In re D.S. CA4/2

Filed 9/9/22 In re D.S. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re D.S., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E078590

Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. J281854)

v. OPINION

D.S.,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Lynn M. Poncin,

Judge. Conditionally reversed with directions.

Elizabeth D. Alexander, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant

and Appellant.

Tom Bunton, County Counsel, and Kaleigh Ragon, Deputy County Counsel, for

Plaintiff and Respondent.

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 INTRODUCTION

D.S. (father) appeals from findings and orders made at a postpermanency planning

hearing involving his son, D.S. (the child). Father claims the juvenile court erred in finding

the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et. seq.) (ICWA) did not apply. He

contends the matter must be conditionally reversed and remanded because the juvenile

court, as well as the San Bernardino County Children and Family Services (CFS), failed to

discharge their duty of inquiry under ICWA and related California law (Welf. & Inst.

Code,1 § 224.2). We agree and conditionally reverse.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

CFS filed a section 300 petition on July 30, 2019, as to the child, who was 14 years

old at the time. The petition alleged that he came within subdivisions (b) (failure to protect)

and (g) (no provision for support). The petition specifically alleged that the child’s mother,

V.S. (mother),2 left the child in father’s care, and father failed to provide proper supervision

for him. It also alleged that mother and father (the parents) had a prior dependency case in

2017-2018, in which they failed to reunify. The petition further alleged that father was

currently hospitalized with no known release date, and mother’s whereabouts were

unknown.

The social worker filed a detention report stating that on July 26, 2019, CFS received

an immediate response referral alleging general neglect to the child and his brother (the

1 All further statutory references will be to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise noted.

2 Mother is not a party to this appeal.
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children).3 The referring party alleged that on July 18, 2019, father was taken by ambulance

and admitted to the hospital, and the children were left in a back house to care for

themselves. The property belonged to C.F. and J.F. (the paternal aunt and uncle), who lived

in the front house on the property, and who were believed to be the caregivers for father, as

he had been bedridden for approximately two years. Father’s discharge date was unknown.

On July 27, 2019, the social worker met with father, who was hospitalized for

congestive heart failure. Father stated he had Navajo ancestry and believed mother had

Cherokee ancestry.

The court held a detention hearing on July 31, 2019. The parents were not present,

but the child was. The court asked the child if he had any Native American ancestry, and he

said he thought he had Cherokee and Sioux on mother’s side. The court detained the child.

It also ordered both mother and father to complete a parental notification of Indian status

form (ICWA-020).

Jurisdiction/Disposition

The social worker filed a jurisdiction/disposition report on or around August 16,

2019, recommending that the court sustain the petition, remove the child from the parents,

and order reunification services for father, but not mother. The social worker reported that

on August 13, 2019, father denied Native American ancestry, but thought that maybe

mother had some ancestry. However, on August 15, 2019, mother denied Native American

ancestry. She stated that in her last case, no ancestry was found, so she was not claiming it

3 The child’s brother is not a subject of this appeal.
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now. On August 19, 2019, mother filled out a “Family Find and ICWA Inquiry” form (CFS

030A), stating she had no Native American ancestry. In the portion of the form stating,

“Additional Family Contact Information,” mother listed the names and phone numbers of

three friends.

The court held a jurisdiction/disposition hearing on August 21, 2019. Father was not

present but was represented by counsel. Mother made her first appearance in this case. The

court noted that mother indicated she had no known Indian ancestry and asked her to

confirm. She said, “That’s what I was told at the last hearing when I was last here.” The

court responded, “Well, I don’t know if you have Indian ancestry. Do you?” Mother said,

“Not that I’m aware of.” She submitted an ICWA-020 Parental Notification of Indian

Status form stating she had no known Indian ancestry. Mother’s counsel set the matter for

contest. The court set a pretrial settlement conference for September 12, 2019, and set the

matter for trial on September 17, 2019.

On September 12, 2019, the social worker filed a CFS 6.7 Additional Information to

the Court memorandum (hereinafter, CFS 6.7 report), informing the court that the child

moved into a foster home, and father remained at a rehabilitation center with an unknown

discharge date. The social worker recommended reunification services for mother as well as

numerous other findings, including that the court find the child did not come within the

provisions of ICWA, that father was the presumed father, and that the child be removed

from the parents’ custody.

At the pretrial settlement conference on September 12, 2019, the court found that the

child came within section 300, subdivisions (b) and (g), and sustained the petition. The
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court found that ICWA did not apply in this case. It then declared the child a dependent,

removed him from the parents’ custody, placed him in CFS’s custody and control, and

ordered reunification services for the parents.

Six-month Status Review

The social worker filed a six-month status review report on March 4, 2020, and

recommended that the parents’ services be continued. The social worker continued to report

that ICWA did not apply.

The court held a six-month review hearing on March 12, 2020, and set the matter for

contest at the request of both parents. The contested hearing was continued multiple times.

The contested six-month review hearing was held on July 15, 2020. The court

adopted the recommended findings and orders.

Twelve-month Status Review

The social worker filed a 12-month status review report and recommended that the

court terminate reunification services and order the plan of placement in foster care with a

permanent plan of legal guardianship. The social worker again noted that ICWA did not

apply.

The court held a 12-month review hearing on August 28, 2020, and adopted the

recommended findings and orders. It then set a permanency planning review (PPR) hearing.

PPR

The social worker filed a PPR status review report dated September 1, 2021, and

recommended the permanent plan for the child to be another planned permanent living

arrangement (PPLA). The social worker continued to report that ICWA did not apply.
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 The court held a PPR hearing on September 1, 2021, and father did not appear but

was represented by counsel. The court continued the child as a dependent, maintained him

in the same foster home, and granted father supervised visitation.

On February 22, 2022, the social worker filed a PPR status review report and

continued to report that ICWA did not apply. The social worker recommended the

permanent plan for the child to be another PPLA.

The court held a PPR hearing on March 1, 2022, adopted the findings and orders

stated in the status review report, and set a PPR hearing for September 1, 2022.

DISCUSSION

Father claims the juvenile court’s ICWA finding must be reversed and the matter

remanded to permit additional ICWA compliance. He specifically contends that CFS failed

to discharge its initial duty of inquiry to contact extended family members to inquire of the

child’s possible status as an Indian child. We agree.

A. Applicable Law

ICWA establishes minimum federal standards that state courts are required to follow

before they may lawfully place an Indian child in foster care or terminate parental rights to

an Indian child. (25 U.S.C. §§ 1902, 1912(a); In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1, 7 (Isaiah

W.); In re D.S. (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1041, 1048.) ICWA requires that notice of the state

court proceedings be given to Indian tribes “where the court knows or has reason to know

that an Indian child is involved, . . .” (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); see Isaiah W., supra, 1 Cal.5th

at p. 8; In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 740-741 (Benjamin M.).) ICWA’s

notice requirement, which is also codified in California law (§ 224.3), “enables a tribe to
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determine whether the child is an Indian child and, if so, whether to intervene” in the state

court proceeding or exercise its own jurisdiction in the matter. (Isaiah W., at p. 5; see In re

Y.W. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 542, 551 (Y.W.).) The tribe has the right to determine whether

the child is eligible for membership and, thus, whether the child is an Indian child. (In re

K.T. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 732, 742.)

Although “ICWA itself does not impose a duty on courts or child welfare agencies to

inquire as to whether a child in a dependency proceeding is an Indian child,” federal

regulations implementing ICWA “require that state courts ‘ask each participant in an

emergency or voluntary or involuntary child-custody proceeding whether the participant

knows or has reason to know that the child is an Indian child.’ [Citation.] The court must

also ‘instruct the parties to inform the court if they subsequently receive information that

provides reason to know the child is an Indian child.’ ” (In re Austin J. (2020)

47 Cal.App.5th 870, 882-883 (Austin J.); see 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a) (2022).)

California law imposes a similar duty of inquiry on courts. The juvenile court and

CFS have “an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire whether a child for whom a

petition under Section 300 . . . may be or has been filed, is or may be an Indian child.”

(§ 224.2, subd. (a); see Isaiah W., supra, 1 Cal.5th at pp. 9, 11-12.) The Welfare and

Institutions Code “creates three distinct duties regarding ICWA in dependency proceedings.

First, from the [department’s] initial contact with a minor and his family, the statute imposes

a duty of inquiry to ask all involved persons whether the child may be an Indian child.

[Citation.] Second, if that initial inquiry creates a ‘reason to believe’ the child is an Indian

child, then the [department] ‘shall make further inquiry regarding the possible Indian status
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of the child, and shall make that inquiry as soon as practicable.’ [Citation.] Third, if that

further inquiry results in a reason to know the child is an Indian child, then the formal notice

requirements of section 224.3 apply.” (In re D.S. (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1041, 1052; see §

224.2.) The agency’s duty of inquiry includes asking “extended family members” whether

they know or have reason to know that the child is an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (b).)

If the juvenile court finds that “proper and adequate further inquiry and due diligence

as required in this section have been conducted and there is no reason to know whether the

child is an Indian child, the court may make a finding that [ICWA] does not apply to the

proceedings, subject to reversal based on sufficiency of the evidence.” (§ 224.2, subd.

(i)(2).) A juvenile court’s finding that ICWA does not apply includes an implicit finding

that social workers fulfilled their duty of inquiry. (Austin J., supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p.

885.) “[W]e review the juvenile court’s ICWA findings under the substantial evidence test,

which requires us to determine if reasonable, credible evidence of solid value supports the

court’s order.” (In re A.M. (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 303, 314; Austin J., at p. 885 [implicit

finding, reviewed for substantial evidence, that social workers fulfilled their duty of

inquiry].)

B. The Juvenile Court’s ICWA Finding Is Not Supported by Substantial Evidence

We first observe that father does not argue the juvenile court erred in failing to

question him or mother about potential Indian ancestry. The social worker interviewed

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father and mother, and both denied any Indian ancestry.4 The focus of father’s claim is that

CFS failed in its initial inquiry under section 224.2 since the social worker did not make any

effort to contact his or mother’s extended family members—specifically, the paternal aunt

and uncle and the three maternal relatives named on mother’s Family Find and ICWA

Inquiry Form—about Indian ancestry. As to the alleged three maternal relatives, respondent

points out that mother’s Family Find and ICWA Inquiry Form identified three friends; thus,

there were no relatives to contact as to mother’s potential Indian ancestry. In his reply brief,

father concedes that he incorrectly described the friends as family. As to the paternal aunt

and uncle, nothing in the record suggests CFS inquired of them about the child’s potential

status as an Indian child. The record indicates that CFS had the ability to communicate with

these extended family members, as CFS reported they lived on the same property as father

and the child, and they were believed to be father’s caregivers. Such record cannot support

a finding that CFS discharged its initial duty of inquiry under ICWA.

Respondent concedes the record does not indicate the paternal aunt and uncle were

ever asked about the child’s possible Indian ancestry, but argues the error was harmless, as

father denied Indian ancestry and does not argue otherwise on appeal; further, there is

nothing to suggest the relatives would have any valuable information about the child’s

4 Although father initially informed the social worker he had Navajo ancestry,
approximately two weeks later, he stated he did not have any Indian ancestry. Father points
out, in his reply brief, that mother informed the court that she did not believe she had Native
American ancestry since “she was told” that in a prior dependency case, and he asserts that
“her belief based on what she was told on a prior case was not dispositive.” To the extent
father is disputing that mother denied she had Native American ancestry, the record clearly
shows that on August 15, 2019, mother denied Native American ancestry and stated that in
her last case, no ancestry was found, so she was not claiming it now.
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possible Indian status. We disagree that the error was harmless. “[S]ection 224.2,

subdivision (b), imposes [an obligation] on the Department to inquire of a child’s extended

family members—regardless of whether the parents deny Indian ancestry.” (In re Antonio

R. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 421, 431 (Antonio R.).) “[T]he point of the statutory requirement

that the social worker ask all relevant individuals whether a child is or may be an Indian

child [is] to obtain information the parent may not have.” (Y.W., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at

p. 556; see also, id. at p. 554 [“parents may not know their possible relationship with or

connection to an Indian tribe”].)

C. The Record Does Not Permit Us to Conclude CFS’s Error Was Harmless

We acknowledge that the standard of prejudice requiring reversal in cases involving

ICWA is unsettled in the Courts of Appeal. (Antonio R., supra, 76 Cal.App.5th at p. 433

[“Courts of Appeal are divided as to whether a parent must make an affirmative showing of

prejudice to support reversal . . . .”].) However, this court recently adopted a standard of

prejudice in Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th 735, that rejects both an automatic rule of

reversal or a rule that places the burden squarely on the parents to show the likelihood of

obtaining a more favorable result. (Id. at pp. 743-745.) Instead, we explained that reversal

is required “where the record indicates that there was readily obtainable information that

was likely to bear meaningfully upon whether the child is an Indian child.” (Id. at p. 744.)5

In considering the prejudicial effect of a social services agency’s failure to discharge its duty

5 In adopting this standard of prejudice, this court expressly disagreed with the
standard articulated in In re A C. (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 1060. (Benjamin M., supra, 70
Cal.App.5th at p. 745.) Accordingly, we find CFS’s reliance on that case unpersuasive.
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to inquire under ICWA, this court has repeatedly held that the failure to comply with an

initial duty of inquiry is deemed prejudicial in the absence of information in the record to

suggest otherwise. (In re K.R. (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 701, 709; In re N.G. (2018) 27

Cal.App.5th 474, 484; Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at pp. 744-745.) As this court

has previously explained: “[W]here the record does not show what, if any, efforts the

agency made to discharge its duty of inquiry [citations], . . . the burden of making an

adequate record demonstrating the court’s and the agency’s efforts to comply with ICWA’s

inquiry and notice requirements must fall squarely and affirmatively on the court and the

agency. . . . [A]s a general rule, we will find the appellant’s claims of ICWA error

prejudicial and reversible.” (In re N.G., at p. 484.) This remains true even under our

recently articulated standard of prejudice in Benjamin M. (Benjamin M., at p. 745 [failure to

make an initial inquiry of an extended family member is prejudicial because, “[w]hile we

cannot know how [an extended family member] would answer the inquiry, his answer is

likely to bear meaningfully on the determination at issue.”].)

Here, the record is devoid of any indication that CFS made efforts to contact the

paternal aunt and uncle, or any other extended relatives, for the purpose of making an initial

ICWA inquiry. Nor does the record suggest this was merely a failure by CFS to adequately

document its efforts, as CFS’s reports contained no substantive information related to

ICWA. Given such a silent record, under the general rule we expressed in In re N.G., supra,

27 Cal.App.5th 474, and our articulation of what constitutes prejudicial error in Benjamin

M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th 735, we cannot conclude CFS’s failure to comply with its initial

duty of inquiry under the ICWA was harmless.
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 DISPOSITION

The finding that ICWA did not apply is conditionally reversed. The matter is

remanded to the juvenile court with directions to comply with the inquiry provisions of

ICWA and of Welfare and Institutions Code sections 224.2 and 224.3. If, after completing

the initial inquiry, neither CFS nor the juvenile court has reason to believe or reason to

know the child is an Indian child, the finding that ICWA did not apply shall be reinstated.

If, however, CFS or the juvenile court discovers a reason to believe that the child is an

Indian child, the juvenile court shall proceed as required under ICWA and related California

statutes.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

FIELDS
J.
We concur:

CODRINGTON
Acting P. J.

RAPHAEL
J.

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