[ PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
JUNE 5, 2001
No. 00-16206 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
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D. C. Docket No. 99-00346-CV-J-21C
EMILIANO MONZON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant-Appellee.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(June 5, 2001)
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, CARNES and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
The district court dismissed Plaintiff Emiliano Monzon’s claim brought
under the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b), for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction, holding that the discretionary function exception to the
limited waiver of sovereignty contained in the FTCA barred Plaintiff’s claim. We
affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On May 17, 1998, Plaintiff’s wife, Cirelda Monzon, and her three children
drove to the beach area located at Fort Matanzas Inlet. Adjacent to the beach area
is the Fort Matanzas National Monument, which is controlled by the National Park
Service, a division of the Department of Interior. Sometime that afternoon one of
Cirelda’s daughters was caught in a rip current. While attempting to rescue her
daughter, Cirelda died by drowning.
On that same day, the National Weather Service (“NWS”) in Jacksonville,
Florida, broadcasted two “Hazardous Weather Outlook[s] for Southeast Georgia
and Northeast Florida” that mentioned rip currents, one at 5:15 a.m. and one at
3:14 p.m. These “Hazardous Weather Outlooks” were announced on the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Channel and were sent via long
wire to vendors, whose paid subscribers included media entities.
In May 1998, it was not a routine practice of the NWS to publish
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information on rip currents. In fact, at that time, the NWS was engaged in an
experimental project with the St. Johns County Beach Patrol to determine if rip
current activity could be predicted. As part of this experiment, an agent of the St.
Johns County Beach Patrol provided data from the beach to NWS officials.
On May 17, 1998, an agent from NWS contacted the St. Johns County
Beach Patrol to inform it that the experimental computer model suggested that the
beach area would soon experience increased rip current activity. This information
was never communicated to Plaintiff’s wife. Approximately ten minutes later, the
St. Johns County Beach Patrol received its first distress call of the afternoon.
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On April 16, 1999, Plaintiff filed this wrongful death action against the
United States pursuant to the FTCA, 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). Plaintiff’s claim was
that, knowing of the danger of rip currents on May 17, 1998, and knowing of the
public’s presence and use of the beach to go swimming, the United States breached
its duty to warn Cirelda Monzon and her daughters of the hidden danger of the rip
currents in the surf at the beach on that date.
On June 9, 2000, the United States filed a motion to dismiss for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), arguing that the
discretionary function exception contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) barred
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Plaintiff’s claim. On September 26, 2000, the district court granted the United
States’ motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.1
III. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Plaintiff argues that the district court erred in granting the United
States’ motion to dismiss. “Because the decision we review adjudicated a motion
to dismiss, we accept all of the factual allegations in [Plaintiff’s] complaint as true
and ask whether, in these circumstances, dismissal of the complaint was
appropriate.” Berkovitz v. United States, 486 U.S. 531, 540, 108 S. Ct. 1954,
1960-61 (1988).
It is well-settled that “[t]he United States, as sovereign, is immune from suit
save as it consents to be sued.” Mid-South Holding Co. v. United States, 225 F.3d
1201, 1203 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584,
586, 61 S. Ct. 767, 769 (1941)). The FTCA waives the sovereign immunity of the
United States for certain torts committed by its employees and authorizes suits
against the United States for:
injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused by the
1
In the court below, the United States also argued that Plaintiff’s action was barred by
Florida’s Recreational Use Statute, Fla. Stat. § 375.251, and the district court relied on this
statute as an alternate ground for dismissal of Plaintiff’s claim. Because we hold, infra, that
Plaintiff’s claim was properly dismissed pursuant to the discretionary function exception to the
FTCA, we need not decide whether Plaintiff’s claim was barred under the Florida Recreational
Use Statute.
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negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the
Government while acting within the scope of his office or
employment, under circumstances where the United States, if a private
person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of
the place where the act or omission occurred.
28 U.S.C. § 1346(b).2
The United States’ waiver of sovereign immunity under the FTCA is limited,
however, by several statutory exceptions. The relevant exception in this case is the
“discretionary function” exception, 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a). Under that exception, the
United States is not liable for:
[a]ny claim based upon an act or omission of an employee of the
Government, exercising due care, in the execution of a statute or
regulation, whether or not such statute or regulation be valid, or based
upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform
a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an
employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion involved
be abused.
28 U.S.C. § 2680(a).
The Supreme Court has established a two-prong analysis to determine when
government employee action is protected by the discretionary function exception.
See Berkovitz, 486 U.S. at 536-37, 108 S. Ct. at 1958-59. First, the action must
involve an element of “judgment or choice.” Id. at 536, 108 S. Ct. at 1958. The
2
Because we conclude, infra, that the discretionary function exception bars Plaintiff’s
claim, we need not decide whether the United States, if a private person, would be liable to
Plaintiff in accordance with Florida law.
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exception does not apply “when a federal statute, regulation, or policy specifically
prescribes a course of action for an employee to follow,” because under those
circumstances, “the employee has no rightful option but to adhere to the directive.”
Id. at 536, 108 S. Ct. at 1958-59. Second, if the challenged conduct involves an
element of judgment or choice, “a court must determine whether that judgment is
of the kind that the discretionary function exception was designed to shield.” Id. at
536, 108 S. Ct. at 1959. “The basis for the discretionary function exception was
Congress’ desire to ‘prevent judicial ‘second-guessing’ of legislative and
administrative decisions grounded in social, economic, and political policy through
the medium of an action in tort.” Id. at 536-37, 108 S. Ct. at 1959 (quoting United
States v. Varig Airlines, 467 U.S. 797, 814, 104 S. Ct. 2755, 2764-65 (1984)).
Therefore, the exception “protects only governmental actions and decisions based
on considerations of public policy.” Id. at 537, 108 S. Ct. at 1959.
The government action at issue here is the United States’ failure to warn
Plaintiff’s wife of the danger of rip currents in the surf near the beach area at Fort
Matanzas Inlet on May 17, 1998. We must first determine whether this challenged
conduct by the United States involved an element of “judgment or choice.”
Berkovitz, 486 U.S. at 536, 108 S. Ct. at 1958.
Title 15 U.S.C. § 313 sets forth the following duties of the Secretary of
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Commerce:
The Secretary of Commerce shall have charge of the forecasting of
weather, the issue of storm warnings, the display of weather and flood
signals for the benefit of agriculture, commerce, and navigation, the
gauging and reporting of rivers, the maintenance and operation of
seacoast telegraph lines and the collection and transmission of marine
intelligence for the benefit of commerce and navigation, the reporting
of temperature and rain-fall conditions for the cotton interests, the
display of frost and cold-wave signals, the distribution of
meteorological information in the interests of agriculture and
commerce, and the taking of such meteorological observations as may
be necessary to establish and record the climatic conditions of the
United States, or as are essential for the proper execution of the
foregoing duties.
15 U.S.C. § 313.
It is clear that, under the statute, the Secretary of Commerce has broad
discretion to determine the manner in which it will forecast the weather and issue
storm warnings. Because no federal statute, regulation, or policy required the
United States to warn Plaintiff’s wife of the danger of rip currents in the surf, the
first prong of the discretionary function exception is satisfied. Numerous cases
have held that government action related to weather forecasting and the issuance of
warnings are “discretionary functions.” See e.g., Brown v. United States, 790
F.2d 199 (1st Cir. 1986) (concluding that, “[w]ithout question, a weather service
constitutes [a discretionary function]” and holding that the United States was not
liable for death of fishermen who drowned in storm which NWS failed to predict);
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Spencer v. New Orleans Levee Bd., 737 F.2d 435 (5th Cir. 1984) (concluding that
actions taken by area manager of NWS “were clearly discretionary functions” and
holding that plaintiff’s claim that NWS negligently failed to predict the weather
and tidal conditions accurately and to warn plaintiff was barred by the
discretionary function exception); Nat’l Mfg. Co. v. United States, 210 F.2d 263
(8th Cir. 1954) (where plaintiffs brought suit against the United States for
negligently making or withholding weather and flood information, holding that,
because the Government was “vested by the statute with wide latitude of discretion
to determine whether in [its] opinion such forecasting [was] advisable,” the
“forecasting or omission of forecasts by the [Weather] Bureau [was] a
discretionary function”); Bergquist v. United States, 849 F. Supp. 1221 (N.D. Ill.
1994) (holding that plaintiffs’ claim that NWS was negligent in its forecasting and
issuance of warnings regarding a tornado fell within the discretionary function
exception to the FTCA).
We also conclude that the second prong of the discretionary function
exception analysis – that this is the kind of judgment that the exception was
designed to shield – is satisfied. See Berkovitz, 486 U.S. at 536, 108 S. Ct. at
1959. The Supreme Court has held that, “[w]hen established governmental policy,
as expressed or implied by statute, regulation, or agency guidelines, allows a
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Government agent to exercise discretion, it must be presumed that the agent’s acts
are grounded in policy when exercising that discretion.” United States v. Gaubert,
499 U.S. 315, 324, 111 S. Ct. 1267, 1274 (1991). “For a complaint to survive a
motion to dismiss, it must allege facts which would support a finding that the
challenged actions are not the kind of conduct that can be said to be grounded in
the policy of the regulatory regime.” Id. at 324-25, 111 S. Ct. at 1274-75.
Cost concerns are one policy consideration that the United States takes into
account in making its forecasts and issuing warnings. See e.g., 15 U.S.C. § 315
(stating that the Secretary of Commerce is “authorized to make such changes or
assignment to duty in the personnel or detailed force of the National Weather
Service for limiting or reducing expenses as he may deem necessary”). If the
United States were required to warn individual visitors to the beach of the danger
of rip currents, this could create significant cost concerns for the United States.
See Brown, 790 F.2d at 204. In Brown, the First Circuit stated:
[F]rom the standpoint of the government, the Weather Service is a
particularly unfortunate area in which to establish a duty of judicially
reviewable due care. A weather forecast is a classic example of a
prediction of indeterminate reliability, and a place peculiarly open to
debatable decisions, including the desirable degree of investment of
government funds and other resources. Weather predictions fail on
frequent occasions. If in only a small proportion parties suffering in
consequence succeeded in producing an expert who could persuade a
judge, as here, that the government should have done better, the
burden on the fisc would be both unlimited and intolerable.
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Brown, 790 F.2d at 204. See also Bergquist, 849 F. Supp. at 1224 (recognizing the
cost and budgetary considerations in the NWS’s forecasting and warning services).
In Bergquist, the plaintiffs filed suit against the United States under the
FTCA, alleging that the NWS was negligent in its forecasting and issuance of
warnings regarding a tornado. See 849 F. Supp. at 1224. After analyzing
numerous cases recognizing the discretionary nature of the NWS’ function and
dismissing suits based upon the NWS’ failure to provide adequate or timely
warnings of impending severe weather, the district court held that the acts and
omissions complained of fell within the discretionary function exception to the
FTCA. See id. at 1227-28. The court recognized three policy factors implicated in
the NWS’ functions: (1) cost and budgetary policy considerations in the NWS’
forecasting and warning services; (2) the general “don’t overwarn” policy in which
the NWS strives for “the highest rate of severe weather detection while
maintaining the lowest possible false alarm rate in the issuance of warnings,” and
(3) the policy of vesting discretion in the forecaster. See id. at 1228-29.
We conclude that the challenged conduct in this case – the United States’
failure to warn Plaintiff’s wife of the danger of rip currents in the surf – is the type
of conduct that the discretionary function exception was designed to protect. Nor
does Indian Towing Co. v. United States, 350 U.S. 61, 76 S. Ct. 122 (1955), on
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which Plaintiff relies, suggest that the United States should be subject to liability in
this case. In Indian Towing, the plaintiff sued the Government for failure to
maintain a lighthouse in good working order. The Government did not attempt to
invoke the benefit of the discretionary function exception. Instead, it argued that
the FTCA did not impose liability for the negligent exercise of “uniquely
government functions.” Id. at 64, 76 S. Ct. at 124. Although the Supreme Court
held that the United States was subject to suit under the FTCA in that case, it did so
because “the failure to maintain the lighthouse in good condition . . . did not
involve any permissible exercise of policy judgment.” Berkovitz, 486 U.S. at 538
n.3, 108 S. Ct. at 1959 n.3 (citing Indian Towing, 350 U.S. at 69, 76 S. Ct. at 126-
27).
Thus, we hold that the United States’ failure to warn Plaintiff’s wife of the
danger of rip currents in the surf near the beach area at Fort Matanzas Inlet on May
17, 1998, involved the exercise of discretion in furtherance of public policy
considerations and that Plaintiff’s claim is therefore barred by the discretionary
function exception to the FTCA.
III. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, we affirm the district court order dismissing Plaintiff’s claim
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for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.3
AFFIRMED.
3
Plaintiff’s request for oral argument is denied.
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