DISSENTING OPINION
Mollison, Judge:I regret that I cannot concur in the holding of the majority that the judgment order of this court in a former case, protest No. 210744-K (a two-judge decision by Oliver, C. J., Mollison, J., concurring), reported in 33 Cust. Ct. 338, Abstract 58323, was null and void and a nullity; and that the collector of customs may ignore and disregard the judgment order of this court.
In the case above, the protest and accompanying papers were forwarded to the court on August 14, 1953; thereafter, the case was docketed, appeared on the calendar December 9, 1953, and at subsequent times. The case came on for trial on April 7, 1954; the plaintiff and defendant, pursuant to notice, appeared by their respective *149attorneys; tbe canse was beard on tbe merits; one witness was adduced by plaintiff, wbicb witness was cross-examined by defendant’s counsel. Tbe cause was argued and submitted for decision and judgment. Opportunity was given counsel for each of tbe parties to file a brief in support of tbeir respective positions. Thereafter, on August 12, 1954, a decision and judgment order on tbe merits was rendered by tbe first division of tbe court. Tbe judgment order directed tbe collector of customs to reliquidate tbe entries in accordance with tbe judgment order. Tbe collector reliquidated as to protest No. 211373-K but, on December 2, 1954, as to protest No. 210744-K, be declined to follow tbe court’s judgment order, indicating “No Change” and that tbe protest on wbicb tbe judgment order was based was untimely. Plaintiff, in tbe instant case, filed a protest against tbe refusal of tbe collector to reliquidate tbe entries in protest case No. 210744-K in accordance with tbe judgment order of the Customs Court. Plaintiff’s counsel contends “that tbe said reliquidation was contrary to law and in violation of tbe judgment and mandate of tbe United States Customs Court, First Division, dated tbe 12th day of August, 1954.” It is undisputed that tbe defendant’s attorney did not challenge tbe jurisdiction of tbe court in tbe trial of protest No. 210744-K; and that tbe untimeliness of tbe protest was not called to tbe attention of tbe court either before judgment or by motion to correct or set aside tbe judgment. Nor is it challenged that, in tbe trial of tbe protest, tbe Customs Court at all times acted in conformity with law and observed tbe regularity of trial and procedure according to tbe settled modes and usages of judicial procedure; nor is it denied that both of tbe parties bad a full and ample opportunity to litigate tbe case upon tbe merits or upon any legal grounds that might be chosen by tbe respective parties and to make objections to tbe jurisdiction of tbe court. No question has been raised as to tbe regularity of tbe court’s action and tbe proceedings. It is now argued by tbe defendant’s attorneys in this case that tbe court’s judgment order in protest case No. 210744-K was void and a nullity, because tbe Customs Court lacked jurisdiction to entertain tbe protest and, further, that it may be ignored and disregarded by tbe collector of customs.
Tbe majority bolds that tbe decision and judgment order of tbe court in protest No. 210744-K was null and void, because of tbe untimeliness of tbe protest covering the merchandise in question. The majority bolds that tbe protest being filed later than the time fixed by statute conferred no jurisdiction on tbe court to render tbe decision and judgment order reported in Slazengers, Inc. v. United States, 33 Cust. Ct. 338, Abstract 58323; and that “any action it took was absolutely void.” Tbe majority relies upon and follows tbe decision in United States v. Robinson, 12 Ct. Cust. Appls. 145, T. D. 40062, and *150the decisions in James C. Gabriel v. United States, 9 Cust. Ct. 109, C. D. 671, and Wm. A. Brown & Co. v. United States, 58 Treas. Dec. 858, T. D. 44461, both of which cited the Robinson case above which, however, was not followed in the Gabriel decision.
The considerations here involved are: (1) Whether a protest not filed within the time prescribed by the statute deprives the Customs Court of a total want of jurisdictional power to hear and determine or adjudicate the protest case or controversy; and (2) the effectiveness, finality, and conclusiveness of the judgment of a Federal court, to wit, the Customs Court, and its binding effect upon all persons and parties thereto, including the United States, its privies, officers, agents, and employees.
Before considering the primary questions above and the many secondary ones involved, it would be well to examine first the opinion and decision of United States v. Robinson, supra, which the United States, defendant, relies upon and which the majority follows.
The facts and holdings in United States v. Robinson & Co., supra, relied upon by defendant, are entirely different from those in the instant case. The Robinson case involved a direct appeal in a reap-praisement case and not a collateral attack upon a judgment in a protest case. The Robinson decision and opinion rest upon the fact that the filing fee required to be paid within the specified time was to be paid to the collector, and all the challenged proceedings were before the collector and not before the Board of General Appraisers. The majority opinion, in the 3-2 decision, indicated that the decision would have been different (1) if the matter had been a protest, where the Board of General Appraisers would have been acting judicially and as a judicial tribunal; or (2) if there had been a trial below on the merits, after a weighing of the facts to determine the appraised value; or (3) if a collateral attack upon a judgment of a court had been involved. The Robinson case is not applicable to the facts of this case and is not an authority supporting a collateral attack upon an unappealed judgment in a protest case.
The facts in James Akeroyd & Son v. United States, 19 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 249, T. D. 45341, also relied upon, are quite different from those in the instant case in which no application to vacate or correct the judgment was ever made; also, the Akeroyd case involved a direct appeal, whereas, in the instant case, a collateral attack upon a judgment in protest No. 210744-K is being made where the defendant United States failed to prosecute an appeal within the period provided by section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U. S. C., sec. 1515). The authority of officers of the Government to waive the time limitation prescribed in section 515 is not involved in the instant case. This dissent is not based upon the theory that there has been an express waiver by any officer of the Government.
*151The opinion and decision in the Akeroyd case does not hold and does not support the contention of the United States, defendant herein, that a judgment based upon an untimely protest is void for want of jurisdiction. No such statement is made in the Akeroyd opinion, as claimed by the Government in its brief; and no statement is made in said opinion that the judgment is a nullity. The actual holding was that it was not error for the Customs Court to set aside its own judgment when, by timely application, the attention of the court was called to the untimely protest.
There is no language in the Akeroyd decision which may be interpreted as holding that there was an entire and total want of jurisdictional power to hear and determine a protest within the general class of subject matter over which the Customs Court has exclusive jurisdiction under sections 514 and 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U. S. C., sections 1514 and 1515, and section 254, title 28 U. S. C.
A review of the three Supreme Court decisions mentioned in the Akeroyd opinion, Finn v. United States, 123 U. S. 227, Nichols v. United States, 7 Wall. 122, and United States v. Alexis Porche, 53 U. S. 426, shows that not one of the foregoing three decisions holds, stands for, or even indicates (1) that a protest, claim, or suit not filed within the prescribed statutory period is a nullity, (2) that an untimely protest, claim, or suit confers no jurisdiction upon a Federal court to decide and determine the protest, claim, or suit, and prevents the acquisition or attachment of the court’s jurisdiction; (3) that, where a statutory condition precedent to the recovery of a judgment against the United States is not complied with, a judgment rendered upon the untimely protest, claim, or suit is void for want of jurisdiction and a nullity.
The three Supreme Court decisions above mentioned merely hold that a judgment rendered against the United States upon the basis of an untimely protest, claim, or suit is erroneous.
The Nichols and Alexis Porche decisions also hold that officers of the United States have no authority to waive statutory provisions. In the Nichols case, no protest was filed with the collector of customs or elsewhere, the only thing filed being a claim with the Court of Claims. The Nichols decision held that the filing of a written protest was a condition precedent to the right to sue for the recovery of illegally exacted customs duties; and that such cases arising under the revenue laws were not within the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims. The Alexis Porche decision held that a supposed waiver by the United States district attorney, even if it had been express, would not have given jurisdiction. But the question of express waiver by Government officers is not here involved.
In the Finn opinion, Justice Harlan plainly indicated that a claim which he held not properly a basis for a judgment against the United *152States because untimely, was, nevertheless, “by reason of its character ‘cognizable by the Court of Claims,’ ” i. e., within the general class of cases subject to the jurisdictional power of that court, even though it could not “properly be made the basis of a judgment.” See Finn v. United States, supra, at pages 231 and 232. The Finn opinion and decision indicate that failure to comply with the time limitation prescribed in a statute merely affects the liability of the United States and defeats the claimant’s recovery. Judge Harlan referred to “cases thus transmitted for judicial determination” by the head of an executive department to the Court of Claims as being “commenced against the Government,” and, upon their transfer to the Court of Claims, “they are to be ‘proceeded in as other cases pending in said court.’ ” See Finn opinion at page 231. The Supreme Court, in the Finn decision, thus indicates a holding and a principle directly contrary to the holdings and/or dicta contained in the Robinson and Akeroyd decisions. In the Finn decision, the Supreme Court, as well as the Court of Claims, adjudicated an invalid claim, lacking in substance and merit, and yet definitely held that there was jurisdictional power to hear and determine said invalid claim held by both courts to be untimely because not filed within the prescribed statutory period.
The three Supreme Court decisions last mentioned and cited in the Akeroyd case are wholly consistent with the Supreme Court decisions in the Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company v. Iowa Homestead Company, 123 U. S. 552, 557-559; Ex parte Harding, 219 U. S. 363, 369; Dowell v. Applegate, 152 U. S. 327, 337-341; Hine v. Morse, 218 U. S. 493, 505-509; Reynolds v. Stockton, 140 U. S. 254, 268; and many Federal Circuit Courts of Appeals decisions which hold that jurisdiction exists where the court has the power to hear and determine cases of the general class to which the proceedings in question belong. See also Murrell v. Stockgrowers’ National Bank of Cheyenne, 74 F. 2d 827, 831; United States v. Ness, 230 F. 950, 953, 954; Noxon Chemical Products Co. v. Leckie (C. C. A. 3), 39 F. 2d 318, 320; Windholz v. Everett, 74 F. 2d 834, 835; O’Malley v. United States, 128 F. 2d 676, 685, 686; United States v. Ellison, 74 F. 2d 864, 869, certiorari denied, 295 U. S. 750; United States v. Kiles, 70 F. 2d 880, 881; United States v. Edwards, 23 F. 2d 477, 480; Cole v. Blankenship, 30 F. 2d 211, 215; United States v. Brown, Durrell & Co., 127 F. 793, 797.
On the matter of noncompliance with conditions precedent insofar as the acquisition of the jurisdiction of the court is concerned, the Supreme Court of the United States, the United States Circuit Court, various Circuit Courts of Appeals, as well as the Court of Customs Appeals, have rendered decisions contrary in holding and principle to the holdings and dicta expressed in the Robinson and Akeroyd cases. Such decisions have indicated that failure to comply with a condition precedent merely defeats recovery and does not defeat or prevent the *153acquisition or attachment of the court’s jurisdiction. See United States v. Goldenberg, 168 U. S. 95, 102-103; United States v. Tiffany & Co., 154 F. 740; Retzer v. Wood, Collector, 109 U. S. 185; United States v. Emery-Bird-Thayer Dry Goods Co., 8 Ct. Cust. Appls. 150, T. D. 37273, and two companion cases, United States v. Interocean Forwarding Co., ibid. 155, T. D. 37274, and United States v. Morimura, ibid. 156, T. D. 37275; Windholz v. Everett, 74 F. 2d 834, 835; United States v. Kiles, 70 F. 2d 880, 881; United States v. Edwards, 23 F. 2d 477, 480; O’Malley v. United States, 128 F. 2d 676, 685-686; Partee v. St. Louis & S. F. R. Co. (C. C. A. 8), 204 F. 970, 972-3.
The Finn, Nichols, and Alexis Porche opinions do not support the holding in the Bobinson case that the judgment of the Board of General Appraisers was void, since all of the foregoing Supreme Court opinions and decisions indicated that a judgment based upon an untimely protest, claim, or suit was or would be merely voidable, i. e., erroneous. The Supreme Court’s opinion and decision in the Finn case is directly contrary and opposite to the dictum in the Akeroyd case, to the effect that the Board of General Appraisers did not acquire jurisdiction of the cause because of the untimeliness of the protest. As previously observed, in the Finn case, the Supreme Court said the untimely suit or assertion of claim was not a proper basis for the rendition of a judgment, and a judgment based thereon would be erroneous; nevertheless, the Supreme Court said that the Court of Claims had cognizance and jurisdiction of the subject matter, even though the claim was invalid, defective, or insufficient.
The Finn, Nichols, and Alexis Porche decisions and opinions, relied on in the Akeroyd case and by the majority in the instant case, are in direct conflict with the Bobinson and Akeroyd decisions, but are in harmony with those in United States v. Goldenberg, supra; Retzer v. Wood, Collector, supra; and United States v. Tiffany & Co., supra; United States v. Emery-Bird-Thayer Dry Goods Co., and companion cases. United States v. Tiffany & Co., supra, holds that mere delay in the payment of customs duties on imported merchandise did not deprive the Board of General Appraisers of power to pass upon the question of proper classification of imported merchandise — that is, the court had jurisdiction, even though there was a delay in payment required by the statute.
The Finn, Nichols, and Alexis Porche decisions of the Supreme Court are wholly consistent with the Supreme Court decisions and opinions previously cited which hold that jurisdiction exists where the court has the power to hear and determine cases of the general class to which the proceedings in question belong. See also David L. Moss Co., Inc. v. United States, 26 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 381, 383, C. A. D. 45; Cottman v. Dailey, 94 F. 2d 85, 88; Riccomini v. United *154States, 69 F. 2d 480, 484; Gulbenkian v. United States, 186 F. 133, 135; Nichols v. United States, supra.
The rationale of United States v. Goldenberg, supra, together with the actual holdings in United States v. Tiffany & Co., supra, United States v. Emery-Bird-Thayer Dry Goods Co., supra, and two companion cases, and the other Federal appeal court decisions last cited, is that failure to comply with a condition precedent to the recovery of customs duties at the time of filing the protest or transmission of the entry and accompanying papers does not deprive the Customs Court of jurisdiction to hear and determine the protest case and make a final and conclusive adjudication thereon. Plaintiff would have to show compliance at the trial of the protest or recovery would be defeated. United States v. Goldenberg, supra; United States v. Tiffany & Co., supra; United States v. Emery-Bird-Thayer Dry Goods Co., supra. At the same time, the defendant United States would be under a duty and burden to make timely and specific objection to any supposed lack of jurisdiction because of an insufficient or untimely protest. United States v. Emery-Bird-Thayer Dry Goods Co., supra; Retzer v. Wood, Collector, supra. The statements in the Alceroyd case that an untimely protest confers no jurisdiction upon the court was not necessary to the decision of the case, since the question to be determined on the appeal was whether it was error for the Board of General Appraisers to grant a rehearing and set aside its own judgment where timely application had been made to it. Such statement in the AJceroyd opinion is in conflict with a large number of Supreme Court decisions, as previously indicated, with various customs appeals decisions and other Federal appellate court decisions, and, as will be shown immediately hereafter, with a long line of decisions of the Court of Customs Appeals and the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals concerning the acquisition of the Customs Court’s jurisdiction of protests.
The law is very plain, and the decisions on the subject have been uniform, that, at the expiration of 90 days from the date of filing a protest, if the collector has not acted to modify his decision in whole or in part, jurisdiction over the protest and the subject matter is automatically divested from the collector and vested in the Customs Court. The attachment and vesting of jurisdiction in the court over the protest case is automatic, whether the designated papers have been transmitted to the court or not. Section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U. S. C., sec. 1515); United States v. Straus & Sons, 5 Ct. Cust. Appls. 147, T. D. 34193; Tower Manufacturing & Novelty Co. v. United States, 6 Ct. Cust. Appls. 267, T. D. 35478; Raphael Weill & Co. v. United States, 21 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 152, T. D. 46479; Geo. S. Bush v. United States, 22 Cust. Ct. 158, C. D. 1175; *155Calif-Asia Rattan Company v. United States, 35 Cust. Ct. 154, C. D. 1737; Mid State Sales Co. v. United States, 21 Cust. Ct. 209, Abstract 52579; 25 C. J. S. page 332, note 29.
It is not within the province of the collector to determine whether protests are sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon the Customs Court. Manufacturers and Producers [etc.] v. United States et al., 21 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 591, 597, 600, T. D. 46996.
By virtue of section 515 (19 U. S. C., sec. 1515), 28 U. S. C., sections 254 and 1340, the first division of the Customs Court, being properly assigned to the trial of the protest case, was thereby clothed by law with the authority to determine the classification of the imported merchandise, and, having jurisdiction of the subject matter of the controversy and of the parties to the dispute, necessarily had the power to decide the main issue and every other question of law or fact material for the proper determination of the case— including its own jurisdiction. United States v. Kurtz, Stuböeck & Co., 5 Ct. Cust. Appls. 144, T. D. 34192; United States v. Saunders, 5 Ct. Cust. Appls. 270, 272, T. D. 34446; United States v. Brown, Durrell & Co., supra; Jackson v. Irving Trust Co., 311 U. S. 494, 499, 503; Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter State Bank, 308 U. S. 371, 376-7; Stoll v. Gottlieb, 305 U. S. 165, 171-172; Pennsylvania v. Williams et al., 294 U. S. 176, 182; Walling v. Miller, 138 F. 2d 629, 632, certiorari denied, 321 U. S. 784; Hardy v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co., 232 F. 2d 205, 209.
The question of whether the timeliness of a protest presents a jurisdictional question, that is, whether an untimely, insufficient, and invalid protest prevents the acquisition or attachment of the jurisdiction of a court, was first decided by the Circuit Court of Appeals, First Circuit, in United States v. Brown, Durrell & Co., 127 F. 793. The Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed the then sections 14 and 15 of the Act of June 10, 1890 (substantially similar to the present provisions), and the various decisions of the Supreme Court and the various Circuit Courts of Appeals dealing with the sufficiency or validity of protests, and then held that the untimeliness of a protest did not deprive the Board of General Appraisers of judicial power to determine the validity or invalidity and legal sufficiency or insufficiency of protests. The Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the Board of General Appraisers, under the authority given in the then statute, was required first of all to determine its own jurisdiction, including the validity of the protest; and it further held that an apparent or possible invalidity or insufficiency of the protest for failure to comply with the limitation of time for filing was not a jurisdictional defect of a kind which would deprive the Board of General Appraisers of a total want of jurisdictional power to hear and decide the case, *156including the validity of the protest. The Circuit Court of Appeals thought that the various Supreme Court and the Circuit Courts of Appeals decisions had recognized the jurisdiction of the Board of General Appraisers to determine the sufficiency of protests; and that, of necessity, questions involving the validity of a protest would have to be decided by the Board of General Appraisers, or there would be no place to litigate it, since the collector of customs has no authority to determine whether protests are sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon the court.
Sections 514 and 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U. S. C., secs. 1514 and 1515) are unconditional and contain no words or implications which warrant the notion that the failure to file a protest within the time limitation is a jurisdictional defect of a kind which would divest the Customs Court of its jurisdictional power over the protest and its subject matter, since jurisdiction by automatic attachment is provided for in said section 515 by express statutory direction.
Since it is not within the province of the collector to determine whether protests are sufficient to confer jurisdiction upon the Customs Court, and since section 515 directs that the protest be sent to the Customs Court for due assignment and determination, it necessarily follows that the Customs Court acquires jurisdiction over every protest (where the 90-day period of review has expired and the collector has not acted to modify his decision in whole or in part), invalid as well as valid, and insufficient as well as sufficient ones. As a consequence, an invalid and insufficient protest is not a “nullity” causing total want of jurisdiction of the Customs Court to hear and determine the protest case.
If the protest filed is an apparent protest and is in a form prescribed by the statute, it presents a real and substantial claim and a substantial Federal question arising under a Federal law, and, therefore, within the jurisdiction of the Customs Court to which it has been confided for due assignment and determination by the express direction of the statute. Section 515, supra; United States v. Brown, Durrell & Co., at page 797.
In view of the statutory scheme and plan contained in 19 U. S. C., sections 1514 and 1515, and 28 U. S. C., section 254, the jurisdictional arrangements and express directions to transmit the entry and accompanying papers to the United States Customs Court for due assignment and determination, a defective, invalid, or insufficient protest being of the same general class of subject matter as valid protests against illegally exacted customs duties, presents to the Customs Court a case and controversy within the court’s jurisdictional power to decide and adjudicate; and does not deprive or divest the Customs Court of jurisdiction to decide the case. Section 515, supra; United States v. *157Brown, Durrell & Co., supra; Finn v. United States, supra, at pages 231, 232. All protests — insufficient, invalid, and defective protests as well as valid ones — are included within the ambit of the court’s jurisdictional powers; the statute contemplates unsuccessful as well as successful protests. Murrell v. Stockgrowers’ National Bank of Cheyenne, 74 F. 2d 827, 831; United States v. Ness, 230 F. 950, 953, 954; Noxon Chemical Products Co. v. Leckie (C. C. A. 3), 39 F. 2d 318, 320; Windholz v. Everett, 74 F. 2d 834, 835; O’Malley v. United States, 128 F. 2d 676, 685, 686; United States v. Ellison, 74 F. 2d 864, 869, certiorari denied, 295 U. S. 750; United States v. Kiles, 70 F. 2d 880, 881; United States v. Edwards, 23 F. 2d 477, 480; Cole v. Blankenship, 30 F. 2d 211, 215; United States v. Brown, Durrell & Co., 127 F. 793, 797. A timely protest is a condition precedent to the recovery of illegally exacted customs duties, but timeliness of the protest is not a condition precedent to the exercise of the court’s jurisdiction, since the statute directs that all protests (unmodified after expiration of the 90-day period) be transmitted to the Customs Court for due assignment and determination.
Ordinarily, in the Federal courts, jurisdiction does not depend upon the sufficiency of a complaint or petition, the ultimate establishing of the right to the relief sought, the regularity of the proceedings, or the correctness of the decision rendered. Pleading defects are not considered jurisdictional defects which will divest the court of jurisdiction over the subject matter. Jurisdiction exists where parties are before the court and the court has power to hear and determine cases of the general class to which the proceedings in question belong. Murrell v. Stockgrowers’ National Bank of Cheyenne, 74 F. (2d) 827, 831 (1934); United States v. Ness (C. C. A. 8), 230 F. 950, 953, 954; Noxon Chemical Products Co. v. Leckie (C. C. A. 3), 39 F. 2d 318, 320; Reynolds v. Stockton, 140 U. S. 254, 268; Binderup v. Pathe Exchange, Inc., 263 U. S. 291, pages 305-7; Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company v. Iowa Homestead Company, 123 U. S. 552, 557-559; Ex parte Harding, 219 U. S. 363, 369; Dowell v. Applegate, 152 U. S. 327, 337-341; Hine v. Morse, 218 U. S. 493, 505-509; United States v. Tiffany & Co., 154 F. 740, 741. And here, protest 210744-K was forwarded to the Customs Court for due assignment and determination; it was one of the general class of protests which section 515 directed the collector of customs for determination and adjudication.
An untimely protest, if seasonably objected to or called to the court’s attention, defeats the recovery of customs duties but not the attachment of the court’s jurisdictional power to hear and determine the case and controversy presented to it, even though the particular protest is defective, insufficient, or invalid. United States v. Brown, *158Durrell & Co., supra; United States v. Tiffany & Co., supra; Finn v. United States, supra, at pages 231, 232; United States v. Goldenberg, supra.
The allegations of protest No. 210744-K were sufficient to establish the jurisdiction of the Customs Court, that is to say, the protest exhibited a claim against the United States for the recovery of illegally exacted customs duties' — -a claim which arose under the laws of the United States. The protest presented a substantial Federal question of which the Customs Court had jurisdiction; and said protest properly invoked the power and authority, conferred upon the Customs Court by law, to entertain the suit and controversy. David L. Moss Co., Inc. v. United States, 26 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 381, 383, C. A. D. 45; Cottman v. Dailey, 94 F. 2d 85, 88; Riccomini v. United States, 69 F. 2d 480, 484; Gulbenkian v. United States, 186 F. 133, 135; Nichols v. United States, 7 Wall. 122, 130. The protest was within the area of the court’s jurisdictional subject matter and in a form prescribed by the statute. It presented a real and substantial claim, and proof of the latter fact is that the protest was sustained on the merits and judgment rendered in favor of plaintiff. The claim was made in good faith so that there was a real controversy over which the Customs Court acquired jurisdiction. In re Summers, 325 U. S. 561, 566, 567; St. Paul, M. & M. Ry. Co. v. St. Paul & N. P. R. Co., 68 F. 2, 14; Erickson v. United States, 264 U. S. 246, 249; Mosher v. City of Phoenix, 287 U. S. 29, 30; Binderup v. Pathe Exchange, Inc., 263 U. S. 291, pages 305-7; Iselin v. La Coste, 147 F. 2d 791, 793.
Attorneys for the United States have confused the total want of jurisdictional power with mere error in the exercise of the jurisdictional power which the Customs Court undoubtedly possesses over the subject matter of protests against the illegal exaction of customs duties. Section 515, supra. The objection that the protest was untimely does not go to the jurisdiction of the Customs Court but only to the propriety of its action in rendering judgment where all of the basic elements for recovery were not present — a mere error in the exercise of the power possessed. Johnson v. Manhattan Railway Co., 289 U. S. 479; Cornett v. Williams, 20 Wall. 226, 250 (reported in 22 L. ed. 254, as Nash v. Williams); Pennsylvania v. Williams, 294 U. S. 176, 182.
It has been suggested that the case of United States v. U. S. Fidelity Co., 309 U. S. 506, is applicable here. The U. S. Fidelity Co. case is one involving the waiver of immunity of the United States or the Indian nations from suit without specific congressional authorization. However, the instant case is one where the sovereign United States has already consented to suit by the protest of importers, has designated the Customs Court as the proper court to hear and determine said *159suits and protests, and has conferred exclusive jurisdiction upon the court. 19 U. S. C., sections 1514 and 1515; 28 U. S. C., sections 254 and 1340.
The U. S. Fidelity Co. decision is a narrow one in which the court held that a cross-claim or counter-claim, or cross-suit against the United States (like an original or direct suit or action), may only be brought if a specific congressional act has affirmatively authorized it. The gist or very essence of the decision is that, even where Congress has authorized a suit or cross-claim, cross-suit, or counter-claim to be filed against the United States, such actions can be brought only in the court designated in the act granting consent to sue. The U. S. Fidelity Co. decision turned on the latter principle. The Supreme Court held that there was no statute which granted the Missouri District Court jurisdictional authority to adjudicate a cross-claim against the United States or the Indian nations (held to be a sovereign and to have sovereign immunity from suit without congressional authorization). The Court held that, on the contrary, the Congress had made provision “for cross-suits against the Indian Nations by defendants.” The Act of April 26, 1906, section 18, 34 Stat. 137, 144, 148, provided that any cross-demands or counter-claims against the Indian nations must be filed in a United States court in Indian territory. So that the decision rested upon the ground that there was no specific congressional act authorizing a cross-claim or cross-suit in the Missouri District Court, whereas there was a specific act of 1906 which reguired all such cross-claims or cross-suits to be filed in a United States court in Indian territory — the designated court where such cross-claims or cross-suits can be entertained.
There is no question of sovereign immunity from suit in the instant case. In the case at bar, the United States, by statute, has waived its sovereign immunity from suit, granted to the importer the right to file a protest, and, where the action of the collector is unmodified in 90 days, has directed that the protest and accompanying papers be forwarded to the United States Customs Court for due assignment and determination. Sections 514 and 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (secs. 1514 and 1515, 19 U. S. C.); section 254, 28 U. S. C. Having waived its sovereign immunity from suit, the United States, defendant, stands in exactly the same position as a private suitor, i. e., with rights no greater and no less than the importer. United States v. O’Grady, 22 Wall. 641, 648; Brent v. Bank of Washington, 10 Pet. 596, 614; Mitchel v. United States, 9 Pet. 711, 742; United States v. Arredondo, 6 Pet. 691, 712; Curtner v. United States, 149 U. S. 662, 671, 673; United States v. The Thekla, 266 U. S. 328, 339, 340, 341; United States v. Moscow-Idaho Seed Co., 92 F. 2d 170, 173, 174; United States v. Elliot, Greene & Co., 28 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 177, 181, C. A. D. *160141; United States v. Seigel, 168 F. 2d 143, 146; Reconstruction Finance Corp. v. Childress, 186 F. 2d 698, 703; Insurance Co. of North America v. United States, 76 F. Supp. 951, 952, 953; Smale & Robinson v. United States, 123 F. Supp. 457, 465-466; In re Costs in United States Cases, 4 F. Supp. 743; Porter v. Central Chevrolet, 7 F. R. D. 86, 88. See also, Keifer & Keifer v. R. F. C., 306 U. S. 381; F. H. A. v. Burr, 309 U. S. 242; and R. F. C. v. Menihan Corp., 312 U. S. 81.
Where, as here, the United States has waived its right to exemption from suit, and the statute has directed the Customs Court to complete the adjudication of the protest cause which was rightfully begun in the Customs Court by the express direction of the statute, it is bound by the submission, and it is the duty of the court to proceed to the final determination of all the questions legitimately involved. The Nuestra Señora de Regla, 108 U. S. 92, 103; The Paquete Habana, 189 U. S. 453, 465-466; United States v. The Thekla, supra; Clark v. Barnard, 108 U. S. 436, 447-448; Gunter v. Atlantic Coast Line, 200 U. S. 273, 284; United States v. Nourse, 6 Pet. (31 U. S.) 470, 494; United States v. Moscow-Idaho Seed Co., supra, at 170, 173, 174; Anderson, Clayton & Co. v. State ex rel. Allred, 122 Tex. 530, 62 S. W. (2d) 107; Wynn v. United States, 29 Ct. Cl. 15.
In Clark v. Barnard, supra, at page 447, the Supreme Court held that the immunity from suit belonging to a state is a personal privilege which it may waive at pleasure; it continued—
* * * so that in a suit, otherwise well brought, in which a State had sufficient interest to entitle it to become a party defendant, its appearance in a court of the United States would be a voluntary submission to its jurisdiction; * * *. In the present case the State of Rhode Island appeared in the cause and presented and prosecuted a claim to the fund in controversy, and thereby made itself a party to the litigation to the full extent required for its complete determination. [Emphasis supplied.]
Principles of law and holdings which are plainly applicable to the instant case were stated by the Supreme Court in Beyer v. LeFevre, 186 U. S. 114, at page 118:
We pass the first question with the observation that, whatever might have been the conclusion if the defendants had stood upon their challenge of the jurisdiction, the agreement of the parties to submit certain questions to a jury, the trial before the jury and the stipulation for returning the testimony there taken to the equity court for consideration by the judge thereof, must be held a waiver of the objection to the jurisdiction. * * * yet in many cases a party who appears in one branch of the court and consents to a hearing and adjudication, according to the practice there prevailing, of an issue presented by the pleadings and in respect to a subject-matter, which is within the general scope of its jurisdiction, may be estopped from thereafter and in an appellate court challenging such jurisdiction. Reynes v. Dumont, 130 U. S. 354, 395. This is such a case. [Emphasis supplied.]
Iu tbe instant case, the United States consented to the hearing and determination of the protest case by the Customs Court and agreed *161to submit the case for adjudication. These acts must be held to be a voluntary submission to the jurisdiction of the court and a waiver of objection to the jurisdiction of the court now being made, since the protest subject matter was within the scope of the general jurisdiction and power of the court. Section 515, supra; Clark v. Barnard, supra; Beyer v. LeFevre, supra; Reynes v. Dumont, supra; Anderson, Clayton & Co. v. State, supra; Gunter v. Atlantic Coast Line, supra; The Nuestra Señora de Regla, supra; The Paquete Habana, supra; United States v. The Thekla, supra; United States v. Nourse, supra.
The Attorney General, acting through the Assistant Attorney General and special assistants or attorneys, appeared in protest proceeding 210744-K to suggest and protect the interests of the United States, defendant in the case. This was pursuant to sections 309, 310, 315, and 316 of title 5, U. S. C. The appearance of the United States by its attorneys was a general one; and no special appearance was made to challenge the jurisdiction of the Customs Court to hear and determine protest case 210744-K.
Having by statutes, sections 514 and 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (secs. 1514 and 1515, title 19, U. S. C.) and section 254, title 28, U. S. C., waived its sovereign immunity from suit, the United States, defendant, proceeded to contest and litigate the case on the merits. Having thereby exercised its right to invoke the jurisdiction of a court of justice, it is bound by its general appearance as well as by its submission of the case after the trial of the case upon the merits to the same effect as was the importer, a private litigant. United States v. O’Grady, 22 Wall. 641, 647, 648; Brent v. Bank of Washington, 10 Pet. 596; Curtner v. United States, 149 U. S. 662, 671, 673; Clark v. Barnard, 108 U. S. 436, 447-448; United States v. Nourse, 6 Pet. 470, 494. See also, Wynn v. United States, 29 Ct. Cl. 15.
The general appearance and joining in the suit or protest proceedings and litigation of the issues on the merits was a voluntary submission to the jurisdiction of the Customs Court; and these acts and conduct on the part of the United States carried with them the acceptance of whatever liability the Customs Court might decide to be reasonably incident to those acts. United States v. The Thekla, supra, at page 341; Clark v. Barnard, supra; Beyer v. LeFevre, supra; Gunter v. Atlantic Coast Line, supra; United States v. Nourse, supra; United States v. Moscow-Idaho Seed Co., supra; Anderson, Clayton & Co. v. State ex rel. Allred, supra.
The facts of the instant case present even more cogent reasons for application of the rules of law stated by the Supreme Court in Beyer v. LeFevre and in The Nuestra Señora de Regla, The Paquete Habana, Clark v. Barnard, Gunter v. Atlantic Coast Line, and United States v. The Thekla, because, in the foregoing cases, there was no affirmative *162statute by which the Government accepted liability. The Nuestra Señora de Regla and United States v. The Thekla decisions were based upon the fact that the United States, as here, made a general appearance, joined in the suit on the merits of the cause, and submitted it to the judicial determination of the court. In Clark v. Barnard, supra, the Supreme Court held that Rhode Island had made a general appearance and had submitted to the jurisdiction of the United States court.
In the instant case, the United States has made an express and affirmative statutory waiver of sovereign immunity from suit and, in said statute, has directed the Customs Court to exercise jurisdiction and hear and determine and adjudicate the protest. The questions settled in protest case 210744-K- — -the merits of the disputed classification of the merchandise and, tacitly, the court’s own jurisdiction- — ■ were judicial in character and were incidents to the suit in respect to which the United States had consented to be sued. United States v. The Thekla, supra, at page 341; The Nuestra Señora de Regla, supra; The Paquete Habana, supra; Clark v. Barnard, supra; Gunter v. Atlantic Coast Line, supra; United States v. Moscow-Idaho Seed Co., supra; Wynn v. United States, supra.
The modem rule is that statutes waiving sovereign exemption front suit are liberally construed. United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 340 U. S. 543, 554, 555; United States v. Aetna Surety Co., 338 U. S. 366, 383; United States v. Shaw, 309 U. S. 495, 501; Anderson v. Hayes Construction Co., 243 N. Y. 140, 147, 153 N. E. 28, 29-30. The court should not add to the rigor of exemption of the sovereign from suit by refinement of construction where consent to suit has been given. United States v. Aetna Surety Co., supra, at page 383; United States v. Yellow Cab Co., supra; Niagara Fire Ins. Co. v. United States, 76 F. Supp. 850.
Where a statute granting consent to litigants to sue the United-States has been enacted (secs. 1514 and 1515, supra), such statute will be enforced according to its terms, and the United States as a litigant is bound by the same rules governing the trial and decision of the cases as are other litigants including, but not limited to, such rules of law as waiver, estoppal, res judicata, rule against impeaching a judgment by collateral attack, except for fraud, conclusiveness of judgment against parties and their privies, and the like. United States v. Elliot, Greene & Co., 28 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 177, 181, C. A. D. 141; United States v. Seigel, supra; Reconstruction Finance Corp. v. Childress, supra; Insurance Co. of North America v. United States, supra.
Although a total want of jurisdiction of the subject matter cannot be waived, where a court, as here, has general jurisdiction of the subject *163matter, i. e., protests against illegal exaction of customs duties, in such case, the jurisdiction may be waived by a failure to make timely and specific objections to the supposed lack thereof. Harry Garbey v. United States, 25 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 88, T. D. 49067; United States v. Tiffany & Co., 10 Ct. Cust. Appls. 247, 253, T. D. 38576; United States v. Tappenbeck, 7 Ct. Cust. Appls. 17, T. D. 36258; United States v. Brown, Durrell & Co., supra; Retzer v. Wood, Collector, supra; Beyer v. LeFevre, 186 U. S. 114, 118; Reynes v. Dumont, supra, at page 395; United States v. Ellison, supra; United States v. Kiles, supra; United States v. Edwards, supra; Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company v. Iowa Homestead Company, supra; Cole v. Blankenship, supra; Bretsky v. Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., 156 F. 2d 594, 596; Mattocks v. Baker, 2 F. 455; 21 C. J. S. page 166, section 109, note 74.
The judgment, in protest case 210744-K, being unmodified and unreversed, is a valid and subsisting judgment and not a nullity. Dowell v. Applegate, 152 U. S. 327, 337-341; Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter State Bank, supra, at 376-377; McCormick v. Sullivant, 10 Wheat. 192; Cutler v. Huston, 158 U. S. 423, 430, 431; Evers v. Watson, 156 U. S. 527, 532, 533; Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company v. Iowa Homestead Company, supra; Harry Garbey v. United States, supra; Mitchell v. Cunningham, 8 F. 2d 813.
Such a judgment cannot be disregarded by anyone, including the parties and their privies, and especially not by the collector of customs or any other officer, agent, or employee of the United States. Section 515, supra. See cases cited in above paragraph. United States v. O’Grady, supra, at page 648; Meigs v. United States, 20 Ct. Cl. 181, 185. See also, United States v. Semon Bache & Co., 27 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 89, C. A. D. 67.
Even void judgments of Federal courts being unmodified and unreversed are not nullities which may be disregarded. See McCormick v. Sullivant, 10 Wheat. 192, cited and reaffirmed in Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter State Bank, 308 U. S. 371, 376-377.
The judgment in protest No. 210744-K, being unappealed from, unmodified, and unreversed, is not now subject to a collateral attack by the United States, a party to the action in the former proceeding. Determination by a court of its own jurisdiction, while open to direct review, may not be assailed collaterally. Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter State Bank, supra, at page 376; Pennsylvania v. Williams, supra, at page 182; Bryan v. Kennett, 113 U. S. 179, 198.
The judgment in protest case No. 210744-K could be impeached only for fraud in the procurement of the judgment. Cornett v. Williams, 20 Wall. (87 U. S.) 226, 250; McNitt v. Turner, 16 Wall. (83 U. S.) 352; Harry Garbey v. United States, supra. There was no fraud in the procurement of said judgment.
*164The authority of the Federal courts, including the Customs Court, to hear and make disposition of a cause within its jurisdiction, as in protest case No. 210744-K, is not subject to collateral attack. Bryan v. Kennett, 113 U. S. 179, 198; Johnson v. Manhattan Railway Co., 289 U. S. 479, 496; Pennsylvania v. Williams, 294 U. S. 176, 182; Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter State Bank, supra; United States v. Kurtz, Stuböeck, supra, at pages 376-378.
Any error in the exercise of that jurisdiction, in respect to a protest against the illegal exaction of customs duties, can be remedied only by appeal. Pennsylvania v. Williams, supra; Smith v. McKay, 161 U. S. 355, 358, 359; Jackson v. Irving Trust Co., supra, at page 503; Stoll v. Gottlieb, supra, at pages 171, 172.
Considered from the least favorable viewpoint, protest 210744-K, being one of the general class of protests over which the Customs Court was given jurisdiction by sections 1514 and 1515 of title 19, U. S. C., and section 254 of title 28, U. S. C., the decision and judgment order based thereon could only be voidable or erroneous and not void. Harvey v. Tyler, 2 Wall. (69 U. S.) 328, 345-347; Marchand v. Frellsen, 105 U. S. 423, 428; McGoon v. Scales, 76 U. S. 23, 30; Comstock v. Crawford, 3 Wall. (70 U. S.) 396, 403, 406; United States v. Kurtz, Stuböeck & Co., supra.
The parties in the instant case and in protest 210744-K are the same; the subject matter is the same; and the issues — the validity of the protest, the jurisdiction of the court, and the right to recover illegally exacted customs duties — are the same in each case; and, as a consequence, all such questions, including the question of jurisdiction, are now res judicata, and the United States, defendant in the earlier proceeding, is estopped by judgment from raising such questions or denying the validity of the judgment. Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter State Bank, supra; Jackson v. Irving Trust Co., supra; Stoll v. Gottlieb, supra; Joseph Fischer v. United States, 38 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 143, 149, C. A. D. 452; United States v. Edward M. Poons Co., 18 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 283, 286, T. D. 44451; Smith v. United States, 1 Ct. Cust. Appls. 489, T. D. 31527; United States v. J. G. Johnson & Co. (CCNY), 145 F. 1018. See also Meigs v. United States, supra; United States v. Moore, 3 MacArthur (10 D. C.) 226, 232, 233.
The bar of res judicata may be pleaded, not only as respects matters actually presented to sustain or defeat the right asserted in the earlier pleading, but also as to any other available material which might have been presented to that end. Chicot County Drainage District v. Baxter State Bank, supra, at page 378; Joseph Fischer v. United States, 38 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 143, 148, 149, C. A. D. 452; United States v. Moore, supra.
*165Erroneous judgments and judgments based on mistaken law as well as correct judgments are res judicata. Case v. Beauregard, 101 U. S. 688, 692; Equitable Life Assurance Society v. Gillan, 70 F. Supp. 640, 650.
Under the express terms of the statute, it was the collector’s duty to reliquidate the entries in conformity with the judgment order in protest case No. 210744-K. Section 515, supra; United States v. Kurtz, Stuböeck & Co., supra, at page 146; Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co. v. United States, 13 Ct. Cust. Appls. 451, 455, 456, T. D. 41347; Fulghum & Co. v. United States, 1 Cust. Ct. 284, C. D. 66; Aris Gloves, Inc. v. United States, 20 Cust Ct. 102-112, C. D. 1091; United States v. Dickson, 139 F. 251; Bullocks, Inc. v. United States, 68 Treas. Dec. 99, T. D. 47809; Frank P. Dow Co., Inc. v. United States, 69 Treas. Dec. 336, T. D. 48163; R. W. Cramer & Co., Inc. v. United States, 2 Cust. Ct. 142, 146, C. D. 110; 25 C. J. S., page 316, section 157; Meigs v. United States, supra.
The collector’s action in reliquidating at an entirely different rate not found in the judgment order and contrary thereto was illegal, and the reliquidation was void to that extent. Aris Gloves, Inc. v. United States, supra, at page 112; 25 C. J. S., page 316, section 157.
In the matter of the reliquidation after judgment under section 515, supra, the collector of customs has no authority to challenge the integrity of a judgment of the Customs Court. Schenley Distilleries, Inc. v. United States, 40 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 202, 207, 208, C. A. D. 519; United States v. Elliot, Greene & Co., 28 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 177, 181, 182, C. A. D. 141; O’Connor-Harrison & Co. v. United States, 15 Ct. Cust. Appls. 214, 218, T. D. 42339; United States v. Kurtz, Stuböeck & Co., supra, at page 146; United States v. O’Grady, 22 Wall. 641, 647, 648; Meigs v. United States, supra.
Ignoring or disregarding the judgment order of the court.and refusing to reliquidate in conformity therewith is not a direct attack upon a judgment but a mere disobedience and refusal to comply with the court’s judgment order made expressly final and conclusive upon all persons by section 515, supra. United States v. Kurtz, Stuböeck & Co., supra; Fulghum & Co. v. United States, supra; Aris Gloves, Inc. v. United States, supra; Bullocks, Inc. v. United States, supra; Frank P. Dow Co., Inc. v. United States, supra; United States v. O’Grady, 22 Wall. 641, 647, 648; Meigs v. United States, supra.
Collateral and direct attacks upon judgments refer to legal action in court or judicial proceedings. 31 Am. Jur. Judgments, section 613; Black’s Law Dictionary, 3d edition, page 348, Collateral Impeachment. These terms do not refer to mere disobedience or failure or neglect of a party or a privy to obey the judgment of a court.
*166The decisions and judgment orders of the Customs Court are final and conclusive, and binding, upon all persons, including all parties thereto and those in privity with them (sec. 515, sec. 1515, 19 U. S. C.). United States v. Kurtz, Stuböeck & Co., supra; O’Connor-Harrison & Co. v. United States, supra; Veolay, Inc., et al. v. United States, 21 C. C. P. A. (Customs) 268, 273, T. D. 46804; United States v. Elliot, Greene & Co., supra; Schenley Distilleries, Inc. v. United States, supra; Aris Gloves, Inc. v. United States, supra; Carey & Skinner v. United States, 16 Cust. Ct. 361, Reap. Dec. 6279; United States v. O’Grady, 22 Wall. 641, 647, 648; Meigs v. United States, supra.
Such judgments, unmodified and unappealed from, even though erroneous and mistaken, must stand, be obeyed, executed, and performed by all persons, including the United States, its officers, and employees. United States v. Kurtz, Stuböeck & Co., supra; Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co. v. United States, 13 Ct. Cust. Appls. 451, 456, T. D. 41347; O’Connor-Harrison & Co. v. United States, supra; United States v. Elliot, Greene & Co., supra; American Express Company v. Mullins, 212 U. S. 311, 314; Gray v. Brignardello, 68 U. S. 627, 634; Maxwell v. Stewart, 89 U. S. 77, 79-81; United States v. O’Grady, supra; Appleton Toy & Furniture Co. v. Lehman, 165 F. 2d 801; Adriaanse v. United States, 184 F. 2d 968, 970, certiorari denied, 340 U. S. 932; Aris Gloves, Inc. v. United States, supra; Meigs v. United States, supra; United States v. Moore, supra.
The jurisdiction of the Customs Court in protest case No. 210744-K not having been directly attacked, the existence of such jurisdiction must be presumed. It must be conclusively presumed that all things necessary to support the judgment are present; and all intendments are presumed in favor of the judgment. United States v. Saunders, supra, page 272; Coffman v. Cobra Mfg. Co., 214 F. 2d 489, 491, 492; Miller v. United States, 11 Wall. (78 U. S.) 268; McKinney v. United States, 208 F. 2d 844; Pen-Ken Gas & Oil Corporation v. Warfield, 137 F. 2d 871, 879, 883, certiorari denied, 320 U. S. 800; O’Connor-Harrison & Co. v. United States, supra; Cornett v. Williams, 20 Wall. 226, 230.
I believe that the protest in the instant case should be sustained and that there should be a judgment order directing the collector of customs to reliquidate in conformity with the judgment previously rendered in protest case No. 210744-K.