UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
For the Fifth Circuit
No. 94-41041
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS
ROBERT CARROLL OSBORNE, and
TIMOTHY EARL NORRIS,
Defendants-Appellants.
Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Eastern District of Texas
(October 18, 1995)
Before WISDOM, DUHÉ, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.
WISDOM, Circuit Judge:
Robert Carroll Osborne and Timothy Earl Norris were both
convicted of kidnapping and of using a firearm during a kidnapping.
Both men now challenge their convictions, and Mr. Osborne also
challenges his sentence. We find no reversible error and AFFIRM.
I. Background
On March 15, 1994, Robert Carroll Osborne and Timothy
Earl Norris, the defendants/appellants, along with a third man,
Denver Weaver, began a two day crime spree that took them to three
different states. That morning, in Texarkana, Texas, the three men
left a local motel with the purpose of looking for employment.
This search was short-lived, however, as their first stop was a
local liquor store, where Norris purchased some beer.
After this stop, the three men drove to a residence in
Texarkana where they used a knife to rob a wheelchair-bound “dope
dealer” of a .22 caliber revolver, a VCR, money, jewelry, and
several bags of marijuana. They sold the VCR at a local pawn shop,
and unsuccessfully tried to test fire the gun.
The men then went to Dekalb, Texas, where Norris had
acquaintances. As they drove and visited Norris’s friends, they
smoked the stolen marijuana and drank the beer they had purchased
earlier. The three men eventually arrived at the home of Jane Doe,
a twelve year old girl. Norris knew Jane because his sister was
also Jane’s aunt by marriage.
The men visited with some women who were at Jane’s house,
and then left for a while. When they returned later in the day,
the women were gone, but Jane was still at the house. Norris
persuaded Jane to get in the car and show him where her aunt was.
Norris sat in the back seat with Jane. Osborne drove, and Weaver
rode in the passenger seat.
When Jane instructed Osborne to turn right at an
intersection, Norris told Osborne to turn left. Jane corrected
Norris, and he told her to shut up. Jane told the men that she had
to be home for choir practice. In response, Norris showed Jane the
gun they had stolen in Texarkana. Jane again asked to go home.
Norris told her to shut up and relax, then removed her pants and
sexually assaulted her in the back seat of the car. Norris kept
the gun with him during the assault.
Osborne then drove the group to an abandoned house in the
2
country where his mother had recently lived. Norris lead Jane by
the arm into the bedroom of the house. Osborne followed behind,
and brought the gun with him. Norris pointed the gun at Jane and
told her to disrobe and get on an old mattress that was in the
room. He threatened to kill her if she refused. Norris and
Osborne then took turns sexually assaulting Jane. They kept the
gun on the mattress during the assaults. Weaver was intoxicated,
and stayed in the front room of the house during the assaults.
Afterwards, they all dressed and returned to the car.
Jane again asked to go home. Norris told her that she was not
going to go home. He said that she was “going to be their girl”
and was going to “make them some money” by selling her body.
The group then drove to a truck stop, where they
abandoned Weaver. Norris and Osborne then took Jane back to the
motel they had stayed in the previous night. In the room, both men
again sexually assaulted Jane. Afterwards, Norris told Jane that
he knew where she lived and that he would kill her if she tried to
run away.
The next morning, Norris, Osborne, and Jane left the
motel. They had car trouble, and tried to get help in Texarkana.
While they waited, the group had breakfast in a crowded hospital
cafeteria. Jane did not attempt to escape or ask for help.
Norris and Osborne eventually persuaded a man to tow them
to an auto parts store in exchange for some marijuana. They left
Jane alone with the man while they were in the store. At this
time, Jane tried to get help, and told the man what had happened to
3
her. He ignored her story, left her with Osborne and Norris, and
did not call the police.
After the car was repaired, Jane repeated her request to
go home. Norris again told her that she was not going to go home,
and that she was going to “make them some money.”
Jane fell asleep. While she was sleeping, Osborne and
Norris drove to Arkansas, and burglarized a home. They took two
guns, a television, a VCR, and a keyboard. They then drove to
Louisiana. In Louisiana, they attempted to sell the stolen items
at several locations. They also bought ammunition at a K-Mart, and
picked up another individual whom they also threatened.
Later, Osborne and Norris went to a housing project with
the two guns. They returned with a wallet and a bottle of cocaine.
While attempting to speed away from the project, they got into a
wreck. Before the police arrived, Norris and Osborne hid the guns
and the keyboard in a nearby truck.
When the police arrived, an officer took Jane into
protective custody, and arrested Norris and Osborne. The officer
searched the car and found a bag of marijuana residue, a stolen
identification card, and two boxes of ammunition. He also found
two .38 caliber revolvers and the stolen keyboard in the nearby
truck. The .22 caliber revolver was never recovered.
On April 5, 1994, a grand jury indicted Osborne and
Norris for aiding and abetting,1 kidnapping,2 and possession of a
18 U.S.C. § 2.
18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1).
4
firearm during a violent crime.3 The two men were tried together,
beginning on June 13, 1994.
The primary evidence against Norris and Osborne was the
testimony of Denver Weaver and of Jane Doe. Before Jane Doe took
the stand, the prosecution asked the district court to close the
proceedings while she testified. Over the defendants’ objections,
the district court ordered that Norris’s sister leave the
courtroom, and prohibited any new spectators from entering during
Jane’s testimony. The district court allowed the remaining
audience, which included relatives of both defendants, to stay.
On June 17, 1994, the jury returned guilty verdicts on
all counts against both Norris and Osborne. On September 23, 1994,
the district court sentenced Norris to 322 months in prison, and
Osborne to 295 months in prison, each followed by five years of
supervised release. In calculating Osborne’s sentence, the
district court included a prior uncounseled conviction in Osborne’s
criminal history.
Osborne and Norris both appeal the district court’s
decision partially to close the courtroom during the testimony of
Jane Doe, contending that this action violated their Sixth
Amendment right to a public trial. In addition, Norris appeals the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction, and Osborne
appeals the district court’s consideration of the prior uncounseled
conviction in computing his sentence. We consider each of these
appeals in turn.
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1).
5
II. The Right to a Public Trial
Norris and Osborne argue that the district court violated
their constitutional right to a public trial when it partially
closed the courtroom during the testimony of Jane Doe. We review
this question of constitutional law de novo.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
guarantees a public trial to all criminal defendants.4 This right
exists to ensure the fairness of the proceedings and to encourage
witnesses to come forward with information.5 The right to a public
trial is not absolute, however, and must be balanced against other
interests essential to the administration of justice.6
In Waller v. Georgia, the United States Supreme Court
adopted the following test for determining when the defendant’s
right to a public trial is outweighed by other considerations: 1)
a party seeking to close a court proceeding must advance an
overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced; 2) the closure
must be no broader than necessary to protect that interest; 3) the
trial court must consider reasonable alternatives to closing the
proceeding; and 4) it must make findings adequate to support the
We note that the First Amendment also guarantees to the
press a related right of access to criminal proceedings. Press
Enterprises Co. v. Superior Ct. of Calif., Riverside Cty., 464 U.S.
501 (1984). At oral argument, the defendants developed an argument
that the press should have had access to the proceedings. They did
not raise this argument at the time the district court closed the
courtroom, however. Therefore, we will not address this issue for
the first time on appeal.
Waller v. Georgia, 467 U.S. 39, 46 (1984).
Id. at 45.
6
closure.7
There is a significant difference between Waller and the
instant case, however. In Waller, the Supreme Court addressed a
total closure of a suppression hearing, from which all members of
the public were excluded.8 In the present case, the district court
ordered only a partial closure of the proceedings, allowing all but
one of the existing spectators to remain during the victim’s
testimony.
Prior to the Waller decision, this circuit addressed the
constitutionality of a partial closure in Aaron v. Capps.9 In
Aaron, this court held that, when considering a partial closure, a
trial court should look to the particular circumstances of the case
to see if the defendant will still receive the safeguards of the
public trial guarantee.10 This court reasoned that the partial
closing of court proceedings does not raise the same constitutional
concerns as a total closure, because an audience remains to ensure
the fairness of the proceedings.11
Although this circuit has not had the opportunity to
reexamine the constitutionality of a partial closing since the
Waller decision, five other circuits have addressed the issue. The
Id. at 46.
Id. at 42.
507 F.2d 685 (5th Cir.), cert denied, 423 U.S. 878
(1975).
Id. at 688.
Id.
7
Second, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Circuits have all found
that Waller’s stringent standard does not apply to partial
closures, and have adopted a less demanding test requiring the
party seeking the partial closure to show only a “substantial
reason” for the closure.12 As in this circuit’s Aaron decision,
these courts have all based their decisions on a determination that
partial closures do not implicate the same fairness and secrecy
concerns as total closures.13
We agree. We do not read Waller as altering this court’s
analysis of partial closings as discussed in Aaron. We now,
however, also adopt the “substantial reason” test set forth by
other courts as a method of determining if a partial closure meets
the constitutional standards of Aaron.
Applying this test to the instant suit, we find that the
partial closure was justified. The government initially made a
request for a full closure, arguing that it was concerned that
forcing the twelve year old Jane to testify in front of the public
would traumatize or intimidate her, perhaps causing psychological
harm or making her unable to communicate.14 Although the district
United States v. Farmer, 32 F.3d 369 (8th Cir. 1994);
Woods v. Kuhlmann, 977 F.2d 74 (2d Cir. 1992); United States v.
Sherlock, 962 F.2d 1349 (9th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, --U.S.--,
113 S. Ct. 419 (1992); Nieto v. Sullivan, 879 F.2d 743 (10th Cir.),
cert. denied, 493 U.S. 957 (1989); Douglas v. Wainwright, 739 F.2d
531 (11th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1208 (1985).
Farmer, 32 F.3d at 371; Woods, 977 F.2d at 76; Sherlock,
962 F.2d at 1357-58; Nieto, 879 F.2d at 753-54; Douglas, 739 F.2d
at 533.
We note that the government moved to close the
proceedings pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3509(e), which authorizes the
8
court did not create a detailed record on this issue, we infer that
it eventually ordered the partial closure on this basis. The
protection of a minor from emotional harm is a substantial enough
reason to defend a limited closing of the proceedings.
Furthermore, the district court did not limit access to
the proceedings beyond the justifiable limits. The court refused
the government’s request for total closure of the proceedings.
With one exception, the court allowed all existing spectators to
remain in the courtroom, only prohibiting access to those who may
have attempted to enter during Jane Doe’s testimony. There is no
evidence that anyone was denied access based on this ruling. The
one person asked to leave the proceedings was both the sister of
the defendant Norris and the aunt of the victim. It was not error
to remove this person when her presence may have traumatized the
witness, and when other members of the defendants’ families were
allowed to remain.
We find that in the circumstances this case presents, the
defendants were not denied their Sixth Amendment right to a public
trial. We emphasize, however, that courts should not lightly close
public proceedings such as trials. Furthermore, when addressing a
request for a partial closure, courts should take care to develop
closing of a courtroom when a minor testifies, if the court
determines on the record that “requiring the child to testify in
open court would cause substantial psychological harm to the child
or would result in the child’s inability to effectively
communicate.” The defendants do not challenge the court’s
application of the statute, but instead challenge only the
constitutionality of the closure as a whole. We therefore do not
decide if the court correctly complied with the statute.
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a record of the issues, and make detailed factual findings. In
spite of these admonitions, on the facts this case presents, we
uphold the district court’s decision to partially close trial
proceedings.
III. The Sufficiency of the Evidence against Norris
Appellant Norris asserts that there was insufficient
evidence to support his convictions for kidnapping and for using a
firearm during the kidnapping. A guilty verdict must be sustained
if the evidence considered in the light most favorable to the
verdict would have allowed a rational fact finder to find the
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.15 It is the role of the
jury, not the appellate court, to weigh the evidence and determine
the credibility of the witnesses.16 Therefore, if there is evidence
to support the verdict, this court will sustain it.17 We find that
the evidence clearly supports both of Norris’s convictions.
To obtain a conviction for kidnapping, the government
must prove four elements: 1) the transportation in interstate
commerce; 2) of an unconsenting person who is; 3)held for ransom,
reward, or otherwise, and 4) the acts were done knowingly and
willingly.18 The government has met its burden in this case.
United States v. Ivy, 929 F.2d 147, 150 (5th Cir.), cert.
denied, 512 U.S. 883 (1991).
United States v. Williams, 998 F.2d 258, 261 (5th Cir.
1993), cert. denied, --U.S.--, 114 S. Ct. 1940 (1994).
Id. at 261-62.
18 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(1); see also, United States v.
Jackson, 978 F.2d 903, 910 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --U.S.--, 113
S. Ct. 2499, 3055 (1993).
10
The evidence shows that Norris and Osborne took Jane over
not one, but two state lines, as they drove from Texas into
Arkansas, and then into Louisiana. Jane testified that she
repeatedly asked to go home, but Norris told her that she could
not, and that he would kill her if she tried to run away. She said
Norris and Osborne frequently kept a gun within her sight and
threatened her with it. Jane also testified that both men
repeatedly sexually assaulted her, and that Norris told her that
she was going to “make money” for them.
Norris argues that this evidence cannot support his
conviction for kidnapping because Jane initially entered his car
voluntarily, never attempted to escape, and was asleep when he
drove her across state lines. These facts do not trump the
evidence that Jane was taken against her will, particularly when
one considers that Jane was only twelve at the time of the
kidnapping. The jury’s verdict is sustained.
Norris also argues that there is insufficient evidence to
prove that he used a firearm during the kidnapping. To be guilty
of using a firearm during the commission of a violent crime under
18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), the government needs to prove only that the
firearm was available to the defendant to facilitate the crime of
violence.19 In this case, Jane testified that Norris pointed a gun
at her, and kept it near him when he assaulted her. She also
testified that she was afraid to attempt escape because of the gun.
United States v. Rocha, 916 F.2d 219, 237 (5th Cir.
1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 934 (1991).
11
Again, this evidence is sufficient to uphold the jury’s guilty
verdict. We affirm both convictions against Norris.
IV. The Calculation of Osborne’s Sentence.
Appellant Osborne asserts that the district court erred
when it used an uncounseled prior misdemeanor conviction to
increase his criminal history category.20 The district court’s
application of sentencing guidelines is a question of law, which we
review de novo.21
If a prior conviction has not been held constitutionally
invalid, then a district court has the discretion to include the
conviction in calculating the sentence.22 The burden of proving
that such a conviction is constitutionally invalid falls on the
defendant.23 Osborne did not meet his burden in this case.
An uncounseled conviction that results in imprisonment is
Osborne was given a criminal history score of eight,
placing him in category IV. This score was determined as follows:
2 points for indecency with a child
1 point for shoplifting two packages of Twinkies and
Ding-Dongs
2 points for misdemeanor theft
2 points for committing the present offense while on
probation
1 point for committing the present offense less than
two years after being released from custody.
8 TOTAL.
Osborne challenges the addition of two points for the misdemeanor
theft conviction.
United States v. Howard, 991 F.2d 195, 199 (5th Cir.),
cert. denied, --U.S.--, 114 S. Ct. 395 (1993).
Id.
Id. at 199.
12
unconstitutional only if the defendant did not waive his right to
an attorney.24 In this case, the presentencing report, which was
based on original court documents, reflects that Osborne did waive
his rights before entering a guilty plea to the misdemeanor charge.
Osborne alleges that he did not do so, but has produced no evidence
to support his assertion . Thus, Osborne did not meet his burden
of proof. The district court did not err in including the
conviction in calculating Osborne’s sentence.
V. CONCLUSION.
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the convictions
against Robert Carroll Osborne and Timothy Earl Norris, and also
AFFIRM the sentence given to Robert Osborne.
United States v. Haymer, 995 F.2d 550, 552 (5th Cir.
1993).
13