PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
______________
No. 20-2999
______________
TYRONE WILLIAMS,
Appellant
v.
SUPERINTENDENT MAHANOY SCI;
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF
PENNSYLVANIA;
THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY DAUPHIN COUNTY
_______________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 3-18-cv-01004)
District Judge: Hon. Malachy E. Mannion
Argued: September 21, 2021
_______________
Before: JORDAN, PORTER, and RENDELL,
Circuit Judges.
(Filed: August 18, 2022)
Craig M. Cooley [ARGUED]
Cooley Law Office
1308 Plumdale Court
Pittsburgh, PA 15239
Counsel for Appellant
Ryan H. Lysaght [ARGUED]
Dauphin County Office of District Attorney
101 Market Street
Harrisburg, PA 17101
Ronald Eisenberg
Office of Attorney General of Pennsylvania
1600 Arch Street
Suite 300
Philadelphia, PA 19103
Counsel for Appellees
______________
OPINION OF THE COURT
______________
PORTER, Circuit Judge.
Tyrone Lamont Williams, a state convict, seeks federal
habeas relief. He claims his trial attorney was unconstitution-
ally negligent for failing to call a witness and raise self-defense
arguments. But his trial attorney’s alleged negligence is not
self-evident, as his trial attorney may have reasonably thought
that self-defense arguments would detract from an alibi
2
defense. To show his trial attorney was negligent, Williams
would need to develop the record in District Court. But the An-
titerrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 forbids
federal courts from supplementing the record developed in
state court except in narrow circumstances not relevant here.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). Williams has not carried his bur-
den of proof and may not develop the record on remand, so we
will affirm the District Court’s denial of his petition.
I
A
Brandon Granthon was shot dead after midnight on a
street corner in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. When police arrived,
they found Granthon dressed in black, with a 0.40 caliber hand-
gun next to him, and eight grams of crack cocaine in his pocket.
Police found two kinds of bullet casings nearby: nine spent
0.45 caliber casings and one 0.40 caliber casing. The handgun
next to Granthon was jammed, with three bullets left in the
magazine. Granthon was killed by a 0.45 caliber round fired
from a different gun.
1
Granthon, it turns out, was shot over a few missing
grams of crack cocaine. The events that led to Granthon’s death
began a day earlier, when he bought an ounce of crack cocaine
from Ronald Burton through a middleman, Preston Burgess.
Granthon thought the bag felt light, and later confirmed “he
was short a couple grams.” J.A. 282 (Tr. 140). Dissatisfied,
Granthon asked Burgess to orchestrate a refund exchange later
that night in Burgess’s house.
3
The refund did not go smoothly. Granthon showed up at
the house dressed in black, looking “nervous.” J.A. 282
(Tr. 141). Burton did not show up, so Granthon left. That is
when Williams, the petitioner here, unexpectedly arrived at
Burgess’s house, followed some moments later by Burton.
Burgess called Granthon to reschedule the refund, and Burton
and Granthon agreed to complete the refund by themselves out-
side a local bar—three blocks from the corner where Granthon
was shot dead. Burton left the house with Williams. Ten
minutes later, Burgess heard several gunshots fired.
2
Jeffrey Lynch and Greta McAllister were smoking
crack cocaine in an alley near the crime scene that night. They
saw a dark SUV parked in the alley and watched two hooded
men get out. The men were both carrying guns. Lynch recog-
nized one of the men as Burton, one of his drug dealers. But he
could not see the other man’s face.
Burton and the other hooded man hid behind a car and
a telephone pole. One of them then said, “there he go,” and
ducked as Granthon walked on the opposite side of the street
in the direction of the bar. J.A. 290 (Tr. 172). Burton and his
hooded accomplice ran across the street. Lynch heard—but did
not see—about ten gunshots fired. A former marine, Lynch
claims he heard two types of gunshots, one louder than the
other, suggesting two calibers. Moments later, he saw Burton
and the other hooded man run down the alley and drive off in
the SUV.
4
B
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania charged Burton
with first-degree murder and various other criminal offenses.
The evidence linking Burton to the homicide was overwhelm-
ing. Apart from Lynch’s testimony identifying Burton as one
of the hooded men, Burton’s cellphone log showed he called
Granthon moments before the shooting. At the time of the call,
cell tower records placed Burton within one-half to two miles
of the crime scene.
Lacking any plausible alibi defense, Burton’s trial attor-
ney argued that Granthon fired first, presenting theories of self-
defense, defense of others, and imperfect self-defense volun-
tary manslaughter during the trial. 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann.
§§ 505, 506, 2503(b).
Georgio Rochon was an important defense witness in
Burton’s trial. Rochon testified that he was playing video-
games in a house nearby when he heard two shots. He ap-
proached a window and saw a man shoot four times while run-
ning across the street. The first two shots he heard sounded
“just like a pop-pop,” and the four louder shots that followed
“were more of a bang-bang.” Appellee’s Suppl. Br. 11. 1 Ac-
cording to Burton, Rochon’s testimony—pop-pop, followed by
1
We assume, without deciding, that we may consider
Rochon’s testimony, even though it was never introduced in
state court or District Court. No one objected when we re-
quested it, and in any event, Rochon’s testimony is quoted in
noticeable judicial decisions.
5
bang-bang—suggested that Granthon fired the smaller caliber
gun first, and Burton fired back. 2
The trial court instructed the jury on self-defense but re-
fused to instruct the jury on defense of others or imperfect self-
defense voluntary manslaughter. The jury convicted Burton of
first-degree murder and several other crimes, and he was sen-
tenced to life in prison.
On appeal, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania vacated
Burton’s murder conviction, finding error in the trial court’s
refusal to instruct the jury on defense of others and voluntary
manslaughter. Commonwealth v. Burton, 43 A.3d 524 (Pa. Su-
per. Ct. 2012) (unpublished table decision). Viewing the facts
in the light most favorable to Burton, the Superior Court
acknowledged that “this issue presents a very close question,”
but it ultimately concluded that the evidence could have sup-
ported a finding of defense of others as well as voluntary man-
slaughter, relying in part on Rochon’s testimony. J.A. 209 &
n.7. The Commonwealth did not retry Burton, and the trial
court resentenced Burton for his remaining convictions “to an
aggregate term of incarceration of not less than twenty-two and
one-half nor more than forty-five years.” Commonwealth v.
Burton, No. 1873 MDA 2016, 2017 WL 3172598, at *2 (Pa.
Super. Ct. July 26, 2017).
2
Lynch, by contrast, testified in Williams’s later trial that he
“couldn’t tell” whether the sounds came in any order. App. 298
(Tr. 203).
6
C
Williams was up next. He was charged with first-degree
murder, conspiracy, and reckless endangerment of another. 3
The Commonwealth largely recycled the evidence it had pre-
sented during Burton’s trial. But the evidence linking Williams
to the crime was weaker. Although Lynch knew Williams from
prior drug deals, he did not recognize Williams that night. No
one recognized Williams as one of the hooded men, and no cell
phone records placed him near the scene that night. Williams,
for his part, told police he was not there. He claimed he spent
the night at a casino, but he offered conflicting alibi stories to
police detectives, and he never used his casino rewards card
that night.
Williams’s trial lawyer’s “defense theory” was that Wil-
liams was “not placed at the scene.” J.A. 338 (Tr. 365). He did
not call Rochon to testify at trial, nor did he make the case for
self-defense or voluntary manslaughter. Williams’s trial coun-
sel did seek an instruction of voluntary manslaughter during a
sidebar before closing arguments, but the trial judge denied his
belated request for lack of supporting evidence.
Williams’s alibi defense did not work out. Williams was
convicted of first-degree murder, conspiracy, and reckless en-
dangerment of another. He was sentenced to life in prison. Wil-
liams appealed, and the Superior Court affirmed. See Common-
wealth v. Williams, No. 1682 MDA 2012, 2014 WL 10803011,
at *13–17 (Pa. Super. Ct. Aug. 12, 2014). Williams’s convic-
tion became final after he failed to seek discretionary review
3
He was also charged with unlicensed carrying of a firearm,
but that charge was dropped during trial.
7
from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. See Pa. R. App.
P. 1113(a).
D
Within a year, Williams sought post-conviction relief in
Pennsylvania state court. His post-conviction counsel raised a
single ineffective-assistance claim: he argued that his trial
counsel was ineffective because he failed to call Williams’s
niece, Quanisha Williams, as an alibi witness. The post-con-
viction court held an evidentiary hearing on the matter. Both
Quanisha and Williams testified that Williams’s trial counsel
ignored their pleas to have Quanisha take the stand as an alibi
witness. On the other hand, Williams’s trial counsel testified
he had no recollection of Quanisha and no records document-
ing her existence or interest in being an alibi witness. Williams
also never mentioned his niece Quanisha in either of his con-
tradictory statements to police detectives. And as Williams’s
trial counsel pointed out, even if Quanisha had come forth dur-
ing the trial, introducing her as an alibi witness “would have
presented a third version of events,” further undercutting Wil-
liams’s credibility. J.A. 186.
Pennsylvania’s state courts rejected this ineffective-as-
sistance claim on the merits. See Commonwealth v. Williams,
No. 249 MDA 2016, 2016 WL 6901354 (Pa. Super. Ct. Nov.
23, 2016).
E
Williams timely filed this federal habeas petition, now
represented by his current attorney. Williams’s new counsel
presented a different ineffective-assistance claim: he argued
Williams’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present a
8
self-defense or voluntary manslaughter theory and for failing
to have Rochon testify.
The District Court denied the habeas petition. Williams
v. DelBalso, No. CV 3:18-1004, 2020 WL 5217088, at *13
(M.D. Pa. Aug. 31, 2020). Relying on a five-factor test derived
from a Supreme Court of Pennsylvania decision, the District
Court held that Williams’s new ineffective-assistance claim
lacked merit because “[t]here simply is no evidence that
Rochon was available or willing to testify at Williams’ trial.”
Id. at *7 (relying on Commonwealth v. Clark, 961 A.2d 80, 90
(Pa. 2008)). This appeal followed.
II
The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and
2253. The petition was timely filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d).
“Because the District Court did not hold an evidentiary hearing
and relied on the state court record, we exercise plenary re-
view.” Robinson v. Beard, 762 F.3d 316, 323 (3d Cir. 2014).
III
The Sixth Amendment provides that “[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the
Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const. amend. VI.
The right to counsel includes “the right to the effective assis-
tance of counsel.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686
(1984) (quoting McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771
n.14 (1970)). But “there is no right to counsel in state collateral
proceedings,” including state post-conviction proceedings.
Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 755 (1991); see also
Shinn v. Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. 1718, 1737 (2022) (“[W]e have
9
repeatedly reaffirmed that there is no constitutional right to
counsel in state postconviction proceedings.”).
There is a time and place for state convicts to raise their
right to effective trial counsel. The Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) and related judicial
doctrines prescribe those times and places. State prisoners must
first raise their federal claims in state court. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(b)(1)(A). “State prisoners, however, often fail to raise
their federal claims in compliance with state procedures, or
even raise those claims in state court at all.” Shinn, 142 S. Ct.
at 1732. When that happens, state procedural law usually con-
siders those arguments “waived”—meaning they can no longer
be raised. See, e.g., 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9544(b) (“[A]n
issue is waived if the petitioner could have raised it but failed
to do so before trial, at trial, during unitary review, on appeal
or in a prior state postconviction proceeding.”). “In these cases,
the state judgment rests on independent and adequate state pro-
cedural grounds,” not a misunderstanding of federal constitu-
tional rights. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 730. For that reason, and to
preserve AEDPA’s exhaustion requirement, “federal courts
generally decline to hear any federal claim that was not pre-
sented to the state courts consistent with the [State’s] own pro-
cedural rules.” Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1732 (quotation marks
omitted).
But there are exceptions. “When a claim is procedurally
defaulted, a federal court can forgive the default and adjudicate
the claim if the prisoner provides an adequate excuse.” Id. One
common excuse for procedural default is based on the equita-
ble rule first announced in Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012).
Under that equitable rule, when a prisoner’s state post-convic-
tion lawyer was negligent for failing to raise an ineffective-as-
sistance claim that “has ‘some merit,’ ” we may hear the claim,
10
even though the prisoner never raised it in state court. Work-
man v. Superintendent Albion SCI, 915 F.3d 928, 937 (3d Cir.
2019) (quoting Martinez, 566 U.S. at 14).
Williams never raised his current ineffective-assistance
claim in state court, so he “waived” his argument. See 42 Pa.
Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9544(b). Williams argues that Martinez ex-
cuses his default. Maybe so, but we need not dwell on this is-
sue. For even if we excused Williams’s failure to raise his in-
effective-assistance claim in state court, “[t]here is an even
higher bar for excusing a prisoner’s failure to develop the state-
court record.” Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1733. AEDPA does not al-
low us to excuse Williams’s separate failure to develop the rec-
ord just because his state post-conviction lawyer did a bad job.
Id. at 1737. We are therefore limited to the facts developed in
state court. And on a closed state record, Williams cannot show
his trial counsel was ineffective.
A
Before explaining why Williams’s ineffective-assis-
tance claim fails, we pause to address the District Court’s hold-
ing. According to the District Court, to succeed on his ineffec-
tive-assistance claim, Williams bears the burden of showing
that Rochon was willing to testify at Williams’s trial. The Dis-
trict Court derived this requirement not from federal law, but
from a Supreme Court of Pennsylvania decision setting forth a
five-factor test of uncertain origin. Under that test, Pennsylva-
nia courts generally require a defendant to show that:
(1) the witness existed; (2) the witness was avail-
able to testify for the defense; (3) counsel knew
of, or should have known of, the existence of the
witness; (4) the witness was willing to testify for
11
the defense; and (5) the absence of the testimony
of the witness was so prejudicial as to have de-
nied the defendant a fair trial.
Clark, 961 A.2d at 90. The dispute here is about the fourth re-
quirement—showing a witness’s willingness to testify. The
Commonwealth argues that this requirement aligns with Strick-
land and urges us to apply it here. We decline to do so. As we
have said before, and reiterate once again, “[a]bsent extenuat-
ing circumstances, such as the existence of a privilege or the
witness’s incapacity or death, whether a witness is ready and
willing to testify is irrelevant since defense counsel can compel
testimony through a trial subpoena.” Grant v. Lockett, 709 F.3d
224, 239 n.10 (3d Cir. 2013). Compulsory process, after all, is
guaranteed in criminal trials by the Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments. See Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 56
(1987) (“Our cases establish, at a minimum, that criminal de-
fendants have the right to the government’s assistance in com-
pelling the attendance of favorable witnesses at trial . . . .”).
Unwilling witnesses can be made to testify. 4
The Commonwealth, though, argues we should super-
impose Pennsylvania’s requirement on Strickland because, “at
least in Dauphin County,” witnesses often perjure themselves
4
We have sometimes examined a state court’s finding that a
witness would have been unwilling to testify, as if it mattered.
See Rolan v. Vaughn, 445 F.3d 671, 681 (3d Cir. 2006). Today,
we make clear that, absent a testimonial privilege, willingness
to testify does not matter.
12
or disobey court subpoenas under threat of contempt. 5 Maybe
so. But we presume, sensibly, that witnesses prefer to cooper-
ate and tell the truth than risk going to jail. Cf. Commonwealth
v. Long, 625 A.2d 630, 633 (Pa. 1993) (“An individual may be
found in contempt for refusing to testify after being ordered to
do so by the court.”).
In any event, the Commonwealth’s concerns ring hol-
low here, and we see no relevant extenuating circumstances.
Rochon testified in Burton’s trial, so there is no reason to think
he would go rogue in Williams’s nearly identical trial. Moreo-
ver, if Rochon had died, disappeared, or refused to testify, Wil-
liams’s trial counsel could have introduced Rochon’s prior
sworn testimony instead. Pa. R. Evid. 804(a)(2), (5); id.
804(b)(1). And if Rochon perjured himself by offering a dif-
ferent version of events, Williams could have used his prior
testimony and police statement to impeach him. Either way,
Williams’s trial counsel had the tools to elicit Rochon’s origi-
nal version of events, even in Dauphin County.
Williams need not prove that Rochon would have been
a willing witness. We reject Pennsylvania’s contrary rule. Wil-
liams, to be sure, must show that his trial counsel should have
known about Rochon as part of his showing of negligence. But
given that the trial took place after Burton’s victory on appeal,
and given Rochon’s recorded statements to police, we have lit-
tle difficulty concluding that a competent trial attorney should
have known about Rochon.
5
Oral Argument at 27:56–28:05, https://www2.ca3.
uscourts.gov/oralargument/audio/20-2999TyroneWilliams
v.SuperintendentMahanoySCI.mp3.
13
B
We will affirm on a different ground, in two steps. First,
AEDPA forbids the District Court from developing the facts
relevant to the merits of his ineffective-assistance claim in fed-
eral court. Second, Williams cannot carry his burden of proof
on the state court record. As a result, we must affirm the Dis-
trict Court’s denial of Williams’s federal habeas petition.
1
We start with AEDPA. To ensure federal habeas relief
does not become a substitute for ordinary error correction,
“AEDPA imposes several limits on habeas relief.” Shinn, 142
S. Ct. at 1731. AEDPA, as relevant here, requires federal courts
to review a state court’s “determination of a factual issue” with
deference. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). This restriction would mean
little, however, if state prisoners could avoid AEDPA’s “highly
deferential standard of review” by failing to develop the record
in state court. Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1739–40. Section 2254(e)(2)
prevents that evasion. It says, in full:
If the applicant has failed to develop the factual
basis of a claim in State court proceedings, the
court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the
claim unless the applicant shows that—
(A) the claim relies on—
(i) a new rule of constitutional law, made
retroactive to cases on collateral review by
the Supreme Court, that was previously un-
available; or
14
(ii) a factual predicate that could not have
been previously discovered through the ex-
ercise of due diligence; and
(B) the facts underlying the claim would be suf-
ficient to establish by clear and convincing evi-
dence that but for constitutional error, no reason-
able factfinder would have found the applicant
guilty of the underlying offense.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). Williams does not argue that he meets
the narrow exceptions listed in subparagraphs (A) and (B), and
he does not. Instead, Williams argues that AEDPA’s prohibi-
tion does not apply. He makes plausible arguments, but recent
Supreme Court precedent compels us to reject them.
a.
Before discussing Williams’s specific arguments, we
provide legal background. We have interpreted 2254(e)(2) on
several occasions. In Cristin v. Brennan, we concluded “that
the plain meaning of § 2254(e)(2)’s introductory language
does not preclude federal hearings on excuses for procedural
default at the state level.” 281 F.3d 404, 413 (3d Cir. 2002);
see also id. at 419 (“§ 2254(e)(2)’s restrictions do not apply to
hearings on procedural default . . .”). We reached that conclu-
sion for two principal reasons. First, we reasoned that a hearing
used to support an excuse for a procedural default—like a Mar-
tinez hearing—is not a hearing on “a claim” under AEDPA,
because it is not a claim for relief on the merits. Id. at 417–18.
Second, we reasoned that state prisoners “cannot be faulted . . .
for not having previously presented the facts underlying argu-
ments that would have been, on the whole, irrelevant or prem-
ature before state courts.” Id. at 417; see also id. at 416
15
(“Indeed, it would be surpassing strange to require Cristin to
establish a record in state court about why he is not appealing
a particular judgment while simultaneously failing to appeal
that judgment.”). We noted, however, that “a rare case could
exist when a petitioner relies solely on ineffective assistance of
counsel to establish both cause and prejudice and as a claim for
substantive habeas relief.” Id. at 416 n.11. In such a case, we
thought, perhaps the prisoner may have an adequate oppor-
tunity to develop the facts in state court. Id.
After Cristin, the Supreme Court decided Martinez. In
the aftermath of Martinez, it is no longer “rare” for state pris-
oners to rely on ineffective assistance of trial counsel both to
excuse a procedural default (under Martinez’s “some merit”
prong) and to obtain relief on the merits.
Relying on Cristin and Martinez, Williams makes two
principal arguments. First, asking us to extend Martinez’s logic
to AEDPA, Williams argues that prisoners should not be at
fault for failing to develop the record when their state post-
conviction counsel was negligent. After all, Martinez excuses
a prisoner’s failure to raise an ineffective-assistance claim al-
together. Given that, why should a prisoner be blamed under
AEDPA for his attorney’s similarly negligent failure to de-
velop the facts? Second, by following Cristin’s holding that
AEDPA does not forbid hearings on excuses for procedural de-
fault, Williams suggests the District Court could still a hold
Martinez hearing. And going one step further than Cristin, Wil-
liams suggests that once the Martinez evidence is part of the
federal record on habeas review, the District Court could rely
on the new evidence to evaluate the merits of the underlying
ineffective-assistance claim.
16
Williams’s arguments were debatable when he made
them. But no longer. After oral argument, the Supreme Court
decided Shinn v. Ramirez. Shinn thoroughly rejected these ar-
guments. Under AEDPA, “a state prisoner is responsible for
counsel’s negligent failure to develop the state postconviction
record.” 142 S. Ct. at 1735. Or, in AEDPA’s terms, a prisoner
fails “to develop the factual basis of a claim” even when his
state post-conviction attorney was negligent. Martinez does not
excuse a prisoner’s separate failure to develop the facts under
AEDPA, for the simple reason that judge-made equitable rules
cannot claim supremacy over statutory text. Id. at 1736. It fol-
lows, then, that when a state post-conviction attorney negli-
gently fails to develop the facts needed to support a claim, “a
federal court may order an evidentiary hearing or otherwise ex-
pand the state-court record only if the prisoner can satisfy
§ 2254(e)(2)’s stringent requirements.” Id. at 1735. Nor may
federal courts “end-run” AEDPA by holding hearings on an
excuse for procedural default, and then using the expanded fed-
eral record to decide the merits of a habeas claim. Id. at 1738.
Rather, “when a federal habeas court convenes an evidentiary
hearing for any purpose, or otherwise admits or reviews new
evidence for any purpose, it may not consider that evidence on
the merits of a negligent prisoner’s defaulted claim unless the
exceptions in § 2254(e)(2) are satisfied.” Id. While this makes
Martinez a dead letter in many cases, “that is a reason to dis-
pense with Martinez hearings altogether, not to set
§ 2254(e)(2) aside.” Id. at 1738–39.
After Shinn, Cristin and Martinez do not help Williams.
Williams, through his attorney, had a chance to develop the
facts needed to support his current claim in state court. He
elected instead to litigate a different claim that was rejected on
the merits, and so he failed to develop the record to support his
17
new claim. While Martinez may give him a second chance,
AEDPA does not. And even if our precedent in Cristin would
allow a Martinez hearing, the District Court may not use the
expanded record to decide the merits of Williams’s ineffective-
assistance claim, so a Martinez hearing would be a waste of
time unless Williams can prevail on the state record.
Cristin, to be sure, remains the law of the circuit to the
extent it is consistent with Shinn. While Shinn suggests that
“[t]here are good reasons to doubt” our reading of the word
“claim” in Cristin, it does not abrogate our holding that, gen-
erally, AEDPA’s text does not forbid federal courts from de-
veloping the facts needed to excuse a procedural default. Id. at
1738. But Shinn does set limits on Cristin’s reach. Shinn makes
clear that, when a prisoner is at fault for failing to develop the
record needed to support a constitutional claim on the merits in
state court and cannot satisfy section 2254(e)(2)’s exceptions,
federal courts may not consider evidence first gathered during
an excuse hearing allowed by Cristin to decide the constitu-
tional claim on the merits. Id. at 1738. To avoid prolonging
federal habeas proceedings, Shinn also instructs that in these
cases, federal courts must skip hearings altogether and deny
habeas relief unless the prisoner prevails on the merits consid-
ering only the state court record. Id. at 1739. So before holding
a Martinez hearing, as allowed by Cristin, federal courts in
these cases should decide whether an underlying ineffective-
ness claim succeeds considering only the state court record. If
not, federal courts should deny relief without more. With those
limitations, Cristin remains binding in this circuit.
b.
Williams next argues that AEDPA’s prohibition is lim-
ited to formal evidentiary hearings. The statute’s plain
18
language, after all, is limited to an “evidentiary hearing.” 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). It does not, for example, speak directly to
depositions or other means of civil discovery used to expand
the state record. In this view, the District Court may expand the
state court record through far-reaching civil discovery so long
as it does not call a formal evidentiary hearing.
Supreme Court precedent forecloses this reading of the
statute. See Holland v. Jackson, 542 U.S. 649, 653 (2004) (per
curiam) (AEDPA’s “restrictions apply a fortiori when a pris-
oner seeks relief based on new evidence without an evidentiary
hearing.”); Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1738 (reaffirming Holland).
The reason for that is straightforward: a literal reading of evi-
dentiary hearing “would have countenanced an end-run around
the statute. Federal habeas courts could have accepted any new
evidence so long as they avoided labeling their intake of the
evidence as a ‘hearing.’ ” Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1738. While rea-
sonable minds may disagree with this reading, Supreme Court
precedent is binding, and we follow it here.
* * *
Williams failed to develop the facts supporting his new
merits claim in state court. Under AEDPA, he may not do so
in federal court, through an evidentiary hearing or otherwise.
We must consider his ineffective-assistance claim on a closed
state record. 6
6
We “typically remand for the District Court to consider” in-
effective-assistance claims “in the first instance,” particularly
when “an evidentiary hearing may be necessary to determine
whether trial counsel was ineffective.” Preston v. Superinten-
dent Graterford SCI, 902 F.3d 365, 378 n.14 (3d Cir. 2018).
19
2
Williams argues that we may conclude his trial attorney
was ineffective even on a closed state record. We disagree.
“Under Strickland, a defendant who claims ineffective
assistance of counsel must prove (1) ‘that counsel’s represen-
tation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,’ and
(2) that any such deficiency was ‘prejudicial to the defense.’ ”
Garza v. Idaho, 139 S. Ct. 738, 744 (2019) (citations omitted)
(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88, 692). “Judicial scru-
tiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. We must “eliminate the distorting
effects of hindsight” and recognize that “[t]here are countless
ways to provide effective assistance in any given case.” Id.
“When counsel focuses on some issues to the exclusion
of others, there is a strong presumption that he did so for tacti-
cal reasons rather than through sheer neglect.” Yarborough v.
Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 8 (2003). While the Commonwealth has
“not provided any strategic explanation for trial counsel’s fail-
ure” to present a self-defense argument, it is not difficult “to
identify one.” Preston v. Superintendent Graterford SCI, 902
F.3d 365, 382 (3d Cir. 2018) (concluding that trial counsel’s
performance was deficient when neither the court nor the Com-
monwealth identified an explanation for counsel’s failure to
raise an issue at trial). Presenting a self-defense theory would
risk undercutting Williams’s alibi defense. See Lewis v. Horn,
581 F.3d 92, 108 (3d Cir. 2009) (“Nor can we conclude that
Lewis has demonstrated that his counsel performed
No evidentiary hearing is available, and the issues are fully
briefed, so there is no need for a remand.
20
unreasonably by failing to present a theory of self defense in
addition to, or instead of, the alibi defense.”). Williams’s trial
counsel could have argued in the alternative, but arguing in the
alternative to a jury is not always the best idea. Good trial law-
yers often choose to make one consistent argument to a jury
rather than two “factually inconsistent” arguments at the risk
of undercutting their story’s credibility. See id. 7
Williams points out that Burton succeeded where he
failed because Burton’s trial counsel raised a self-defense the-
ory and presented Rochon’s testimony, while Williams’s trial
counsel did not. But Burton and Williams were not in the same
boat. The evidence linking Burton to the homicide was over-
whelming. The evidence linking Williams to the homicide less
so. For that reason, Williams’s trial counsel faced a strategic
dilemma that Burton’s counsel did not. Burton’s counsel had
only one reasonable choice. Williams’s trial counsel had to
choose between arguing innocence, self-defense, or trying to
do both at the same time.
Either way, Williams’s trial counsel had no great op-
tions. An alibi defense was risky given Williams’s weak alibi,
but the reward of success could be great. As the judge put it to
the jury, if Williams “was not there and [was] not involved in
any way, shape, or form then obviously he can’t be guilty of
anything.” J.A. 338 (Tr. 365). Relying on an alibi defense was
not inherently unreasonable, as the evidence placing Williams
7
We note, also, that calling Rochon could have directly under-
mined Williams’s alibi if Rochon recognized Williams as the
man he saw when he approached the window.
21
at the crime scene as one of the hooded men was circumstantial
and required an inferential leap.
On the other hand, an argument of self-defense or vol-
untary manslaughter was also an uphill climb. Lynch testified
that the hooded men ambushed Granthon with guns as he
walked toward the bar, amply supporting a first-degree murder
conviction no matter who fired first. Under Pennsylvania law,
a killing by “lying in wait” is murder in the first degree. 18 Pa.
Cons. Stat. Ann. § 2502(a), (d). And deadly force is not justi-
fiable when the killer, “with the intent of causing death or se-
rious bodily injury, provoked the use of force against himself
in the same encounter.” Id. § 505(b)(2)(i). Given Lynch’s tes-
timony, the likelihood of a successful self-defense argument
was slim. And while a successful self-defense argument would
acquit Williams, an imperfect-self-defense conviction is still “a
felony of the first degree,” and carries up to twenty years in
prison. Id. §§ 1103(1), 2503(c).
Burton’s success on appeal does not suggest otherwise.
As the Superior Court’s ruling in Burton suggests, when the
facts are viewed in the light most favorable to Burton, a rea-
sonable jury could have found self-defense or voluntary man-
slaughter. But even under that generous standard, the court
thought it was “a very close question.” J.A. 209 n.7. Trial
counsel cannot be blamed for thinking a jury may not have
viewed the facts supporting self-defense in the light most fa-
vorable to Williams, or for not making an argument that was
barely reasonable enough for a jury instruction. A self-defense
argument was no cakewalk, so we cannot say it was inherently
unreasonable to focus on an alibi defense to the exclusion of
self-defense. This case therefore falls within the strong pre-
sumption of reasonableness.
22
The presumption may be overcome with case-specific
evidence of negligence. For example, if the evidence showed
that Williams’s trial attorney never heard of Rochon, or that he
meant to have Rochon testify and forgot, that failure from “in-
attention, not reasoned strategic judgment,” would likely fall
below an objective standard of reasonableness. Wiggins v.
Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 526 (2003). But here, we have no specific
evidence of negligence in the state record, and “the absence of
evidence cannot overcome the strong presumption that coun-
sel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable profes-
sional assistance.” Dunn v. Reeves, 141 S. Ct. 2405, 2407
(2021) (per curiam). We have no trial counsel testimony on the
relevant issue. The best evidence we have is that Williams’s
trial counsel requested a voluntary manslaughter instruction
before closing arguments, without supporting that instruction
request with Rochon’s testimony. Perhaps that suggests that by
the end of trial, Williams’s attorney had second thoughts about
making a self-defense argument to the jury. But that does not
mean that his initial choices in presenting evidence during
trial—including not calling Rochon—resulted from negli-
gence, not a tactical decision. While that isolated request lends
some circumstantial support to Williams’s ineffective-assis-
tance claim, it cannot overcome the strong presumption of rea-
sonableness.
* * *
We will affirm the District Court’s denial of Williams’s
petition.
23