United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
No. 96-2822.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Dock Charles HUBERT, Defendant-Appellant.
April 8, 1998.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. (No. 94-CR-
04063-ALL), William Stafford, District Judge.
Before BARKETT, Circuit Judge, and GODBOLD and GOODWIN,1 Senior Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
The defendant, Dock Charles Hubert ("Hubert"), appeals the judgment of conviction, the
enhancement of his sentence for obstruction of justice, and the district court's order denying his
motion for a mistrial. We have jurisdiction to review the case under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
I.
On December 8, 1995, Hubert was found guilty by a jury on one count of conspiracy to
possess with intent to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and
841(b)(1)(A)(iii), and on three counts of possession with intent to distribute cocaine base in violation
of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B)(iii) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Hubert filed a motion for a
mistrial, arguing that the government wrongfully introduced testimonial evidence of other criminal
acts allegedly committed by Hubert over a twenty-year span prior to the dates covered in the
indictment in order to attack Hubert's character. Hubert claimed that this evidence unduly
1
Honorable Alfred T. Goodwin, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
prejudiced the jury and prevented him from getting a fair trial. The district court denied the motion
for a mistrial and entered a judgment of conviction against Hubert on all four counts. The district
court then sentenced Hubert to 300 months on each count, to run concurrently. This sentence was
based on a guideline range of 292-to-365 months for a Criminal History Category I and a Base
Offense Level of 38 which was enhanced to 40 for obstruction of justice because the district court
found that Hubert had lied when he testified during trial and during earlier court hearings.
II.
We first deal with Hubert's contention that the district court erred in not granting his motion
for a mistrial. The indictment covers only the period of July 1992 to July of 1993. During the trial,
however, the government elicited testimony from Richard Young about his prior drug dealings with
Hubert going all the way back to the early 1970's. Richard Young, who had already pled guilty to
his involvement in the charged conspiracy, testified that he and Hubert started using drugs in the
1970's; that he and Hubert had always been partners in drug dealing; that at one time he and Hubert
had an apartment together in Miami from which they sold marijuana and powder cocaine; that in
the late 1980's, Hubert supplied him with cocaine from time to time; that starting in 1990, Hubert
regularly sold him cocaine powder which he would then cook into crack cocaine; and that in 1991,
he and Hubert reaffirmed their drug dealing partnership, agreeing to a 50/50 split in profits.
The government claims that Richard Young's extensive testimony relating to his prior drug
dealings with Hubert was necessary to explain the circumstances of the charged crimes and to clarify
the relationship between Richard Young and Hubert. Hubert counters that the testimony was not
relevant to establishing the relationship he had with Richard Young because there was no dispute
that he and Richard Young had known each other and had been friends since childhood. Hubert
argues that the government did not use the elicited testimony to explain the circumstances of the
charged crimes but rather to show that Hubert possessed a criminal character or otherwise had the
propensity to commit the crime with which he was charged.
After reviewing the record, we have to agree with Hubert that Richard Young's testimony
concerning drug activities prior to the 1991 alleged agreement was not necessary to show motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. The
testimony cannot be called necessary to impeach Hubert because Hubert had not taken the stand at
the time Richard Young's testimony was offered. The testimony of events prior to the alleged
agreement in 1991, therefore, had no value except to prove a criminal disposition in violation of the
Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). Accordingly, we hold that permitting the government to introduce
the challenged testimony was an abuse of discretion.
This holding, however, does not mandate a reversal. If a reviewing court finds that a district
court has abused its discretion in admitting evidence in violation of Rule 404(b), then its decision
to uphold the conviction is properly reviewed under a harmless error standard. See Fed.R.Crim.P.
52(a). After reviewing the record, we hold that the district court's admission of Richard Young's
testimony was harmless error. The evidence produced against Hubert at trial was substantial. Five
witnesses gave consistent testimony concerning Hubert's participation in the charged conspiracy to
possess cocaine base with intent to distribute. These witnesses also gave consistent testimony
concerning Hubert's actual possession of cocaine powder and cocaine base with intent to distribute
during the relevant time frame. Because any reasonable construction of the evidence would allow
a jury to find Hubert guilty beyond a reasonable doubt on all four counts, we affirm the conviction.
We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a mistrial.
United States v. Roper, 874 F.2d 782, 788 (11th Cir.1989) (internal citations omitted).
III.
Next we deal with Hubert's contention that the district court erred in enhancing his sentence
for obstruction of justice2 based upon his testimony at trial and at two prior bond revocation
hearings. Upon reviewing the record, we hold that the two-level enhancement was proper. Perjury
under oath on material matters, not due to confusion or mistake, justifies such an increase. United
States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 93-94, 113 S.Ct. 1111, 1115-16, 122 L.Ed.2d 445 (1993). Hubert
may claim that the sentence enhancement impermissibly chills his constitutional right to testify but
this argument has been soundly rejected by both this Circuit and the Supreme Court. See United
States v. Lawrence, 972 F.2d 1580, 1580 (11th Cir.1992); Dunnigan, 507 U.S. at 96, 113 S.Ct. at
1117. Hubert may further object that the district court failed to make a sufficiently detailed finding
that he committed perjury and obstructed justice, but in the context of the record of the hearing,
detailed findings were not necessary and would have been redundant. The Pre-Sentence
Investigation Report, which the district court adopted, spelled out the perjurious statements and the
government elaborated on these perjurious statements during the sentencing hearing. More
importantly, Hubert did not request any particularized findings regarding the perjurious statements
at the sentencing hearing. Having failed to do so, Hubert cannot now complain to this court. See
United States v. Geffrard, 87 F.3d 448, 453 (11th Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 443,
--- L.Ed.2d ---- (1996).
AFFIRMED.
2
Sentencing Guideline § 3C1.1 states in full: "If the defendant willfully obstructed or
impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice during the
investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense, increase the level by 2 levels."
U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.