in light of subsection 1113(5), makes clear that the regulations apply only to areas of “specific alteration, structural repair, or addition,” it is equally plain that when any such modification occurs in an existing privately-funded place of public accommodation, the building’s primary entrance “shall be accessible to and usable by handicapped persons.” Id. The text of Title 24 therefore compels the conclusion that the building’s prior owners were, in both 1985 and 1986, required to make the building’s primary entrance accessible to and usable by disabled individuals. Because the La Victoria entrance was inaccessible in November 2008, defendants denied Rodriguez equal access to the restaurant.
2. “Reliance" Defense
Defendants contend they cannot be held liable for the prior owners’ failure to remediate the inaccessible front entrance. In particular, defendants claim they relied upon the City of San Jose’s 1986 approval of the prior owners’ application for an unreasonable hardship exception from disability access requirements. In support, they invoke Donald v. Cafe Royale, Inc., wherein the California Court of Appeal held that CDPA’s damages provision contains no intent requirement. 218 Cal.App.3d 168, 180, 266 Cal.Rptr. 804 (Ct.App.1990). The court then stated, in apparent dicta:
Our interpretation that section 54.3 contains no intent element does not preclude the possibility that in some instances denial of access under the statute may be excused, e.g., where the vio*1089lator has been affirmatively directed, or given formal approval, by an enforcing agency to construct premises in a certain way, or maintain a configuration, which does not comply with the code requirements.
Id.; see also D’Lil v. Stardust Vacation Club, 2001 WL 1825832 (E.D.Cal.2001) (“A defendant’s good faith reliance on an agency’s erroneous legal opinión may in some instances preclude liability.”) (citing Donald, supra).27 Relying upon the aforementioned authorities, defendants maintain that the undue hardship exception, even if improvidently granted, operates to preclude liability under the CDPA.
Rodriguez asserts that defendants’ argument fails for several reasons. First, because defendants did not raise the “reliance” defense in their answer or amended answer, Rodriguez contends he was not on notice of the issue and therefore could not conduct adequate discovery into .the circumstances underlying the prior owners’ hardship application. Second, he disputes whether, as a matter of law, a “reliance” defense can preclude liability under the CDPA. Finally, Rodriguez argues that even assuming such a defense is available, defendants cannot demonstraté that they actually relied upon the City’s 1986 approval of the hardship application.
Without considering whether Rodriguez was on notice of the reliance argument, and regardless of whether an occupant or owner of a building subject to Title 24 disabled access regulations can avoid CDPA liability by relying upon a municipal building department’s approval of a prior owner’s undue hardship application, no facts arise to support such an argument here. The evidence at trial established that no defendant actually relied on the City of San Jose Building Department’s 1986 approval. To the contrary, it appears defendants were not aware of the hardship exception until after Rodriguez filed this action. Defendants instead premise their reliance argument on the fact that from 1986 to 1998, when La Victoria opened, the Department continually permitted prior occupants to operate several different restaurants within the building. As such, when La Victoria began leasing the space in 1998, and when Shahidi purchased the building in 1999, defendants were purportedly operating under the assumption that the. building was not saddled with extant access obligations. This is not enough to excuse compliance. Cf Hodges v. El Torito Restaurants, Inc., 1998 WL 95398 (N.D.Cal.1998) (holding current owner liable for prior owner’s failure to remediate barriers to access) (“It is therefore clear that the best way to effectuate the goals of California’s accessibility laws is to hold the current owners of buildings hable for existing violations.”).
In sum, to the extent that a “reliance” exception to Title 24 compliance exists, defendants fail to establish it here. See N.L.R.B. v. Kentucky River Cmty. Care, Inc., 532 U.S. 706, 711, 121 S.Ct. 1861, 149 L.Ed.2d 939 (2001) (noting “the general rule of statutory construction that the burden of proving justification or exemption under a special exception to the prohibitions of a statute generally rests on one *1090who claims its benefits”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Accordingly, pursuant to defendants’ Title 24 obligations as triggered by the 1985 and 1986 alterations, La Victoria’s entrance must be made accessible to persons with disabilities.
ii Monetary Damages Under State Law
Rodriguez seeks monetary relief under the CDPA and the Unruh Act. As discussed above, barriers (i), (ii), and (iii) automatically trigger liability under both laws as a result of also violating the ADA. Additionally, barriers (iv) through (xvi) violated applicable California regulations.28 With respect to these barriers, defendants are liable under the CDPA. They are not, however, liable for barriers (iv) through (xvi) under the Unruh Act because absent an ADA violation, Rodriguez must demonstrate that defendants intentionally discriminated against persons with disabilities. While defendants should have been in compliance with federal and state disability access requirements at the time of Rodriguez’s visit, the evidence falls far short of demonstrating that they intentionally discriminated against persons with disabilities.
E. Summary
The evidence presented at trial establishes that barriers (i), (ii), and (iii) constitute violations of the ADA, the Unruh Act, and the CDPA. Further, defendants violated the CDPA by maintaining barriers (iv) through (xvi) at the time of Rodriguez’s visit.
Defendants, who are jointly and severally liable, are hereby ordered to provide the following relief:
1. Pursuant to their obligations under Title 24, defendants shall make the building’s primary entrance accessible to and usable by disabled individuals.
2. Until the entrance is made accessible, defendants shall make La Victo- : ria’s cuisine available to disabled patrons through the readily achievable alternative method of providing curbside take-out service.
3. Defendants shall install an automatic door opener on the restroom door so that disabled patrons can safely enter and exit the restroom without assistance.
4. Defendants shall pay Rodriguez $12,000 in actual damages.29
*1091The parties are directed to meet and confer and jointly submit a proposed judgment consistent with this order within thirty days. A motion on attorney fees shall be filed within sixty days if the parties are unable to agree on the amount.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. To the extent that any conclusions of law are inadvertently labeled as findings of fact (or vice versa), the findings and conclusions shall be considered "in [their] true light, regardless of the label that the ... court may have placed on [them].” Tri-Tron Intemational v. Velto, 525 F.2d 432, 435-36 (9th Cir.1975).
. As there are both entities and persons bearing the Barrita name relevant to this action, to avoid confusion this order will refer to Nicandro Barrita by use of his first name.
. The first and second elements are not in dispute. Rodriguez is disabled within the meaning of the ADA. Defendants each own, operate, and/or lease a place of public accommodation.
. The ADAAG applied to the building during the 2007 fire repairs and during Rodriguez's 2008 visit. See .28 C.F.R. § 36.406. The Standards for Accessible Design (ADAS) govern alterations made after March 15, 2012. Id.
. The CDPA also provides for injunctive relief and attorney fees. Cal. Civ. Code § 55.
. Abdullah Mojaddidi testified that his friends carried him up the steps on several occasions. This testimony, according to Rodriguez, demonstrates that wheelchair-bound persons can encounter the stairway safety barriers. Tovar testified, however, that Rodriguez was not interested in being carried up the steps. More crucially, even if Rodriguez were to be carried up the steps, he does not demonstrate that these specific architectural elements would make his use of La Victoria more difficult than for a nondisabled person. While there is no question that La Victoria’s inaccessible entrance makes Rodriguez’s use of *1076the restaurant more difficult, Rodriguez fails to demonstrate that his injury is “fairly traceable" to the challenged stairway elements. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130.
. See also Raines v. Byrd, 521 U.S. 811, 820, 117 S.Ct. 2312, 138 L.Ed.2d 849 (1997) ("[W]e must put aside the natural urge to proceed directly to the merits of this important dispute and to 'settle' it for the sake of convenience and efficiency. Instead, we must carefully inquire as to whether appellees have met their burden of establishing that their claimed injury is personal, particularized, concrete, and otherwise judicially cognizable.”).
. Cal. Civ. Code § 55.56 was amended in 2012. Because Rodriguez filed his claim pri- or to the amendment, his claim is governed by the prior version of § 55.56. See § 55.56(f)(5) (2012).
. Both the CDPA and the Unruh Act provide that plaintiffs can recover "actual” damages in excess of minimum statutory damages. See §§ 52(a), 54.3(a). The text of 55.56(e) makes clear that the provision applies only to statutory damages. See § 55.56(e).
.These newly identified barriers included an inaccessible, newly constructed "patio” outside the restaurant, unsafe slopes near the entrance to the front steps, inadequate handicapped seating inside the restaurant, and inadequate maneuvering space at the top of the front steps.
. Furthermore, it is far from clear that Rodriguez would have standing to remediate barriers not in existence at the time of his 2008 visit to La Victoria.
. Rodriguez further contends that the purported alterations affected a “primary function area/’ thereby requiring defendants to create access to the paths of travel and sanitary facilities serving the areas of alteration. See 28 CXF.C. §§ 36.402(b), 36.403(b).
. Because the ADAAG was promulgated in exercise of the DOJ's statutory authority to issue regulations implementing Title Ill's public accommodation provisions, the DOJ’s views reflected in the ADAAG are due deference under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467' U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). See United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 226-27, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001) (holding that an administrative regulation "qualifies for Chevron deference when it appears that Congress delegated authority to the agency generally to make rules carrying the force of law, and that the agency interpretation claiming deference was promulgated in the exercise of that authority.").
. This DOJ remark accompanies the final federal rule implementing 28 C.F.C. § 36.402, the provision defining "alteration.” By analyzing and commenting upon how "usability" should be construed under § 36.402, the DOJ was offering an interpretation of its own regulations. As such, these comments are accorded "substantial” deference. See Miller v. California Speedway Corp., 536 F.3d 1020, 1028 (9th Cir.2008) ("The Justice Department's interpretation of its own regulations ... must ... be given substantial deference and will be disregarded only if plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.”) (quotation marks, citations, and alterations omitted).
.This correspondence was issued pursuant to the DOJ's authority to furnish technical assistance to individuals and entities concerning their obligations under the ADA. See 42 U.S.C.A. § 12206. To the extent this letter interprets DOJ regulations, it is entitled to substantial deference. See Miller, 536 F.3d at 1028.
. Although the kitchen stove was replaced, this does not amount to the installation of a "new” fixture or element that might constitute an “alteration.” See Appendix A to 28 C.F.R. § 36.402. ("[CJhanges to mechanical and electrical systems are not alterations unless they affect the usability of the-building or facility.”) Moreover, to the extent that repairs to the second-floor wall surrounding the exhaust hood could be characterized as “reconstruction,” the second floor is not a primary function area. As such, alterations confined to the second floor duct wall would not trigger "path of travel” obligations. See 28 C.F.R. § 36.403.
. Neither the ADA nor the ADAAG maltes clear which party has the burden to prove that an "alteration” did or did not occur, nor has the Ninth Circuit clarified the issue. In Roberts v. Royal Atl. Corp., the Second Circuit adopted a burden-shifting scheme for establishing whether a public accommodation experienced a qualifying alteration:
To establish the existence of an alteration, a plaintiff fulfills his or her initial burden of production by identifying a modification to a facility and by making a facially plausible demonstration that the modification is an alteration under the ADA. The defendant then bears the burden of persuasion to establish that the modification is in fact not an alteration.
542 F.3d 363, 371 (2d Cir.2008). The court in Roberts reasoned that while plaintiffs should generally be capable of pointing to an initial modification potentially constituting an alteration, defendants "can be expected to have superior access to information with which to refute assertions that their facilities have been altered within the meaning of the statute and the applicable regulations and commentary.” Id. Here, ascertaining where the burden rests is not critical in that the conclusion of "no alteration” arises under either formulation. Even if, consistent with Roberts, defendants in the Ninth Circuit must shoulder the burden of persuasion, defendants here have successfully established that the fire repairs did not constitute an alteration.
. The "push” side requires twelve inches of space beyond the latching edge of the door. On the "pull” side, eighteen inches of clear space is required beyond the strike-edge (latch side) of the door. See ADAAG § 4.13.6.
. The DOJ plainly does not require all-or-nothing compliance with its regulations. See, e.g., Title III Technical Assistance Manual ("TAM”) § 4.4300 (where full compliance with federal accessibility standards is not readily achievable, "barrier removal measures may be taken that do not fully comply with the standards, so long as the measures do not pose a significant risk to the health or safety of individuals with disabilities or others.”).
. Alternately, 42 U.S.C. § 12182(b)(A)(v) provides a separate framework for addressing this imperfect, but apparently effective, method of remediating the restroom door barriers. That subsection provides what even where an entity can prove that removal of a barrier is not readily achievable, it nonetheless violates the ADA if it fails to “make such ... facilities ... available through alternative methods if such methods are readily achievable.” Id. Here, installation of an automatic door opener is readily achievable. Whether or not installing the door opener constitutes "remov[al]” of an "architectural barrier” under subsection (iv) or an "alternate method” under subsection (v), the same result unfolds: defendants are obligated under the ADA to remediate the problems posed by barriers (ii) and (iii).
. Moreover, the DOJ has explained that, in some circumstances, the aforementioned measures might not be readily achievable in the first place. See 28 C.F.R. Pt. 36, App. B (1991) ("[T]he inclusion of a measure on this list does not mean that it is readily achievable in all cases.”).
. The TAM is entitled to substantial deference. Miller, 536 F.3d at 1028.
.Between the required site work, potential weeks of construction, a possible dialogue with the City to approve an encroachment into the sidewalk for a right-side incline lift, finalization of an easement from the neighboring property for Lifts B and C, and potential closure of the restaurant during installation, none of the proposed lifts are "easily accomplishable” or able to be carried out “without much difficulty." See id.
. As with their burden to prove that removal of a barrier is not readily achievable, defendants are obligated to prove that they made their goods and services available through alternative methods where it was readily achievable to do so.
. Rodriguez also claims that the 2007 fire repairs constituted an "alteration” under state law. For the same reasons that the post-fire modifications do not constitute an "alteration” under the ADA, they do not qualify as an "alteration” under then-applicable California regulations. See Bldg. C. 24-2 § 202-A (2001) ("Alter or alteration is any change, addition or modification in construction or occupancy or structural repair or change in primary function to an existing structure other than repair or addition.") (emphasis added).
. The Title 24 Interpretive Manual, prepared by the Office of the State Architect and the Department of Rehabilitation, further provides: “Very Important! The requirements for existing privately funded buildings that are to be remodeled are the same as for publicly funded. So you are referred to the publicly funded sections to get this information.” Disabled Access Regulations: Title 24 Interpretive Manual (August 16, 1984), available at ECF No. 232-3.
. But cf. D’Lil v. Best W. Encina Lodge, 2004 WL 3685756 (C.D.Cal.2004) (rejecting defendants’ argument that a municipal building department’s issuance of building permits later estopped plaintiff’s claims against the subject property under federal and state disability law) ("Essentially, this argument attempts to equate a building permit with a declaratory judgment that the subject property adheres to all applicable laws. None of the cases cited by Defendants, or any others found by this Court, indicate that the issuance of a building . permit compels any conclusion in the context of litigation between the property owner and a private party suing under state and federal accessibility laws.”).
. The parties stipulate that these barriers existed at the time of Rodriguez’s visit. In so stipulating, the parties include citations to a recent version of the California Building Code. ECF No. 214, Exh. B (providing corresponding CBC provisions for each stipulated barrier); see. also Pi’s Exh. 56 (updated barrier list lacking corresponding citations). As discussed supra, the 1985 and 1986 alterations triggered an obligation to comply with then-applicable California accessibility standards. It is less than clear, though, that these architectural elements were also barriers under earlier versions of the code. Defendants do not, however, contend that any of these barriers were permissible under the 1984 version of Title 24. If any such argument exists, it has been waived.
. As noted above, defendants' cumulative violations of the CDPA and the Unruh Act do not compound Rodriguez's statutory minimum damages. See Cal. Civ. Code § 55.56(e); Org. for Advancement of Minorities with Disabilities v. Pac. Heights Inn, 2006 WL 2560754 (N.D.Cal.2006) (summarizing authorities as holding that statutory damages for disability discrimination "are limited to each time that a plaintiff visits (or is deterred from visiting) a non-compliant establishment even if the establishment contains numerous architectural barriers”); see also Munson, 94 Cal.Rptr.3d 685, 208 P.3d at 632 (no double recovery between the CDPA and the Unruh Act). In any event, as actual damages of $12,000 are being awarded due to the significant emotional distress Rodriguez suffered as a result of being denied equal access to La *1091Victoria, statutory damages are not directly implicated.