[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________ MAY 24, 2004
THOMAS K. KAHN
No. 03-16383 CLERK
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 02-00372-CV-OC-10-GRJ
MEREDITH T. RANEY, JR.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ALLSTATE INSURANCE COMPANY,
ALLSTATE FLORIDIAN INSURANCE COMPANY,
OCALA WOMEN'S CENTER, INC.,
AWARE WOMAN CENTER FOR CHOICE, INC.,
EDWARD W. WINDLE, JR., et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
_________________________
(MAY 24, 2004)
Before CARNES, BARKETT and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Meredith Raney appeals the district court dismissal of his complaint for
extortion under the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
(“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq. Raney charged several abortion providers and
his own insurance company with a conspiracy to extort money from him through
the filing of malicious lawsuits. Because the filing of a lawsuit may not state a
claim for extortion under the federal RICO statutes, we affirm the district court
dismissal of Raney’s complaint under Federal Rule of Procedure 12(b)(6).
For several years, Raney has actively opposed the provision of abortion in
Florida by engaging in numerous activities near the entrances to abortion clinics.
See, e.g., Raney v. Aware Woman Ctr. for Choice, Inc., 224 F.3d 1266 (11th Cir.
2000). In 1998 and 1999, three abortion clinics filed separate lawsuits against
Raney, accusing him of violating the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act
(“FACE”), 18 U.S.C. § 248, as well as various other statutory and common law
injuries. In response to these lawsuits, Raney’s homeowner’s policy insurer,
Allstate, issued a reservation of rights letter outlining its position on coverage.
Allstate also filed a declaratory judgment action seeking to establish that it owed
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no duty to defend Raney.1 Each of these lawsuits was subsequently dismissed
without prejudice, and Allstate withdrew its declaratory judgment suit.
Raney filed suit in federal district court charging each of the clinics and his
insurance company with malicious prosecution, extortion and conspiracy to
destroy him and his business. According to Raney, Allstate signaled its complicity
in the baseless suits by issuing a reservation of rights letter rather than denying
coverage outright. Raney argued that Allstate benefits from abortion by avoiding
healthcare claims it would otherwise pay over the course of a child’s life. The
defendants responded that Raney had failed to state a claim because, as a matter of
law, the filing of a lawsuit cannot form a predicate act under RICO. The
magistrate judge recommended granting the defendants’ motion, and the district
court adopted that recommendation.
We review de novo the decision to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a
claim upon which relief may be granted. Lowell v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 177 F.3d
1228, 1229 (11th Cir. 1999). We accept the factual allegations in the complaint as
true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Roberts v. Fla.
Power & Light Co., 146 F.3d 1305, 1307 (11th Cir.1998). In order to survive a
motion to dismiss in a civil RICO case, a plaintiff must show a “pattern of
1
This is common practice in Florida state courts. See, e.g., State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v.
Cronk, 530 So. 2d 445 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1988).
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racketeering activity” by alleging that the defendants committed two qualifying
predicate acts. Republic of Panama v. BCCI Holdings, 119 F.3d 935, 948-49 (11th
Cir. 1997). This requires that a plaintiff allege facts that support each statutory
element of a violation of one of the state or federal laws described in 18 U.S.C. §
1961(1).
In this case, Raney’s RICO claim depends upon his ability to show a
violation of the Hobbs Act, which bars interference in interstate commerce by
means of extortion. See 18 U.S.C. § 1951. Although Raney alleges various
specific complaints including mail fraud, extortion, and malicious prosecution, all
of these relate to the alleged conspiracy to extort money through the filing of
malicious lawsuits. We agree with the district court that Raney’s argument is
foreclosed by our recent decision in United States v. Pendergraft, 297 F.3d 1198
(11th Cir. 2002). In Pendergraft, the defendants allegedly threatened to sue a
county government by falsely claiming that the County Chairman had threatened
violence against their abortion clinic. We held that neither the threat to litigate nor
the fabrication of evidence behind the lawsuit made the action “wrongful” within
the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 and therefore could not be a predicate act under
RICO. Id. at 1207. Raney’s claims are therefore barred by this decision.2
2
We also reject any potential state-law extortion or mail fraud claims as predicate acts in
this case. Neither Raney’s complaint nor his appellate briefs identify any Florida statute that
4
Raney argues that Pendergraft applies only to threats of litigation, rather
than actual litigation. We reject this argument. Although Pendergraft involved
only threatened litigation, the reasoning in that opinion applies equally to litigation
that has already commenced. We noted that courts possess adequate procedures to
distinguish valid claims from invalid claims and held that Congress did not intend
to punish citizens merely for accessing the legal system. Id. at 1206-07. We found
ourselves “troubled by any use of this federal criminal statute to punish civil
litigants.” Id. at 1207 (emphasis in original). We noted that “allowing litigants to
be charged with extortion would open yet another collateral way for litigants to
attack one another.” Id. We also expressed concern about transforming every
state-law malicious prosecution action into a federal crime. Id. at 1207-08. All of
these concerns apply to actual litigation with added force. Furthermore, other
courts have explicitly applied this reasoning to litigation that has already been
would give rise to a federal RICO violation. Moreover, in order for a state extortion offense to
qualify as a predicate act under the federal RICO statute, the conduct must be capable of being
generically classified as extortionate: that is, “obtaining something of value from another with
his consent induced by the wrongful use of force, fear or threats.” Scheidler v. Nat’l Org. for
Women, Inc., 537 U.S. 393, 409-410 (2003) (quoting the Model Penal Code). In light of our
decision in Pendergraft, we doubt that the filing of a lawsuit could ever be “wrongful” for the
purposes of RICO. See also I.S. Joseph Co. v. J. Lauritzen A/S, 751 F.2d 265, 267-68 (8th
Cir.1984) (threats to sue, even if groundless or in bad faith, may be tortious under state law but
do not come within the federal extortion statute).
Similarly, we held in Pendergraft that, absent an intent to deceive the victim, the “mailing
of litigation documents, even perjurious ones, did not violate the mail-fraud statute.” 297 F.3d at
1209. Raney does not allege any intent to deceive him, and he therefore cannot establish mail
fraud as a predicate act for his RICO claims.
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filed. See, e.g., Deck v. Engineered Laminates, 349 F.3d 1253, 1258 (10th Cir.
2003) (citing Pendergraft and rejecting “meritless litigation” as a predicate act
under RICO when the suit had actually been filed).3
We also reject Raney’s argument that the district court should have
exercised supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state-law claims. The
decision to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over pendant state claims rests
within the discretion of the district court. Mergens v. Dreyfoos, 166 F.3d 1114,
1119 (11th Cir. 1999). We have encouraged district courts to dismiss any
remaining state claims when, as here, the federal claims have been dismissed prior
to trial. L.A. Draper & Son v. Wheelabrator-Frye, Inc., 735 F.2d 414, 428 (11th
Cir. 1984). Nothing in this record suggests the district court abused its discretion
in declining to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining claims.
AFFIRMED.
3
The sole case cited by Raney, Florida Evergreen Foliage v. DuPont, 135 F.Supp. 2d
1271 (S.D. Fla. 2001), involved a pattern of witness intimidation, fraudulent depositions, and
concealment of data and documents, and, in any case, predated Pendergraft.
6