Robin PIJNENBURG, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
WEST GEORGIA HEALTH SYSTEM, INC., Elaine Jones, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 00-12045.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eleventh Circuit.
July 5, 2001.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia. (No. 98-00187-CV-4), Hugh
Lawson, Judge.
Before BLACK, RONEY and COX, Circuit Judges.
RONEY, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff Robin Pijnenburg's Title VII discrimination claim was dismissed by the district court on the
ground that she failed to timely file an administrative charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC). On appeal, plaintiff asks us to treat an "intake questionnaire" as a charge. Although
the circuits are divided on the point, we hold that as a general matter an intake questionnaire is not intended
to function as a charge, and there are no circumstances in this case that would require an exception to that
rule. Therefore we affirm.
Plaintiff brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. alleging that her employer, West Georgia
Health System, Inc., and her immediate supervisor, Elaine Jones, discriminated against her on the basis of
sex and retaliated against her when she reported this allegation. She alleged that she was sexually harassed
by Elaine Jones on August 7, 1997, and that she was fired in September because she complained.
It is settled law that in order to obtain judicial consideration of such a claim, a plaintiff must first file
an administrative charge with the EEOC within 180 days after the alleged unlawful employment practice
occurred. § 2000e-(5)(e)(1). Plaintiff concedes, as she must, that she did not timely file a verified charge as
referred to in the regulations. See 29 C.F.R. 1601.12(a). She contends, however, that the "Interview
Questions for Employment Discrimination" form which she filled out and filed with the EEOC within 180
days of the August event should be treated as a charge. The form was not sworn.
Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, the filing of an administrative charge
with the EEOC initiates "an integrated, multi-step enforcement procedure" that enables the EEOC to detect
and remedy various discriminatory employment practices. See E.E.O.C. v. Shell Oil Co., 466 U.S. 54, 61-62,
104 S.Ct. 1621, 80 L.Ed.2d 41 (1984). This process includes notice to the employer within a specified time
period that a charge has been filed, see Shell Oil Co., 466 U.S. at 63, 104 S.Ct. 1621; 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b);
and the commission's investigation of the charges, 466 U.S. at 63, 104 S.Ct. 1621.
Section 2000e-5(b) mandates only that a charge be made in writing and under oath or affirmation.
The substance and form of the charge is left to the discretion of the EEOC. Pursuant to its rulemaking
authority, the EEOC promulgated and adopted a regulation which identified the minimum contents of a
charge. See 29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(a). The regulation provides:
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a) of this section, a charge is sufficient when the
Commission receives from the person making the charge a written statement sufficiently precise to
identify the parties, and to describe generally the action or practices complained of. A charge may
be amended to cure technical defects or omissions, including failure to verify the charge, or to clarify
and amplify allegations made therein.
29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(b).
On this issue of first impression in this Court, we follow the circuits that have held that intake
questionnaires do not satisfy the statutory requirements of an administrative charge. In Park v. Howard
Univ., 71 F.3d 904, 908-09 (D.C.Cir.1995), the D.C. Circuit held that an unsworn "Private Sector
Employment Pre-Complaint Questionnaire" is not the same as an EEOC charge. The court stated that to
"treat Intake Questionnaires willy-nilly as charges would be to dispense with the requirement of notification
of the prospective defendant, since that is a requirement only of the charge and not of the questionnaire."
Park v. Howard Univ., 71 F.3d at 909, quoting Early v. Bankers Life & Cas. Co., 959 F.2d 75, 80 (7th
Cir.1992).
The Eighth Circuit is in accord. See Lawrence v. Cooper Communities, Inc., 132 F.3d 447, 449 (8th
Cir.1998)(signed, unverified Charge Information Form (CIF) with six additional handwritten pages not a
charge); Schlueter v. Anheuser-Busch, 132 F.3d 455 (8th Cir.1998)(completed intake questionnaire for Title
VII and ADEA claim). In both of these cases, however, the court tolled the filing period based on equitable
considerations. See Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, 455 U.S. 385 393, 102 S.Ct. 1127, 71 L.Ed.2d 234
(1982)(the "filing of a timely charge of discrimination with the EEOC is not a jurisdictional prerequisite to
suit in federal court, but a requirement that, like a statute of limitations, is subject to waiver, estoppel, and
equitable tolling."). In Lawrence, the court determined plaintiff's failure to file a timely charge was due to
excusable neglect: plaintiff acted under the EEOC's directions, the EEOC treated plaintiff's CIF as a charge,
assigning it a charge number; and the EEOC failed to complete a formal charge form and obtain verification
until after the 180-day time period expired. See Lawrence, 132 F.3d at 451-52. In Schlueter, the plaintiff told
the EEOC employee she intended to file a charge; the employee gave plaintiff an Intake Questionnaire rather
than a charge form; and evidence was presented indicating that the EEOC considered the Intake
Questionnaire to be a valid charge. 132 F.3d at 459. Cf. Whitmore v. O'Connor Management, Inc., 156 F.3d
796, 799 (8th Cir.1998)(court rejected plaintiff's assertion that she intended answers to questionnaire to
initiate proceedings where she cites to no evidence indicating that questionnaire intended to function as a
charge).
In our judgment, the sounder decision is that an intake questionnaire does not constitute a valid
charge under Title VII for purposes of the statute of limitations. If it were to be so, the statute and regulations
could so provide. Unlike the filing of answers to the interview questions in this case, a charge, in addition
to triggering the running of the statute of limitations, serves two significant functions: (1) notification to the
employer that a discrimination charge has been lodged with the EEOC; and (2) initiation of the agency's
investigation of the complaint. Neither of these two functions is satisfied by the filing of an Intake
Questionnaire. To randomly treat this questionnaire as a charge would thwart these two objectives, and
thereby render arbitrary what the agency has attempted to make uniform.
We need not decide here whether a questionnaire that otherwise contains the necessary information
and the requirements for a valid charge could never be considered a charge for timeliness purposes. We
simply hold that under the facts of this case, the questionnaire filed here did not meet the requirements for
a validly filed charge.
In so holding, we recognize that other circuits have held to the contrary. See Casavantes v. California
State Univ., 732 F.2d 1441, 1443 (9th Cir.1984) (completed intake questionnaire providing "a written
statement sufficiently precise to identify the parties, and to describe generally the action or practices
complained of" sufficient to constitute a "charge," and subsequently filed charge cured defect of lack of
verification); Philbin v. General Elec. Capital Auto Lease, Inc., 929 F.2d 321, 323 (7th Cir.1991) (timely
filed intake questionnaire sufficient to constitute charge where it is treated as charge by complainant and
EEOC, a subsequently filed verified charge filed, and other factors present); Price v. Southwestern Bell Tel.
Co., 687 F.2d 74, 78-79 (5th Cir.1982)(plaintiff's completed "EEOC Form 283," though unsigned and
unsworn, constituted charge because it "informed the EEOC of the identity of the parties and described the
alleged discriminatory conduct in enough detail to enable it to issue an official notice of charge to [the
employer], thus setting the administrative machinery in motion."). See also Blue Bell Boots, Inc. v. EEOC,
418 F.2d 355, 357 (6th Cir.1969) (letters from discharged employees that related detailed account of
employees' experiences at the company, and which contained allegations of discharge on basis of race
sufficient to constitute a charge where sworn verification occurred later).
Not until after the 180 days expired did plaintiff file two formal verified charges, the first on April
1998, and the second on June 26, 1998. Plaintiff argues that if the unverified questionnaire qualifies as a
charge, these subsequently filed verified charges should be considered an amendment to the intake
questionnaire that relates back to the date the questionnaire was received by the EEOC.
The law is clear that to meet the requirements of Title VII, a charge has to be verified. A charge
"shall be in writing under oath or affirmation and shall contain such information and be in such form as the
Commission requires." 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b). See Vason v. City of Montgomery, 240 F.3d 905 (11th
Cir.2001).
It is equally clear that a regulation of the EEOC allows a timely-filed charge to be amended for
technical defects at a later date while retaining the original filing date. "Such amendments and amendments
alleging additional acts which constitute unlawful employment practices related to or growing out of the
subject matter of the original charge will relate back to the date the charge was first received." 29 C.F.R. §
1601.12(b). Some courts have held that a subsequently filed verification will relate back to the original
charge and cure the fact that it was not initially verified. See Casavantes v. California State Univ., 732 F.2d
1441 (9th Cir.1984)(subsequently filed formal charge document cured by amendment an unsigned unverified
questionnaire). One court has held that the regulation allowing relation back of a verification is invalid under
the statute. See Edelman v. Lynchburg College, 228 F.3d 503, 508 (4th Cir.2000)(holding that 29 C.F.R. §
1601.12(b) is invalid because it thwarts the plain language of Title VII.), pet. for cert. filed, ___ U.S. ____,
69 U.S.L.W. 3628 (Apr. 2, 2001). But see Philbin v. General Elec. Capital Auto Lease, Inc., 929 F.2d 321,
324 (7th Cir.1991)(upholding same regulation as not unreasonable and within EEOC's power to promulgate);
Peterson v. City of Wichita, 888 F.2d 1307, 1309 (10th Cir.1989) (accord); Price v. Southwestern Bell Tel.
Co., 687 F.2d 74, 77-78 & n. 3 (5th Cir.1982)(approving regulation and noting it supports nonjurisdictional
nature of verification element). See also EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck and Co., 650 F.2d 14, 18 (2d
Cir.1981)(addressing the question in a related context and in dicta, suggests that regulation should be read
to treat failure to swear a charge as a technical defect curable by amendment).
We note that several of the cases cited by the plaintiff that have allowed subsequent verification and
relation back were decided before Congress amended Title VII in 1972 to require that the charge be written
under oath or affirmation. See Weeks v. Southern Bell Tel. and Tel. Co., 408 F.2d 228 (5th Cir.1969);
Choate v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 402 F.2d 357 (7th Cir.1968); Blue Bell Boots, Inc., v. EEOC, 418 F.2d
355 (6th Cir.1969).
Having held the questionnaire here was not a charge, we need not decide this issue. Because
plaintiff's intake questionnaire does not constitute a "charge," § 1601.12(b), even if valid, does not apply to
allow the relation back of plaintiff's charge to the date the EEOC received her intake questionnaire. See
Lawrence v. Cooper Communities, Inc., 132 F.3d 447, 449 (8th Cir.1998); Schlueter v. Anheuser-Busch, 132
F.3d 455 (8th Cir.1998).
Plaintiff also alleged in her complaint various pendent state law tort claims: negligent retention of
an employee, tortious assault and battery, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Having decided
that plaintiff's federal claims are time-barred, the district court properly declined to exercise pendent
jurisdiction over plaintiff's state law claims.
AFFIRMED.