Nancy Koehler v. Aetna Health, Inc.

REVISED, JUNE 15, 2012
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit

FILED
May 31, 2012

No. 11-10458 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk

NANCY KOEHLER,

Plaintiff - Appellant
v.

AETNA HEALTH INC,

Defendant - Appellee

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Texas

Before REAVLEY, HAYNES, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
REAVLEY, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff-Appellant Nancy Koehler appeals the district court’s summary
judgment dismissing her suit to recover health insurance benefits under an
employee benefits plan governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security
Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1461. Defendant-Appellee Aetna
Health Inc., a Texas health maintenance organization (“HMO”), provides and
administers the plan’s health insurance benefits under an agreement giving
Aetna discretion to interpret the plan’s terms. Aetna refused to reimburse
Koehler for care she received from a specialist outside of the Aetna HMO to
whom she had been referred by a physician in the HMO. Aetna denied her claim
 No. 11-10458

because the referral was not pre-authorized by Aetna. The district court found
as a matter of law that Aetna did not abuse its discretion in denying coverage.
We find that the plan is ambiguous and the need for pre-authorization was not
clearly stated in Aetna’s summary description of the plan. And under the
circumstances of this case it cannot be said as a matter of law that Aetna did not
abuse its discretion in denying coverage.
We REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND the case for
further proceedings.
I. Standard of Review
We review a summary judgment de novo, applying the same standards as
the district court. Trinity Universal Ins. Co. v. Employers Mut. Cas. Co., 592
F.3d 687, 690 (5th Cir. 2010). Summary judgment should be affirmed “if,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, there
is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” U.S. ex rel. Jamison v. McKesson Corp., 649 F.3d
322, 326 (5th Cir. 2011).
II. Background and Proceedings Below
Koehler suffered from chronic sleep apnea. In 2007, her primary care
physician in the HMO referred her to Dr. Raj Kakar, another doctor in the HMO.
After attempting various treatments, Dr. Kakar concluded that Koehler should
use a dental device designed to prevent her airway from closing during sleep.
After consulting with her primary care physician, Dr. Pedro Checo, Dr. Kakar
referred Koehler to a specialist outside the HMO, Dr. Marcus Whitmore. After
the May 27, 2009 referral, Dr. Whitmore fitted Koehler for the dental device on
June 2, 2009. The bill for his services was $2,300. Aetna denied coverage for
those charges, and Koehler pursued Aetna’s internal appeals process.
At Koehler’s request, Dr. Kakar wrote a letter to Aetna, dated February
10, 2010, in which he asked Aetna for a retroactive referral directing Koehler to

2
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Dr. Whitmore for the device fitting. Dr. Kakar stated that “[w]e were and are
unaware of any Aetna Participating Provider as of May 27, 2009, who could have
provided the device.” Aetna upheld its initial decision denying Koelher’s claim.
Aetna cited the absence of pre-authorization for Dr. Whitmore’s services,
explaining in its denial letter that “services provided by nonparticipating
providers require a referral from an Aetna contracted provider and a prior
approval by Aetna Patient Management Department.”1
Koehler filed suit in state court on April 20, 2010. She seeks to recover
under 29 U.S.C. § 1132, which permits a plan beneficiary to bring a civil action
“to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights
under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the
terms of the plan” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). Aetna removed the case to federal
court, and sought summary judgment on the ground that it “correctly denied
Koehler’s claim for benefits because the Plan excludes out-of-network services
unless such services are pre-authorized.”2 The district court granted summary
judgment for Aetna, and Koehler filed this appeal.
The parties agree that the relevant plan provisions are found in the plan’s
“Certificate of Coverage” (“COC”), which sets forth the plan’s health insurance
benefits. However, in addition to appearing in the plan, the COC’s text also
constitutes the “summary plan description” which ERISA requires plan
administrators to provide to participants and beneficiaries.3 Thus, although a

1
The letter cites two other bases for denying the claim, but Aetna did not rely on these
in its motion for summary judgment.
2
Federal jurisdiction is based on 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 29 U.S.C. § 1132(e).
3
Title 29, United States Code, § 1021(a)(1) requires that a plan administrator “shall
cause to be furnished in accordance with section 1024(b) of [Title 29] to each participant
covered under the plan and to each beneficiary who is receiving benefits under the plan . . . a
summary plan description described in section 1022(a)(1) . . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 1021(a)(1).
Section 1024(b)(1) states that “[t]he administrator shall furnish to each participant, and each
beneficiary receiving benefits under the plan, a copy of the summary plan description . . . .”

3
 No. 11-10458

plan summary is a separate document from the plan itself, in this case the
summary’s text is simply a verbatim copy of the underlying plan provisions.4 We
now relate the provisions relevant to this case.
Before coverage begins, the COC requires an insured to select a
participating provider to be his “Primary Care Provider,” or “PCP.”5 The
benefits scheme described in the COC contemplates that nearly all of an
insured’s medical care be provided by physicians in the HMO, at the direction
of the insured’s PCP. The plan does, however, provide limited coverage of
services from outside providers. That coverage is addressed in Subsection H of
the “HMO Procedure” section:
H. Out-of-Network Services
If the Member’s PCP is part of a practice group or association of
Health Professionals and Medically Necessary Covered
Benefits are not available within the PCP’s limited provider network,
the Member has the right to a Referral to a Participating
Provider outside the PCP’s limited provider network. If Medically
Necessary Covered Benefits are not available from Participating
Providers, HMO will allow a Referral to a non-participating
Provider. The following apply:
1. The request must be from a Participating Provider.

Aetna produced a copy of the COC in response to Koehler’s request for a copy of “the
summary plan description applicable to [her] claim.” Also, Aetna concedes in its appellate brief
that the regulations governing the writing and formatting of summary plan descriptions apply
to the COC.
4
Summary plan descriptions “provide communication with beneficiaries about the plan,
but . . . do not themselves constitute the terms of the plan.” CIGNA Corp. v. Amara, 131 S. Ct.
1866, 1878 (2011).
5
Many terms in the COC are printed in bold typeface. The COC’s introduction states
that terms “appear[ing] in bold type with initial capital letters” have the meanings set forth
in the COC’s “Definitions” section. We note, however, that making sense of the COC’s
provisions sometimes requires disregarding that instruction. For example, Subsection H of the
“HMO Procedure” section speaks of “a Referral to a non-participating Provider,” which is a
contradiction in terms if one applies the COC’s definition of “Referral” as “[s]pecific directions
or instructions . . . that direct a Member to a Participating Provider for Medically
Necessary care” (emphasis added).

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 No. 11-10458
2. Reasonably requested documentation must be received by
HMO.
3. Before HMO denies a Referral, a review will be conducted by
a Specialist of the same or similar specialty as the type of
Provider to whom a Referral is requested.
4. The Referral will be provided within an appropriate time, not
to exceed five business days, based on the circumstances and
the Member’s condition.
5. The Member shall not be required to change his or her PCP or
Participating Specialist to receive Medically Necessary
Covered Benefits that are not available from Participating
Providers.
6. HMO will reimburse the non-participating Provider at the
usual and customary or an agreed upon rate, less the
applicable Copayment(s).6
A number of provisions in the COC address pre-authorization. On the COC’s
first page are the words “IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES, CERTAIN MEDICAL
SERVICES ARE NOT COVERED OR MAY REQUIRE PRE-AUTHORIZATION
BY HMO.” Subsection J of the “HMO Procedure” section is titled “Pre-
Authorization.” That subsection states, “Certain services and supplies under
this Certificate may require pre-authorization by HMO to determine if they are
Covered Benefits under this Certificate.”
A separate section of the COC, titled “Medically Necessary Covered
Benefits,” includes several subsections devoted to particular categories of
medical treatment. Several of these include explicit statements that the
particular service requires pre-authorization. Notable among these provisions
is language specifically requiring pre-authorization for services rendered
pursuant to a standing referral to a specialist inside or outside of the HMO.7

6
We will refer to this provision below simply as “Subsection H.”
7
The standing referral paragraph reads:

If a Member requires ongoing care from a Specialist, the Member may receive

5
 No. 11-10458
Also notable is the specifically stated pre-authorization requirement for second
opinions from outside providers.8 The parties agree, however, that Dr.
Whitmore’s services did not take the form of a second opinion and were not
provided pursuant to a standing referral.
Subsection I of the COC’s “General Provisions” section disavows liability
for any service from a non-participating provider without “prior arrangements
. . . made by HMO”:
Except in cases of Medical Emergency or Urgent Care, or as
otherwise provided in this Certificate, services are available only from
Participating Providers. HMO shall have no liability or obligation
whatsoever on account of any service or benefit sought or received by
a Member from any non-participating Provider or other person,
entity, institution or organization unless prior arrangements are made
by HMO.
Finally, language in the “Exclusions and Limitations” section states that covered
benefits do not include “[u]nauthorized services, including any service obtained
by or on behalf of a Member without a Referral issued by the Member’s PCP
or pre-authorized by HMO.”
III. Discussion

a standing Referral to such Specialist. If PCP in consultation with an HMO
Medical Director and an appropriate Specialist determines that a standing
Referral is warranted, the PCP shall make the Referral to a Specialist. This
standing Referral shall be pursuant to a treatment plan approved by the HMO
Medical Director in consultation with the PCP, Specialist, and Member.

The term “Specialist” is defined as “[a] Physician who provides medical care in any generally
accepted medical or surgical specialty or subspeciality.”
8
The second opinion paragraph reads:

Member may request a second opinion regarding a proposed surgery or course of
treatment recommended by Member’s PCP or a Specialist. Second opinions may
be obtained on referral from the Member’s PCP. Requests for second opinions
from non-participating Providers must be pre-authorized.

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 No. 11-10458
A. Interpreting the COC
Because the plan gives Aetna discretion to interpret the plan’s terms, we
review Aetna’s interpretation for abuse-of-discretion. Firestone Tire & Rubber
Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S. Ct. 948, 957 (1989). “The most
important” factor in that analysis is “whether the administrator’s interpretation
is consistent with a fair reading of the plan . . . .” Gosselink v. American Tel.,
Inc., 272 F.3d 722, 727 (5th Cir. 2001).9 In interpreting an ERISA plan, we give
its language the ordinary and generally accepted meaning. See Provident Life
& Acc. Ins. Co. v. Sharpless, 364 F.3d 634, 641 (5th Cir. 2004).
Koehler contends that Subsection H of the COC requires only that a doctor
within the HMO send Aetna a request for ad hoc referral to an outside physician,
and that the request can be made after the patient receives the services. Aetna
contends that the pre-authorization requirement is unambiguously expressed in
Subsection H, Subsection I of the COC’s “General Provisions” section, and the
language in the “Exclusions and Limitations” section.
We find that the COC is ambiguous with respect to pre-authorization for
outside services rendered on an ad hoc basis. Subsection H seems to
contemplate that at some point a participating provider will submit a request for
Aetna to approve the outside referral. But it does not state when that request
must occur relative to the provision of services, and it does not state that failing
to submit that request beforehand will irrevocably forfeit whatever coverage the
insured would otherwise have enjoyed. Considering other provisions in the
COC, there are the statements on pages one and seven saying that some services

9
Other factors often considered include any unanticipated costs resulting from different
interpretations of the plan, the internal consistency of the plan under the administrator’s
interpretation, any relevant regulations formulated by the appropriate administrative
agencies, and the factual background of the determination and any inferences of bad faith.
Wildbur v. ARCO Chemical Co., 974 F.2d 631, 637-38 (5th Cir. 1992). If the plan
administrator both evaluates and pays claims, then courts also consider the administrator’s
conflict of interest. Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105, 111-12, 128 S. Ct. 2343, 2347-
48 (2008).

7
 No. 11-10458
may require “pre-authorization,” and then in provisions for a number of services
“pre-authorization” is expressly required, but not in Subsection H. As for the
exclusion of services obtained “without a Referral issued by the Member’s
PCP or pre-authorized by HMO,” that language at most requires that one of its
two disjuncts be satisfied.
Then there is the sentence in Subsection I of the “General Provisions”
section speaking of “prior arrangements . . . made by HMO” as a prerequisite for
any services from an outside provider to be covered. That language does not
unambiguously require pre-authorization in the sense of a claim-by-claim
process for which the patient or his doctors would be responsible. “[P]rior
arrangements” has a broader meaning than “pre-authorization,” and while the
latter term is repeatedly used to indicate a pre-authorization requirement
elsewhere in the COC, “prior arrangements” is not. Also, Subsection I is in the
“General Provisions” section, not the “HMO Procedure” section, where one would
expect to find procedures applicable to services inside and outside the HMO.
And the qualifying words “. . . made by HMO,” suggests that the “prior
arrangements” refer to some undertaking that Aetna would initiate, whereas
pre-authorization would be initiated by the patient or her doctors in the HMO.
Moreover, the “prior arrangements” language encompasses all outside services,
including second opinions and outside services under a standing referral. The
specific pre-authorization language in the provisions devoted to those services
suggests that Subsection I’s reference to “prior arrangements” has a different
meaning, possibly referring to a one-time undertaking that Aetna wished to
complete in the initial organization of the HMO before being obliged to process
claims for services by outside providers.
Finally, there is the COC’s assurance that Aetna “will not use any decision
making process that operates to deny Medically Necessary care that is a
Covered Benefit . . . .” That promise seems to disavow relying on a harmless

8
 No. 11-10458
procedural lapse as a basis for refusing reimbursement for services that would
otherwise be covered. An insured’s receiving outside services without pre-
authorization does not prejudice Aetna’s ability to refuse coverage if it concludes
that the services were not medically necessary or that they were in fact available
within the HMO. Nor does making an after-the-fact determination prejudice
Aetna’s ability to refuse to pay more than a reasonable charge for the outside
provider’s services.
As noted above, the plan gives Aetna discretion to resolve ambiguities in
the plan language in its favor. However, Aetna’s discretion to resolve
ambiguities in the plan does not extend to the plan summary, notwithstanding
that in this instance the summary is a verbatim copy of text in the plan.
See Rhorer v. Raytheon Eng’rs & Constructors, Inc., 181 F.3d 634, 642 (5th Cir.
1999.10 Ambiguities in a plan summary are resolved in favor of the beneficiary.
Id. (holding that contra proferentum applies when interpreting a plan summary
even “when the plan administrator has expressly been given discretion to
interpret the plan”); Hansen v. Continental Ins. Co. 940 F.2d 971, 982 (5th Cir.
1991). That is because ERISA requires that plan summaries be “written in a
manner calculated to be understood by the average plan participant, and . . .
sufficiently accurate and comprehensive to reasonably apprise such participants
and beneficiaries of their rights and obligations under the plan.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 1022(a); see also, e.g., Harris Methodist Ft. Worth v. Sales Support Servs. Inc.
Emp. Health Care Plan, 426 F.3d 330, 336 (5th Cir. 2005) (noting that plan
summaries are interpreted from the perspective of a layperson). Therefore,
when considering the COC as a plan summary we must resolve its ambiguity

10
Cf. Hansen, 940 F.2d at 982 (refusing to give effect to language in a plan summary
stating that all rights are governed by the underlying plan, because that would “wholly
undermine” the statutory “requirement of an accurate and comprehensive summary plan
description.”) The district court’s reliance on High v. E-Systems Inc., 459 F.3d 573 (5th Cir.
2006), is mistaken. That case did not concern a discrepancy between the administrator’s
interpretation of the plan and the terms of the plan summary. Id. at 576.

9
 No. 11-10458

against requiring pre-authorization of ad hoc outside services. That of course
diverges from the interpretation Aetna has given to identical language in the
underlying plan.11 If that outcome seems puzzling, the anomaly is traceable to
Aetna’s curious decision to use identical language in both plan and plan
summary–documents that serve quite different functions and are accordingly
subject to differing interpretative standards. See Hansen, 940 F.2d at 981.
In Hansen, we held that the terms of the plan summary control over
inconsistent terms in the underlying plan. 940 F.2d at 981. And in Rhorer we
held that the employer/administrator’s “interpretation of the plan [was] legally
incorrect” because it conflicted with one possible interpretation of ambiguous
language in the plan summary. 181 F.3d at 642. Those cases preceded CIGNA
Corp. v. Amara, 131 S. Ct. 1866 (2011), in which the Supreme Court held that
the text of § 1132(a)(1)(B) does not authorize courts to enforce the terms of a plan
summary, because that provision only authorizes enforcement of the “‘terms of
the plan.’”12 Section 1132(a)(1)(B) does, however, allow courts to “look outside
the plan’s written language in deciding what those terms are, i.e., what the
language means . . . .” CIGNA, 131 S Ct. at 1877. Also, even if the plan’s
language unambiguously supports the administrator’s decision, a beneficiary
may still seek to hold the administrator to conflicting terms in the plan

11
Typically, the plan summary is not a verbatim copy of the text of the plan itself. See
Hansen, 940 F.2d at 981 (“[T]he very purpose of having a summary description of the policy
is to enable the average participant in the plan to understand readily the general features of
the policy, precisely so that the average participant need not become expert in each and every
one of the requirements, provisos, conditions, and qualifications of the policy and its legal
terminology.”)
12
CIGNA, 131 S. Ct. at 1877 (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) (emphasis added in
CIGNA removed)); see also id. at 1877-78.

10
 No. 11-10458
summary through a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim under § 1132(a)(3). CIGNA,
131 S. Ct. at 1878-82.13
Thus, CIGNA changes our case law to the extent that the plan text
ultimately controls the administrator’s obligations in a § 1132(a)(1)(B) action,
but CIGNA does not disturb our prior holdings that (1) ambiguous plan language
be given a meaning as close as possible to what is said in the plan summary, and
(2) plan summaries be interpreted in light of the applicable statutes and
regulations. See McCall v. Burlington Northern/Santa Fe. Co., 237 F.3d 506,
512 (5th Cir. 2000); Hansen, 940 F.2d at 980-81; Rhorer, 181 F.3d at 641-42.
Those regulations require considerably greater clarity than the COC provides.14
For example,“restrictive plan provisions,” like a pre-authorization requirement,
“need not be disclosed . . . in close conjunction with the description or summary
of benefits,” but only if “adjacent to the benefit description the page on which the
restrictions are described is noted.” 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-2(b).15 The plan does

13
Section 1132(a)(3) permits a beneficiary to seek equitable relief “(A) . . . enjoin[ing]
any act or practice which violates any provision of [29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1119c] or the terms of
the plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii)
to enforce any provisions of [29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1119c] or the terms of the plan.” Section
1132(a)(3) supplies a “catchall” or “safety net, offering appropriate equitable relief for injuries
caused by violations that § [1132] does not elsewhere adequately remedy.” Varity Corp. v.
Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 512, 116 S. Ct. 1065, 1078 (1996).
14
See, e.g., 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-3(l)(2) (requiring that a plan summary “clearly
identify[] circumstances which may result in disqualification, ineligibility, or denial, loss,
forfeiture, suspension, offset, [or] reduction . . . .”); 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-2(b) (requiring that
the summary’s format “not have the effect [of] misleading, misinforming or failing to inform
participants and beneficiaries . . . ,” and that “[a]ny description of exception[s], limitations,
reductions, and other restrictions of plan benefits shall not be minimized, rendered obscure or
otherwise made to appear unimportant.”)
15
This regulation states in full:
The format of the summary plan description must not have the effect to
misleading, misinforming or failing to inform participants and beneficiaries. Any
description of exception, limitations, reductions, and other restrictions of plan
benefits shall not be minimized, rendered obscure or otherwise made to appear
unimportant. Such exceptions, limitations, reductions, or restrictions of plan
benefits shall be described or summarized in a manner not less prominent than the

11
 No. 11-10458
not preclude Aetna from requiring pre-authorization for ad hoc services from
outside doctors in the future, so long as it provides a plan summary that
expresses that requirement with the clarity that ERISA requires.16 Aetna having
failed to do that, we find that it has not given a fair reading to the plan.17
We next consider the facts surrounding the denial of the claim and
evidence of bad faith, Rhorer, 181 F.3d at 643, along with Aetna’s conflict of
interest as the entity that both evaluates and pays claims. Glenn, 554 U.S. at
115, 128 S. Ct. at 2347. The district court concluded that “[Koehler] does not
allege any facts that would rise to the level of bad faith considered by Rhorer, or
any level of bad faith for that matter.”18 We disagree.
In Rhorer, we found “some evidence, although slight, that the plan
administrator had acted in bad faith” in refusing to pay optional life insurance

style, captions, printing type, and prominence used to describe or summarize plan
benefits. The advantages and disadvantages of the plan shall be presented without
either exaggerating the benefits or minimizing the limitations. The description or
summary of restrictive plan provisions need not be disclosed in the summary plan
description in close conjunction with the description or summary of benefits,
provided that adjacent to the benefit description the page on which the restrictions
are described is noted.
29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-2(b).
16
See Wise v. El Paso Natural Gas Co., 986 F.2d 929, 933, 938 (5th Cir. 1993) (refusing
to consider outdated summaries’ unconditional promises of health benefits upon retirement,
because plaintiffs retired over a year after their employer/plan-administrator had published
a revised plan summary that accurately reflected its right to amend or terminate post-
retirement benefits).
17
See Hansen, 940 F.2d at 980 (“‘It is grossly unfair to . . . disqualify [an employee] from
benefits if . . . [the] conditions [which lead to the disqualification] were stated in a misleading
or incomprehensible manner in the plan booklets.’” (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 93-533, 93d Cong.,
2d Sess., reprinted in 1974 U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 4639, 4646) (bracketing added in
Hansen)).
18
The district court also observed that Dr. Whitmore’s services may not have been
medically necessary, and that they may in fact have been available within the HMO. But
Aetna did not reach those questions in evaluating Koehler’s claim, and courts reviewing an
administrator’s denial of benefits consider only the actual basis on which the administrator
denied the claim, “not its post-hoc rationalization[s].” Robinson v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 443 F.3d
389, 395-96 n.4 (5th Cir. 2006).

12
 No. 11-10458
because the decedent had not returned to active, full-time employment in the
period between his enrollment in the plan and his death. 181 F.2d at 643. The
administrator had enrolled the decedent in the plan and accepted his premiums
for the extra life insurance, all the while knowing that his declining health
would not permit him to return to active employment. Id. at 638, 643. Also, the
administrator subsequently sought to revoke the life insurance shortly before the
decedent died. Id. at 643-44. “Though far from conclusive,” we found that those
circumstances “smack[ed] of bad faith” and precluded summary judgment for the
administrator on the bad-faith factor. Id. at 644. Here, there is the inadequate
summary and evidence that Aetna failed to apprise Dr. Rajak and Dr. Checo,
Koehler’s doctors in the HMO, that they should not refer patients to outside
providers without requesting permission from Aetna beforehand. As in Rhorer,
this does not conclusively establish bad faith. But it suggests a device to cause
insureds to inadvertently forfeit coverage through ignorance of the correct
procedures. Given Aetna’s conflict of interest, it smacks of bad faith to invoke
pre-authorization if that requirement is unknown to both doctors and patients
in the HMO. See Glenn, 554 U.S. at 115, 128 S. Ct. at 2347.
We have held that Aetna relied on a legally incorrect interpretation of
ambiguous plan language, and that Aetna violated ERISA regulations in
providing an inadequate plan summary. We do not address what more, if
anything, Koehler must show in order to establish that Aetna abused its
discretion.19 Though we also hold that there is some evidence of bad faith, we
express no opinion on whether Koehler must demonstrate bad faith in order to
recover. See Jones v. SONAT, Civ. Master Emp. Ben. Plan. Admin. Cmte., 997
F.2d 113, 116 (5th Cir. 1993) (A denial based on a legally incorrect interpretation
of a plan is an abuse of discretion if it benefits the plan fiduciary at the expense

19
We note that there is no right to a jury trial in ERISA denial-of-benefits cases.
Calamia v. Spivey, 632 F.2d 1235, 1236-37 (5th Cir. 1980).

13
 No. 11-10458
of the beneficiary, unless the decision can be justified “in terms of greater benefit
to the class of Plan participants and beneficiaries.”)
B. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
We also leave for consideration on remand Aetna’s argument that Koehler
had failed to exhaust her administrative remedies, which the district court did
not reach in its summary judgment ruling. We note, however, that under 29
C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(b), an ERISA benefit plan must “establish and maintain
reasonable procedures governing the filing of benefit claims, notification of
benefit determinations, and appeal of adverse benefit determinations . . . .”
Procedures cannot be considered reasonable unless they “do not contain any
provision, and are not administered in a way, that unduly inhibits or hampers
the initiation or processing of claims for benefits.” 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(b)(3).
“In the case of the failure of a plan to establish or follow claims procedures
consistent with the requirements of [29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1] . . . a claimant shall
be deemed to have exhausted the administrative remedies available under the
plan and shall be entitled to pursue any available remedies under [29 U.S.C.
§ 1132(a)]. . . .” It is difficult to see how Aetna’s leaving both Koehler and her
doctors ignorant of the pre-authorization requirement would not “inhibit or
hamper[]” her from initiating the procedures necessary for her to realize her
entitlements under the plan.
IV. CONCLUSION
The district court’s judgment is REVERSED and the case is REMANDED.

14
 No. 11-10458

HAYNES, Circuit Judge, concurring in part:
I agree that the decision of the district court should be reversed.
However, I have reviewed the provisions of the plan so carefully and thoroughly
set forth in the majority opinion. Taken as a whole, I cannot read these
provisions to require preauthorization for this particular circumstance as a
condition precedent to any recovery regardless of any other circumstances.
Thus, I conclude there is no ambiguity, and I would hold that the plan
administrator abused its discretion in concluding to the contrary. However,
other reasons were given for denial of benefits, so I concur in remanding for
purposes of considering those issues.

15