[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED
________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 03-15024 September 2, 2004
THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar
CLERK
________________________
BIA Docket No. A28-864-357
CHIEN FEI CHUANG,
Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
_________________________
(September 2, 2004)
Before TJOFLAT, CARNES and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Chien Fei Chuang, a national of Tawain, petitions this court for review of a
final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals affirming without opinion the
Immigration Judge’s decision denying Chuang’s request for relief from deportation
under former § 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
Chuang entered the United States in 1988, and became a lawful permanent
resident on April 12, 1989. On July 15, 1996, he pleaded guilty to indecent assault
of a child under 16 in violation of Fla. Stat. § 800.04. In February 2000, the INS
served Chuang with a notice to appear, charging him with removability under INA
§ 237(a)(2)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), due to his conviction for an
aggravated felony, as defined in INA § 101(a)(43)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A).
At his hearing before the IJ, Chuang argued that his conviction was not an
aggravated felony as defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A) because it did not
involve sexual arousal and therefore did not qualify as “sexual abuse of a minor.”
He applied for discretionary relief under INA § 212(c), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c). The IJ
found that Chuang was removable because his conviction for indecent assault was
an aggravated felony under § 1101(a)(43)(A). The IJ also found that AEDPA §
440(d) made aggravated felons ineligible for § 212(c) relief from deportation. The
BIA affirmed the IJ’s findings without opinion.
2
Chuang makes two arguments in his petition for review. First, he argues that
his conviction for indecent assault does not qualify as “sexual abuse of a minor”
under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A). Second, he argues that AEDPA’s § 440(d) bar
against INA § 212(c) relief for deportable criminal aliens, given that excludable
aliens are not barred, violates Equal Protection under the Due Process Clause of the
Fifth Amendment.
We review the BIA’s statutory interpretation of its laws and regulations de
novo. Barreto-Claro v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 275 F.3d 1334, 1338 (11th Cir. 2001).
However, we defer to the BIA’s interpretation of the applicable statute when the
interpretation is reasonable. Id.
I.
8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C) provides that:
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no court shall have
jurisdiction to review any final order of removal against an alien who is
removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense covered in
section . . . 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) . . . .
Where our review is limited by statutory conditions, “we retain jurisdiction
to determine only whether those conditions exist.” Brooks v. Ashcroft, 283 F.3d
1268, 1272 (11th Cir. 2002). We therefore have the power to review whether
Chuang has “committed a criminal offense covered in section . . .
1227(a)(2)(A)(iii).”
3
Section 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) provides that “[a]ny alien who is convicted of an
aggravated felony at any time after admission is deportable.” An aggravated
felony is defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A) to include “murder, rape, or sexual
abuse of a minor.”
Chuang was convicted under Fla. Stat. § 800.04 on July 15, 1996. The
judgment against Chuang listed his crime as “Indecent Assault child under 16.”
Section 800.04 proscribes different types of conduct, and it is not clear pursuant to
which prong Chuang was charged. At the time of his conviction, § 800.04 read as
follows:
Lewd, lascivious, or indecent assault or act upon or in presence of child
A person who:
(1) Handles, fondles, or assaults any child under the age of 16 years in a
lewd, lascivious, or indecent manner;
(2) Commits actual or simulated sexual intercourse, deviate sexual
intercourse, sexual bestiality, masturbation, sadomasochistic abuse, actual
lewd exhibition of the genitals, or any act or conduct which simulates that
sexual battery is being or will be committed upon any child under the age of
16 years or forces or entices the child to commit any such act;
(3) Commits an act defined as sexual battery under s. 794.011(1)(b) upon
any child under the age of 16 years; or
(4) Knowingly commits any lewd or lascivious act in the presence of any
child under the age of 16 years,
without committing the crime of sexual battery, commits a felony of the
second degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s.
775.084. Neither the victim’s lack of chastity nor the victim’s consent is a
defense to the crime proscribed by this section. A mother’s breastfeeding of her
baby does not under any circumstance violate this section.
4
Fla. Stat. § 800.04 (1996).
In United States v. Padilla-Reyes, 247 F.3d 1158 (11th Cir. 2001), we held
in relation to a previous version of Fla. Stat. § 800.04 that “a violation of § 800.04
is ‘sexual abuse of a minor’” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A). Id. at 1164. In
reaching that conclusion, we defined “sexual abuse of a minor” as “a perpetrator’s
physical or nonphysical misuse or maltreatment of a minor for a purpose associated
with sexual gratification.” Id. at 1163.
Chuang argues that in determining whether his conviction qualifies as sexual
abuse of a minor, we should evaluate the factual circumstances of his offense
instead of the terms of the statute under which he was convicted. He asserts that
his conduct, “indecent pointing–and perhaps touching–of a young boy’s penis,”
though it qualified as indecent assault under Fla. Stat. § 800.04, did not constitute
“sexual abuse of a minor” because the facts showed no purpose associated with
sexual gratification.
Chuang’s argument fails. In determining whether an offender has
committed an “aggravated felony” pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A), we
“only look at the statutory definition of the crime of conviction, not the underlying
facts and circumstances of [the offender’s] particular offense.” Ramsey v. I.N.S.,
55 F.3d 580, 583 (11th Cir. 1995). Thus, in determining whether Chuang was
5
convicted of “sexual abuse of a minor,” we do not look to the facts of his offense,
but to the conduct proscribed by Fla. Stat. § 800.04. We have already held that
“sexual abuse of a minor” includes a violation of Fla. Stat. § 800.04. Padilla-
Reyes, 247 F.3d at 1164. The only difference between the versions of § 800.04
under which Padilla-Reyes and Chuang were convicted is the addition to the latter
of prong (2), which involves “actual or simulated sexual intercourse, deviate sexual
intercourse, sexual bestiality, masturbation, sadomasochistic abuse, actual lewd
exhibition of the genitals, or any act or conduct which simulated that sexual battery
is being or will be committed upon any child under the age of 16 years.” Compare
Fla. Stat. § 800.04 (1987), with Fla. Stat. § 800.04 (1996). We do not think that
this addition proscribes any conduct that does not involve “a purpose associated
with sexual gratification.” Padilla-Reyes, 247 F.3d at 1163. Thus, regardless of
which prong of § 800.04 Chuang’s conduct fell under, his conviction was for a
crime constituting “sexual abuse of a minor” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A).
II.
To evaluate Chuang’s second argument, another round of statutory
explanation is in order. Former INA § 212(c), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c), provided that an
alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence who temporarily proceeds abroad
voluntarily and not under an order of deportation, and who is returning to a lawful
6
unrelinquished domicile of seven consecutive years, may be admitted to the United
States at the discretion of the Attorney General without regard to certain specified
grounds of exclusion enumerated in INA § 212(a), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a). The
availability of a § 212(c) waiver was extended to lawful permanent residents who
never left the United States but who are subject to deportation on grounds
analogous to the grounds of exclusion specified in 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a). See, e.g.,
Jaramillo v. I.N.S., 1 F.3d 1149, 1150-51 (11th Cir. 1993) (en banc); Rodriguez-
Padron v. I.N.S., 13 F.3d 1455, 1460-61 (11th Cir. 1994). Thus, § 212(c) relief
was available to both “excludable aliens,” who seek to enter the United States to
take up residence, and whom the Attorney General otherwise has the power to
exclude, and “deportable aliens,” who are aliens presently residing in the United
States, but who are subject to deportation on various grounds.
The Immigration Act of 1990 amended 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) to exclude from
eligibility for § 212(c) relief aliens who have been convicted of one or more
aggravated felonies and served a term of imprisonment of at least five years. IA §
511(a), 104 Stat. 5052; Brooks, 283 F.3d at 1271 n.2. In 1996, AEDPA § 440(d)
rendered aliens “convicted of aggravated felonies, regardless of the length of their
sentence, ineligible for discretionary relief from deportation under § 212(c) of the
INA.” Brooks, 283 F.3d at 1271; AEDPA § 440(d), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110
7
Stat. 1214, 1277. The BIA has interpreted AEDPA § 440(d) as rendering only
deportable aliens, not excludable aliens, ineligible for relief. See In re Fuentes-
Campos, Int. Dec. 3318 (BIA May 14, 1997).
Subsequent to passage of AEDPA, the Illegal Immigration Reform and
Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 was passed. IIRIRA § 304(b) repealed INA
§ 212(c) and replaced it with a more restrictive provision in INA § 240(a) called
“cancellation of removal.” See 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. “Consistent with AEDPA, §
304 of IIRIRA provided that cancellation of removal was not available to an alien
convicted of any aggravated felony.” Brooks, 283 F.3d at 1271. Section 321 of
IIRIRA expanded the definition of aggravated felony to include “sexual abuse of a
minor,” and stated that the expanded definition applies regardless of the date of
conviction. See Mohammed v. Ashcroft, 261 F.3d 1244, 1250 (11th Cir. 2001).
IIRIRA became effective in September 30, 1996, after Chuang’s conviction
on July 15, 1996. But, even if at the time of his conviction Chuang was not an
“aggravated felon” ineligible for § 212(c) relief under AEDPA § 440(d), IIRIRA
clearly gave its expansion of the definition of an aggravated felon retroactive
effect. Mohammed, 261 F.3d at 1250.
Chuang asserts that AEDPA § 440(d)’s bar against INA § 212(c) relief for
deportable criminal aliens, and its allowance of § 212(c) relief for excludable
8
aliens, violates his right to Equal Protection under the Due Process Clause of the
Fifth Amendment.
We note first that notwithstanding 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C)’s jurisdictional
limitations on our review of a final order of removal against an alien who is
removable by reason of having committed a criminal offense, we retain jurisdiction
to review such an order to the extent that a petitioner raises a substantial
constitutional issue. Brooks, 283 F.3d at 1273. We thus have jurisdiction to
consider Chuang’s Fifth Amendment claims.
“Classifications that distinguish among groups of aliens are subject to
rational basis review, and will be found valid if not arbitrary or unreasonable.” Id.
at 1274. Chuang asserts that there is no rational basis for AEDPA § 440’s
allowance of § 212(c) relief for excludable aliens, when it precludes that relief for
deportable aliens. He points out that if he had left the United States and attempted
to return, he would, pursuant to BIA decisions such as Fuentes-Campos, be eligible
to petition for relief. He argues that there is no rational basis for this distinction.
Chuang’s position has been flatly rejected by seven of the eight Circuits
which have decided the issue. See Asad v. Reno, 242 F.3d 702, 706-07 (6th Cir.
2001); Domond v. I.N.S., 244 F.3d 81, 87-88 (2d Cir. 2001); Requena-Rodriguez
v. Pasquarell, 190 F.3d 299, 308-09 (5th Cir. 1999); DeSousa v. Reno, 190 F.3d
9
175, 185 (3d Cir. 1999); Jurado-Gutierrez v. Greene, 190 F.3d 1135, 1152-53 (10th
Cir. 1999); Almon v. Reno, 192 F.3d 28 (1st Cir. 1999); LaGuerre v. Reno, 164
F.3d 1035, 1041-42 (7th Cir. 1998). But see Servin-Espinoza v. Ashcroft, 309
F.3d 1193, 1199 (9th Cir. 2002). We now make it eight out of nine.
The Seventh Circuit in LaGuerre most eloquently stated the rational basis
behind AEDPA § 440:
A rational and indeed sensible reason can readily be assigned to Congress’s
more lenient treatment of excludable as distinct from deportable aliens: it
creates an incentive for deportable aliens to leave the country – which is
after all the goal of deportation – without their having to be ordered to leave
at the government's expense. To induce their voluntary departure, a little
carrot is dangled before them, consisting of the opportunity to seek a waiver
should they seek to return to the country and by doing so trigger exclusion
proceedings.
This equal protection issue must not be confused with that in
Francis v. INS, 532 F.2d 268 (2d Cir. 1976), where the government was
taking the irrational position that an alien who after coming to the United
States had taken a trip abroad and returned and was then ordered deported
was entitled to more consideration than one who had never taken a foreign
trip after coming to the United States. That is different from the situation of
an alien who seeks discretionary relief while he is still outside the United
States.
164 F.3d at 1041.
Because there is a rational basis behind the different treatment of excludable
and deportable aliens, Chuang’s Equal Protection claim fails.
AFFIRMED.
10