State v. Burton

In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: September 20, 2022

S22A0684. THE STATE v BURTON.

WARREN, Justice.

The State appeals the trial court’s suppression of custodial

statements 16-year-old Jeffrey Burton made during a video-taped

interview with law enforcement officers who had arrested Burton for

the murder of George Akins, Jr. The State contends that the trial

court erred in concluding that Burton clearly, unequivocally, and

unambiguously invoked his right to remain silent and that the State

failed to show that Burton knowingly and voluntarily waived his

rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (86 SCt 1602, 16

LE2d 694) (1966). For the reasons explained below, we do not decide

whether the trial court erred in concluding that Burton clearly

invoked his right to remain silent. However, we conclude that the

trial court did not err in ruling that the State failed to meet its
burden of showing that Burton knowingly and voluntarily waived

his rights under Miranda, a ruling that is supported by factual and

credibility findings that are not clearly erroneous. We therefore

affirm.

1. Background

(a) Factual Background

Viewing the evidentiary record in the light most favorable to

the factual findings and to the judgment of the trial court, see

Walker v. State, 312 Ga. 332, 336 (862 SE2d 542) (2021), the

evidence shows the following. On October 23, 2017, when Burton

was 16 years old, he was taken into custody for a murder that

occurred two days earlier when someone exited a vehicle and shot

into a group of people in a McDonald’s parking lot. Detectives

conducted a custodial interview of Burton that was video-recorded.

Prior to trial, Burton filed a “Motion to Suppress All Statements

Made by Mr. Burton to Police on October 23, 2017, and Fruits

Thereof.” On November 10, 2021, the trial court held a hearing on

Burton’s motion. The video recording of Burton’s interview, along

2
with testimony and evidence presented at the hearing, showed that

Burton was interviewed over a period of several hours by Detective

Brittany Dobbs, who appeared to lead the interview, and Detective

Christopher Ross, who assisted in the interview. 1

At the time of his interview, Burton was a junior in high school.

During the interview, one of Burton’s wrists was handcuffed to a

railing in the interview room, which was usually kept at a

temperature around 68 degrees. After the detectives entered the

interview room and introduced themselves, Detective Dobbs asked

some preliminary questions about Burton’s contact and other

identifying information, and about his age and education. She also

asked whether he was under the influence of any intoxicants, and

she asked if he had any medical or mental issues that would prevent

him from being able to speak to them. Detective Dobbs then advised

1 The State called Detective Ross, but not Detective Dobbs, to testify at
the hearing. A copy of the video-recorded interview, the signed waiver-of-
rights form, a picture of Burton’s birth certificate (showing his birth date),
several search warrants related to the investigation, and records pertaining to
Burton’s delinquency history and past interactions with law enforcement were
also admitted at the hearing.
3
Burton of his rights under Miranda and advised him that he had a

right to have a parent present. The record indicates that officers did

not initially contact Burton’s parents to inform them about his

detention. Detective Ross testified at the hearing on Burton’s

motion to suppress that Burton never asked to see his mother or for

her to be brought in the interview room; that “[i]n determining

whether to bring a juvenile’s parents into the interview room . . . .

[i]f he asked for his parents, his parents would be allowed in the

room. And if he did not, we don’t offer it”; and that Detective Ross

did not notify Burton’s parents that their son was in custody “[a]t

any point in time during that day.”

After Detective Dobbs explained Burton’s rights to him, Burton

confirmed that he understood them, and the following exchange

occurred:

DETECTIVE DOBBS: And having these rights in mind,
are you willing to talk to us now?

BURTON: Yeah, I don’t want to.[2]

2 At the hearing, Detective Ross—who watched the interview video
during the court’s lunch break before he was called to the witness stand—

4
 DETECTIVE DOBBS: It’s up to you.

BURTON: [brief, unintelligible response3]

DETECTIVE DOBBS: Okay. Um, if you will just, um, I’ll
have to check those boxes ‘yes,’ and if you’ll initial right
there for me, and then just sign right there.

At that point, Detective Dobbs slid a waiver-of-rights form in front

of Burton, Burton signed and initialed it4, and the interview began.

testified that he did not interpret this response as “a clear and unequivocal
invocation of [Burton’s] right to remain silent”; that if he had, the detectives
“would have gotten up and left the room”; and that he believed “it was
sufficiently ambiguous to warrant a follow[-]up response from Detective
Dobbs.” However, after Detective Ross testified, the trial court said: “I’m going
to state . . . for the record now that it seems to me like the detective’s comments
on what he heard on the video is based entirely or almost entirely on his
listening to it this afternoon . . . on headphones and not based on his
independent recall of what was said when he was in the room. So I don’t think
his interpretation of it illuminates this at all, any more so than the Court’s own
listening to it. So I’m going to rely on my own perception of what was said.”

3 Regarding this response from Burton, Detective Ross testified at the
hearing, “[i]t’s a mumble, but it is – it sounds like ‘yeah,’ but I can’t say that
definitively. But I would say that the only reason [Detective Dobbs] would turn
the paper around to him is if he indicated the affirmative that he was ready to
talk.” Burton’s counsel objected to Detective Ross’s testimony about why
Detective Dobbs would turn the paper around on the ground that it was
speculative, and the court sustained the objection. Based on our review of the
recording, it is unclear what Burton said at this point in the interview.

4 Although Detective Dobbs had advised Burton that he had a right to
have a parent present, it appears that a standard waiver form was used and
that the standard form did not list that right, which is specific to juveniles.
5
 When asked, “Do you kinda know why you’re here?” Burton

responded, “Yeah, I heard stuff about it, but I don’t like . . . .”

Detective Ross then asked, “What have you heard? . . . Why do you

think you’re here right now? . . . Why do you think you’re talking to

us?” Burton responded, “That the police and stuff is looking for me.

. . . because somebody brought my name into . . . that thing that

happened Saturday with George . . . that murder.”

During the interview, Burton admitted to being with Trevon

Jean-Baptiste, who was later charged with Akins’s murder as

Burton’s co-defendant. Burton stated that he and Jean-Baptiste

gave a ride to another person named “T” who allegedly got out of the

car and shot into a group of people near McDonald’s, but Burton

denied any involvement in the shooting. Detective Ross later

informed Burton that he was being charged with murder. Soon after

that, Detective Ross leaned in close to Burton and raised his voice,

saying, “this ain’t no little kid s**t. This is f*****g for real. . . . So

this . . . is bulls**t. . . . You need to f*****g tell me who the hell T is

. . . .”

6
 At other points in the interview, the detectives brought water

to Burton, as well as a space heater when Burton—who can be seen

in the video pulling his arms into the sleeves of his short-sleeve

shirt—said he was cold. The detectives also allowed Burton to use

the restroom upon request. And although it is not entirely clear

from the record whether police obtained an arrest warrant for

Burton before or during the interview5, at the end of the interview,

the detectives told him, “You’re being charged. We can’t stop that.

That happened before you even got here,” and provided him with a

copy of the arrest warrant. They also informed Burton at that time

that they had “told his parents what’s going on.”

(b) The Trial Court’s Order

On November 22, the trial court entered an order granting

Burton’s motion in part and suppressing all of the statements

5 Some of the search warrant applications pertaining to Burton’s case
indicated that his arrest warrant was obtained “[d]uring the interview.” The
State did not introduce Burton’s arrest warrant into evidence at the hearing.

7
Burton made during his custodial interview. 6 The trial court first

noted that “the issues currently before the Court are whether

[Burton] unequivocally invoked his right to silence or waived his

rights and whether [his] subsequent statements to police were

voluntary.” It then concluded that when Detective Dobbs asked

Burton whether he wished to speak with detectives after he had

been informed about his rights under Miranda, Burton’s response

of, “Yeah, I don’t want to,” was a “clear and unambiguous” invocation

of his right to remain silent. Specifically, the court concluded that

“when Det[ective] Dobbs asked [Burton] whether, having his

Miranda rights in mind, he wished to speak to them, [Burton] shook

his head in the negative and replied, ‘Yeah, I don’t want to.’” The

court further concluded that

[w]hile the State focuses on the ‘Yeah’ to suggest that
[Burton] was agreeing to speak to police, the Court takes
this word to be more of an affectation of speech or a
conversation filler rather than an affirmative response to
Det[ective] Dobbs’s question. Moreover, the Court cannot
ignore what followed—an unambiguous ‘I don’t want to.’

6 The trial court denied Burton’s motion to suppress to the extent Burton
sought to suppress cell-phone evidence that he argued was the tainted “fruit”
of his custodial interview. That ruling is not at issue in this appeal.
8
It also emphasized that it “finds it particularly unlikely that

[Burton] meant for his reply to have an affirmative connotation

given that he was shaking his head ‘no’ as he made the statement.”

With respect to Burton’s later response to Detective Dobbs’s

statement of “It’s up to you,” the court found that Burton’s “verbal

response . . . is unintelligible to the Court, even after multiple re-

listenings”; that Detective Ross “did not recall what [Burton] said,

nor could he make it out upon listening to the recording”; and that

Burton “appeared to shrug at the time he made the unclear

utterance, and his body language was not that of an individual who

seemed open to conversation.” Given that Detective Dobbs “did not

make any further attempts to gain clarity on whether [Burton]

wished to speak with them, but rather pushed the constitutional

rights form toward [Burton] to get him to agree to waive his rights,”

the trial court then moved to an analysis of whether Burton

voluntarily waived his rights under Miranda after he invoked his

right to silence.

9
 Because Burton was a juvenile at the time his interview was

conducted, the trial court considered the nine factors set forth in

Riley v. State, 237 Ga. 124 (226 SE2d 922) (1976), to determine

whether Burton voluntarily waived his rights. Those factors are the:

“(1) age of the accused; (2) education of the accused; (3)
knowledge of the accused as to both the substance of the
charge . . . and the nature of his rights to consult with an
attorney and remain silent; (4) whether the accused is
held incommunicado or allowed to consult with relatives,
friends or an attorney; (5) whether the accused was
interrogated before or after formal charges had been filed;
(6) methods used in interrogation; (7) length of
interrogations; (8) whether vel non the accused refused to
voluntarily give statements on prior occasions; and (9)
whether the accused has repudiated an extra judicial
statement at a later date.”

Riley, 237 Ga. at 128 (quoting West v. United States, 399 F2d 467,

469 (5th Cir. 1968)). The court added that “‘[i]n the specific context

of evaluating whether a juvenile defendant’s rights were knowingly

and voluntarily waived, the inquiry depends on the totality of the

circumstances and the state has a heavy burden in showing that the

juvenile did understand and waive his rights.’” Lester v. State, 310

Ga. 81, 85 (849 SE2d 425) (2020) (citation omitted).

10
 The court made specific findings regarding each of the Riley

factors and concluded that “[c]onsidering the totality of the

circumstances, in particular the age of [Burton], the length of the

interview, the fact that [he] was not informed of the charges against

him or that an arrest warrant had already been obtained by the time

the interview began, and the absence of a parent during the

interview, the Court finds that the State did not meet its burden to

show that [Burton] knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda

rights.” 7

The State did not appeal the trial court’s ruling when it was

issued and instead proceeded to a jury trial the following week,

which was held from November 29 to December 6, and which

resulted in a hung jury and mistrial. After entry of the mistrial

order on December 8 (nunc pro tunc to December 6), and within the

30 days to appeal provided for by OCGA § 5-6-38 (a), the State filed

a notice of appeal.

7 The trial court’s specific findings are detailed more fully below in
Division 4.
11
 2. Standards of Review

“Generally, when reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion

to suppress, this Court must accept the trial court’s factual findings

unless they are clearly erroneous,” and then independently apply

the law to those facts to determine if the trial court erred in its

suppression ruling. Dozier v. State, 306 Ga. 29, 33 (829 SE2d 131)

(2019). See also State v. Rodriguez, 274 Ga. 728, 728 (559 SE2d 435)

(2002). In assessing the trial court’s suppression ruling, therefore,

“‘an appellate court must construe the evidentiary record in the light

most favorable to the factual findings and judgment of the trial

court.’” Walker, 312 Ga. at 336 (quoting State v. Clark, 301 Ga. 7, 8

(799 SE2d 192) (2017)). In so doing, however, we may “‘consider

facts that definitively can be ascertained exclusively by reference to

evidence that is uncontradicted and presents no questions of

credibility such as facts indisputably discernible from a videotape.’”

Walker, 312 Ga. at 336 (quoting Clark, 301 Ga. at 8). “On the other

hand, to the extent that legally significant facts were proved by

evidence other than the video recording, the trial court as fact-finder

12
was entitled to determine the credibility and weight of that other

evidence.” State v. Abbott, 303 Ga. 297, 299 (812 SE2d 225) (2018)

(citation omitted).

With respect to a defendant’s invocation of his right to remain

silent, “[w]e have explained that ‘when a person in the custody of

law enforcement officers unambiguously and unequivocally invokes

his right to remain silent in connection with their interrogation, the

interrogation must cease immediately.’” Walker, 312 Ga. at 335

(citation omitted). “‘Whether an invocation is unambiguous and

unequivocal depends on whether the accused articulated a desire to

cut off questioning with sufficient clarity that a reasonable police

officer in the circumstances would understand the statement to be

an assertion of the right to remain silent.’” Id. at 335 (quoting

Davidson v. State, 304 Ga. 460, 469-470 (819 SE2d 452) (2018))

(punctuation omitted).

Finally, in evaluating whether a defendant knowingly and

voluntarily waived his rights under Miranda, the State bears the

burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that under

13
the totality of the circumstances, the defendant understood and

waived his rights. See Huffman v. State, 311 Ga. 891, 893-894 (860

SE2d 721) (2021). See also Williamson v. State, 305 Ga. 889, 893

(827 SE2d 857) (2019) (“‘Only if the totality of the circumstances

surrounding the interrogation reveals both an uncoerced choice and

the requisite level of comprehension may a court properly conclude

that the Miranda rights have been waived.’”) (citation omitted). In

the context of evaluating whether juveniles have waived their rights

under Miranda, this Court has held that the question of a voluntary

and knowing waiver “‘depends on the totality of the circumstances

and the state has a heavy burden in showing that the juvenile did

understand and waive his rights.’” Lester, 310 Ga. at 85 (quoting

Riley, 237 Ga. at 128). This Court has identified the nine “Riley

factors,” set forth above, to consider in evaluating whether a juvenile

has knowingly and intelligently waived his rights under Miranda.

See Riley, 237 Ga. at 128.8 Because we owe “substantial deference”

8We note that some members of this Court have recently expressed
“doubts about how a trial court is to make, and an appellate court is to review,

14
to the trial court’s factual findings regarding disputed questions of

fact material to whether a defendant voluntarily waived his rights

under Miranda, see Abbott, 303 Ga. 302, the trial court’s findings as

to each of the nine Riley factors “must be upheld on appeal unless

clearly erroneous,” Bedford v. State, 311 Ga. 329, 334 (857 SE2d 708)

(2021). Keeping these principles in mind, we turn to the State’s

enumerations of error.

3. The State contends that the trial court erred in finding that

Burton clearly, unequivocally, and unambiguously invoked his right

to remain silent. The State specifically argues that when Detective

Dobbs read Burton his rights under Miranda and then asked Burton

if he was willing to talk, Burton’s response of, “Yeah, I don’t want

to,” along with his “equivocal” body language, was not an

unambiguous and unequivocal invocation of his right to silence. The

State further argues that because a reasonable officer would

a ruling based on a nine-factor, totality-of-the-circumstances test,” Daniels v.
State, 313 Ga. 400, 418 (870 SE2d 409) (2022) (Nahmias, C.J., concurring
specially in part)—a sentiment that is echoed in Justice Pinson’s concurring
opinion in this case. Nonetheless, Riley remains controlling authority on this
issue, and we decline the State’s invitation to overrule it at this time.
15
perceive Burton’s response as ambiguous and equivocal, Detective

Dobbs’s follow-up statement, “It’s up to you,” was a permissible

attempt to seek clarification as to whether Burton wished to exercise

his right to remain silent. The State contends that Burton then

replied “yeah,” initialed and signed the waiver-of-rights form, and

proceeded to answer the detectives’ questions without making any

effort to cut off questioning, showing that Burton did not intend to

invoke his right to silence.

Burton, on the other hand, contends that the trial court

correctly concluded that he unambiguously and unequivocally

invoked his right to silence when he responded, “Yeah, I don’t want

to,” when Detective Dobbs asked whether he was willing to talk, and

that his invocation of that right was not honored when the detectives

did not cease questioning him immediately. Burton also disputes

the State’s claim that he replied “Yeah,” in response to Detective

Dobbs’s follow-up statement, “It’s up to you,” pointing out that the

trial court found Burton’s reply “unintelligible.”

Although there is a significant dispute between the parties

16
about what Burton meant when he said “Yeah, I don’t want to,” in

response to Detective Dobbs’s question of whether he was willing to

talk—and about what Burton said in reply to Detective Dobbs’s

follow-up statement—we need not evaluate the correctness of the

trial court’s conclusion to resolve this appeal.9 That is because—in

addition to suppressing Burton’s custodial statements on the basis

that Burton’s initial response of, “Yeah, I don’t want to,” was a “clear

and unambiguous” invocation of his right to silence that was not

honored—the trial court also issued an additional ruling that

Burton’s statements must be suppressed because the State failed to

9 The special concurrence contends that we need not reach the question
of whether Burton’s waiver of rights was voluntary, based on the theory that
this Court owes deference to the trial court’s finding that Burton unequivocally
invoked his right to silence. In so doing, the special concurrence assumes the
answer to a complex question that we need not and do not decide today: what
standard of review this Court applies when reviewing the very same video tape
that was available to the trial court, when the conduct, words, or actions
depicted in the video tape are not indisputably discernible from the tape alone,
and when that video tape was the exclusive source of evidence for the trial
court’s findings and legal conclusions. Compare Walker, 312 Ga. at 336
(deferring to trial court’s conclusion as to invocation where “the words that
Appellant said during the pertinent portions of the recording [were] by no
means ‘indisputably discernible’” and the trial court’s finding “was supported
by the trial court’s own repeated review of the recording as well as the
testimony of three witnesses”).
17
meet its burden of showing that Burton knowingly and voluntarily

waived his rights under Miranda. And as explained more below, we

affirm the trial court’s ruling on that basis. See Ellison v. State, 313

Ga. 107, 107-108 (868 SE2d 189) (2022) (affirming trial court’s

ruling because “the record support[ed] at least one of the trial court’s

two bases for its ruling”); State v. Hamilton, 308 Ga. 116, 124, 128

(839 SE2d 560) (2020) (affirming trial court’s ruling where, although

the trial court abused its discretion in admitting former testimony

under OCGA § 24-8-804 (b) (1), “that conclusion [did] not end our

review . . . because after conducting its Rule 804 (b) (1) analysis, the

trial court made an alternate holding” that the former testimony

was admissible under OCGA § 24-8-807, which was not an abuse of

discretion).

4. The State contends that, considering the totality of the

circumstances, the trial court erred in concluding that the State

failed to show that Burton knowingly and voluntarily waived his

rights under Miranda. As noted above, before concluding that the

State failed to meet its burden, the trial court set forth the nine Riley

18
factors and made findings as to each. Specifically, the trial court

found that (1) Burton was 16 years old; (2) he had just started his

junior year in high school; (3) he was advised of his rights under

Miranda, and although he knew police wanted to speak with him

about the shooting, there was no indication that he knew he was a

suspect or that police had obtained an arrest warrant for murder;

(4) although he was advised of his right to have a parent present, he

never consulted with any parent or relatives, and “Det[ective] Ross

testified that he did not contact [Burton’s] parents to let them know

that he was in custody or why he was in custody”; (5) police had

obtained an arrest warrant before the interview began, but this was

not revealed to Burton until the end of the interrogation; (6) the

interrogation methods were “somewhat misleading and deceptive,

as acknowledged by Det[ective] Ross at the hearing,” “voices were

occasionally raised and foul language used and directed at [Burton],

but the tactics were not particularly abusive or coercive,” and

Burton was shackled to a railing in a “very cold” room; (7) the

interview “was lengthy, even in the context of an adult

19
interrogation”; (8) Burton “invoked his right to silence and clearly

indicated that he did not wish to speak to police,” and “[t]he record

is devoid of evidence as to whether [he] declined to give[] any

statements on earlier occasions”; and (9) although Burton had never

“repudiated the statement he gave to police on October 23, 2017,

likely because he never confessed to the shooting and his statements

were largely exculpatory with respect to his own involvement, he

ha[d] pleaded not guilty to the charges against him.”

In support of its contention that Burton’s waiver was knowing

and voluntary, the State argues the following: Burton was almost 17

years old at the time of his interview; was in the eleventh grade;

appeared to listen attentively to Detective Dobbs and confirmed that

he understood his rights; responded, when asked, that he would talk

to Detective Dobbs; indicated on the waiver form that he waived his

rights, and then answered the detectives’ questions without

objection; knew that police wanted to talk to him about a murder

(irrespective of whether he understood at first that he was a

suspect); was told that he could have a parent present; and was

20
“streetwise,” in that he had extensive past involvement with law

enforcement and the justice system, including having been read his

rights at least twice before during past interviews related to other

incidents.

The detailed factual findings set forth in the trial court’s order

reveal that it did not rely exclusively on the videotape of Burton’s

custodial interview in making its findings. Rather, it also

considered other evidence presented at the hearing on Burton’s

motion to suppress, such as Detective Ross’s testimony, the standard

waiver-of-rights form given to Burton that was not specifically

tailored for juveniles, records related to Burton’s delinquency

history and previous interactions with law enforcement, search

warrant applications, and Burton’s birth certificate. Indeed, the

trial court specifically stated at the hearing that “I’ve still got to look

at all the other factors and the totality of the circumstances to find

out whether this was voluntary. And I think that gets done . . . by

listening to the statement as a whole and considering the factors of

detention and the evidence in front of me right now about when he

21
was brought in that room and all of that stuff. . . . I think that’s a

decision that I can make after listening to the entire interview and

considering all the circumstances.” Based on its review of all of the

evidence presented, the trial court concluded that, considering the

totality of the circumstances, the State did not meet its burden of

showing that Burton knowingly and intelligently waived his rights

under Miranda.

Evidence presented at the hearing on Burton’s motion to

suppress—including but not limited to the video recording of the

interview—supported the trial court’s factual findings as to each of

the nine Riley factors. To that end, the State does not dispute the

trial court’s finding regarding the first Riley factor—that Burton

was 16 years old—which was supported by a photograph of Burton’s

birth certificate that the State admitted as Exhibit Five at the

motion-to-suppress hearing and was one of the specific findings that

the court noted “in particular” in reaching its conclusion that the

State failed to meet its burden of showing that Burton knowingly

and intelligently waived his rights under Miranda. Nor does the

22
State dispute the trial court’s finding regarding the second factor—

that Burton had just started his junior year of high school. With

respect to the third factor, the State does not dispute that there was

no indication Burton initially knew that he was a suspect in the

murder—a finding that was supported by Detective Ross’s

testimony; the State merely points out, as the trial court did, that

Burton at least knew that the detectives wanted to talk to him about

a murder.

Regarding the fourth factor, the trial court’s finding that

Burton did not consult with a parent or relative and that Detective

Ross did not contact Burton’s parents was based, at least in part, on

Detective Ross’s testimony that he did not notify Burton’s parents

that their son was in custody or why he was in custody “[a]t any

point in time during that day.” See Oubre v. Woldemichael, 301 Ga.

299, 305-306 (800 SE2d 518) (2017) (noting, in analyzing the Riley

factors in the context of due process voluntariness, that “[a]lthough

a parent’s absence or presence is not dispositive of the question of

whether a juvenile’s confession is admissible, it is a significant factor

23
in the analysis”) (citation omitted). Cf. Daniels v. State, 313 Ga. 400,

413 (870 SE2d 409) (2022) (“[A] parent’s presence, although not

required, is a significant factor in support of a finding of waiver.”)

(citation and punctuation omitted). Notably, the trial court

emphasized “in particular” the “absence of a parent during the

interview” in its totality-of-the-circumstances analysis.

As for the fifth factor, the trial court found that an arrest

warrant had been obtained before the interview began, even though

there was some inconsistency in the evidence on this point. But the

trial court was authorized to weigh search warrant applications

indicating that Burton’s arrest warrant was obtained “[d]uring the

interview” against Detective Ross’s statement to Burton at the end

of the video-recorded-interview that Burton was “being charged” and

“[t]hat happened before you even got here,” and also to credit

Detective Ross’s testimony acknowledging that Burton was not

“actually informed of [the arrest warrant’s] existence” until “the end

of the interview” and that “up until then he wouldn’t have known

about it,” which appears to acknowledge that the arrest warrant had

24
at least been obtained at some point before or during the time of the

interview.

With respect to the sixth factor, the trial court expressly

credited Detective Ross’s testimony in determining that the

“techniques employed during the interview were somewhat

misleading and deceptive,” even though they “were not particularly

abusive or coercive.” The trial court noted, however, that Burton

was “shackled to a railing in the interview room” during his

interview, a finding that was supported by the video recording of

Burton’s interview and also by Detective Ross’s testimony.

Moreover, in finding that the interview room was “very cold”—the

type of factual finding that we generally review with “substantial

deference,” Abbott, 303 Ga. at 302—the trial court expressly

considered Detective Ross’s testimony about the room’s temperature

and also pointed to the video recording’s depiction of Burton pulling

his arms into his shirt and sitting in a way that appears to indicate

he was trying to stay warm. As for the seventh factor, Detective

Ross testified that Burton was held in the interview room for “a good

25
part of the day, probably,” and the State does not dispute the trial

court’s finding that the interview “was lengthy, even in the context

of an adult interrogation.”

With respect to the eighth factor, even apart from the trial

court’s ultimate determination that Burton “invoked his right to

silence”—a conclusion we expressly decline to evaluate today—the

court also found as part of its Riley analysis that Burton “clearly

indicated that he did not wish to speak to police.” And that point

was consonant with the trial court’s earlier findings that Burton

“shook his head” while saying, “Yeah, I don’t want to,” and that after

Burton responded to Detective Dobbs after she advised Burton of his

rights under Miranda, Burton “appeared to shrug . . . and his body

language was not that of an individual who seemed open to

conversation.” Moreover, the trial court also found with respect to

the eighth factor that “[t]he record is devoid of evidence as to

whether [Burton] declined to give[] any statements on earlier

occasions,” suggesting that it was not persuaded by evidence the

State presented about Burton’s delinquency history and prior

26
interactions with law enforcement, which the State offered to show

that Burton was “streetwise” and had been read his rights under

Miranda on previous, unrelated occasions.

And regarding the ninth factor, the trial court’s finding that

Burton had not repudiated the custodial statements he made to the

detectives, while also acknowledging that Burton had pleaded not

guilty to the charges against him, was an accurate recitation of what

had happened in the case at that point in time. See Daniels, 313 Ga.

at 415 (rejecting defendant’s assertion that entering a plea of not

guilty constituted a repudiation of his statements).

The record thus shows that the trial court reviewed and

weighed the evidence presented at the motion-to-suppress hearing,

and that it also made factual and credibility determinations in

reaching its ultimate conclusion that, considering all of the Riley

factors, the State failed to meet its burden of establishing that

Burton knowingly and voluntarily waived his rights under Miranda.

Moreover, in considering the totality of the circumstances, the trial

court placed great weight “in particular” on the factors of Burton’s

27
age, the length of the interview, law enforcement’s failure to inform

Burton of the charges against him or that an arrest warrant had

already been obtained for him, and the absence of either of Burton’s

parents. See Daniels, 313 Ga. at 417-418 (noting that “although

some [of the Riley] factors weigh against the trial court’s ultimate

determination that Daniels’s statements were admissible under

Riley, we cannot say that the trial court erred” “under the totality of

the circumstances”). See also Goins v. State, 310 Ga. 199, 201 n.2

(850 SE2d 68) (2020) (noting, where the record did not support some

of the trial court’s factual findings underlying its rejection of the

defendant’s speedy trial claim, that given the trial court’s “other

findings regarding the reasons for delays in the case and regarding

the other Barker-Doggett factors, which the record supports, it is

clear that those two erroneous findings were not material to the

court’s ultimate conclusion”). 10 Given the undisputed aspects of the

10 Contending that the trial court erred in ruling that the State failed to
meet its burden of showing that Burton waived his rights under Miranda, the
State cites a litany of cases in which this Court and the Court of Appeals have
held that juveniles knowingly and voluntarily waived their rights. See, e.g.,

28
evidence; the trial court’s extensive findings; and the credibility

determinations the trial court made after listening to witness

testimony and weighing the evidence, we cannot say that the trial

court’s factual and credibility findings were clearly erroneous, or

that the trial court erred in concluding that the State failed to meet

its heavy burden of showing that, under a totality of the

circumstances in this case, Burton knowingly and intelligently

waived his rights under Miranda. We therefore conclude that, based

on the specific facts and circumstances presented in this case, the

trial court did not err in granting Burton’s motion to suppress. See

Bedford, 311 Ga. at 334-335 (holding that “because the trial court

grounded its denial of Bedford’s motion to suppress on the Riley

factors . . . . [and b]ecause these findings were not clearly erroneous

Allen v. State, 283 Ga. 304, 305-306 (658 SE2d 580) (2008) (15- and 16-year-
olds knowingly and voluntarily waived rights); Green v. State, 282 Ga. 672, 674
(653 SE2d 23) (2007) (16-year-old knowingly and voluntarily waived rights);
Boyd v. State, 315 Ga. App. 256, 266 (726 SE2d 746) (2012) (Blackwell, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part). But a multi-factor test, such as the
one this Court has historically used from Riley, is inherently a fact-and-
circumstance-specific analysis, and here it leads us to conclude that the cases
the State cites are distinguishable from this one.
29
and the trial court properly relied upon the Riley factors, we see no

error in the trial court’s denial of Bedford’s motion to suppress”).

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except Colvin, J.,
who concurs in judgment only, and LaGrua, J., who dissents.

30
 COLVIN, Justice, concurring specially.

I agree with the majority opinion’s ultimate conclusion that

the trial court did not err in granting Burton’s motion to suppress

his custodial statement. However, because the trial court made

express findings that Burton unequivocally invoked his right to

silence, and that the record contained no credible evidence that

could show officers scrupulously honored that invocation or that

Burton reinitiated contact with the detectives, Burton’s custodial

statement was inadmissible. For these reasons, I see no need to

analyze the voluntariness of Burton’s statement. Accordingly, I

concur only in the judgment of the Court.

It is well established that, “[a] person being subjected to

custodial interrogation may at any time express his or her desire to

remain silent and, thereby, end the interrogation.” Green v. State,

275 Ga. 569, 571-572 (2) (570 SE2d 207) (2002). “An accused will be

found to have unambiguously and unequivocally asserted his right

to remain silent where he declares that he is finished talking or

otherwise expresses the clear desire for police questioning to cease.”

31
Mack v. State, 296 Ga. 239, 242 (2) (765 SE2d 896) (2014)

(punctuation omitted). If a defendant “clearly and unambiguously

states that he wants to end a custodial interrogation,” then police

officers “must scrupulously honor” that invocation. Brown v. State,

304 Ga. 435, 440 (2) (b) (819 SE2d 14) (2018) (citations omitted).

Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 104 (96 SCt 321, 46 LE2d 313)

(1975) (“[T]he admissibility of statements obtained after the person

in custody has decided to remain silent depends[,] under Miranda[,]

on whether his right to cut off questioning was scrupulously

honored.” (citation and punctuation omitted)).

Here, the trial court found, based upon all of the evidence

admitted at the Jackson-Denno hearing, that Burton unequivocally

invoked his right to remain silent. That ruling was not clearly

erroneous. The record shows, and the parties do not dispute, that

Detective Dobbs asked Burton, “[with] these rights in mind, are you

willing to talk to us?” Burton replied, “Yeah, I don’t want to.” The

trial court determined that Burton shook his head “no” while

making that statement. These facts are materially indistinguishable

32
from other cases in which this Court has found an unequivocal

invocation of the right to remain silent. See e.g., State v. Nash, 279

Ga. 646, 648 (2) (619 SE2d 684) (2005) (trial court properly found

unequivocal invocation of right to remain silent where, in response

to GBI agent’s clarifying question, the defendant “clearly shook his

head in the negative” and stated that he wanted “to just sit back and

get his charges and just go back”). See also Ensslin v. State, 308 Ga.

462, 470 (2) (c) (841 SE2d 676) (2020) (finding appellant

unequivocally invoked his right to remain silent when, in the middle

of the interview, he said, “You know, that’s it. I ain’t got nothing else

to say. . . . If you’re going to charge me, you take me and charge me,”

and “I don’t want to talk to nobody. Like I said, if you’re going to

charge me, charge me. And let’s go”); Davidson v. State, 304 Ga. 460,

468-469 (819 SE2d 452) (2018) (holding that the defendant

unequivocally invoked his right to silence when he repeatedly said

that he had “nothing to say”); Mack, 296 Ga. at 242 (finding

unequivocal assertion of right to remain silent where defendant

stated during custodial interview “I’m done. I have no more to say.

33
I’m done. Let’s ride”); State v. Moon, 285 Ga. 55, 57 (673 SE2d 255)

(2009) (finding unequivocal assertion of the right to remain silent

when the defendant, in the middle of custodial interview, stated, “I

ain’t got no more to say. I mean, that is it”); Green, 275 Ga. at 572-

573 (2) (defendant’s statement of “That’s cool . . . I don’t want to

talk,” in response to detective’s statement that “We’re not gonna be

able to talk to you anymore,” was an unequivocal invocation of right

to remain silent). Given the evidence presented at the hearing, the

trial court was authorized to find that Burton unequivocally invoked

his right to remain silent.

Next, the State had the burden to prove by a preponderance of

the evidence either that (1) the detectives “scrupulously honored”

the invocation of the right or (2) Burton “voluntarily waived that

right by reinitiating contact with the detective[s].” State v. Hinton,

309 Ga. 457, 461 (2) (847 SE2d 188) (2020). See also State v. Pauldo,

309 Ga. 130, 133 (2) (844 SE2d 829) (2020) (listing factors trial

courts consider when determining if a defendant’s right to remain

silent was scrupulously honored by officers). Here, the trial court

34
noted that the evidence presented by the State regarding what

happened between Burton’s invocation and his subsequent waiver

was “frustratingly” unclear. Although the State introduced

testimony from Detective Ross about the post-invocation exchange,

the court did not credit that testimony. The court’s credibility

determination was not clearly erroneous because Detective Ross

testified that he did not have a clear or independent memory of what

had occurred after Burton invoked his right to remain silent, and

the detective “admitted that he was unable to understand what

[Burton] was saying in the [relevant portions of the] recording.” 11

Hinton, 309 Ga. at 461 (explaining that, where the trial court

questions the credibility of a detective’s testimony at a Jackson-

Denno hearing, “specifically citing the vague nature of his testimony

and the detective’s professed lack of memory on key points,” it was

for the trial court, not this Court, to determine the detective’s

credibility). See also Miller v. State, 288 Ga. 286, 289 (2) (702 SE2d

11 Presumably, the State could have provided the trial court with more
clarity by calling Detective Dobbs to testify as to her recollection of the
interaction. Yet, inexplicably, the State chose not to do so.
35
888) (2010) (“[T]he trier of fact is not obligated to believe a witness

even if the testimony is uncontradicted and may accept or reject any

portion of the testimony.” (citation and punctuation omitted)).

That left the trial court with the video recording of the

interview to determine what occurred between Burton’s invocation

of his right to remain silent and his subsequent waiver of his rights.

Based on its own review of the video recording, the trial court found

that Burton’s post-invocation exchange with Detective Dobbs was

“unintelligible.” Although we generally defer to a “trial court’s

findings on disputed facts unless clearly erroneous,” Mack v. State,

296 Ga. 239, 241 (765 SE2d 896) (2014), we afford “less deference to

the trial court . . . to the extent that material facts definitively can

be ascertained exclusively by reference to evidence that is

uncontradicted and presents no questions of credibility,” Hughes v.

State, 296 Ga. 744, 746 n.5 (770 SE2d 636) (2015). Based on the

peculiar facts of this case, it makes no difference whether we afford

deference to the trial court’s findings about the video recording or

review the matter de novo. The trial court’s finding that the

36
recording of the post-invocation exchange is “unintelligible” is not

only accurate, but undeniably so. See Maj. Op. at 5 n.3.

(acknowledging that “it is unclear what Burton said at this point in

the interview”).

Aside from Detective Ross’s testimony and the video recording,

there was no record evidence that could clarify what occurred during

the post-invocation exchange. Because the court did not clearly err

in disregarding Detective Ross’s testimony on the matter or err

(clearly or otherwise) in finding the recording of the exchange

“unintelligible,” the only permissible legal conclusion was that the

State failed to carry its burden by a preponderance of the evidence

to show that officers scrupulously honored Burton’s invocation or

that Burton reinitiated contact after invoking his right to remain

silent. Accordingly, Burton’s custodial statement was inadmissible.

Because Burton’s statement was inadmissible, I see no reason

to analyze, as the majority opinion does, whether the statement was

voluntary. I therefore concur only in the judgment of the Court.

37
 PINSON, Justice, concurring.

As the Court notes, some members of our Court have recently

expressed “doubts” about the juvenile-specific test the trial court

applied in this case, which comes from Riley v. State, 237 Ga. 124,

128 (226 SE2d 922) (1976). Daniels v. State, 313 Ga. 400, 418 (870

SE2d 409) (2022) (Nahmias, C.J., concurring specially in part).

Count me as a doubter, too. Even putting to one side any concerns

with requiring “a trial court . . . to make, and an appellate court . . .

to review, a ruling based on a nine-factor” test, id., Riley appears to

be out of step with U.S. Supreme Court precedent. In Fare v. Michael

C., 442 U.S. 707 (99 SCt 2560, 61 LEd 2d 197) (1979), the Court held

that the test for whether a person has waived his rights under

Miranda v. United States, 384 U.S. 436 (86 SCt 1602, 16 LE2d 694)

(1966), is the same for juveniles as it is for adults, and it requires a

“totality-of-the-circumstances approach” that “includes,” but is not

limited to, “evaluation of the juvenile’s age, experience, education,

background, and intelligence, and into whether he has the capacity

to understand the warnings given him, the nature of his Fifth

38
Amendment rights, and the consequences of waiving those rights.”

Id. at 725. By contrast, Riley requires a test that is specific to

juveniles and limited to nine particular factors. See Riley, 237 Ga.

at 128. And some of those factors not only diverge from Fare’s listed

considerations but also seem irrelevant to the waiver question—for

example, the length and method of the interrogation, which in many

cases occurs after a person has made the alleged waiver of rights at

issue. See id.12

I have found no explanation for why we apply Riley instead of

Fare, but the best guess is some combination of happenstance and

inertia. Riley was decided in 1976, which happened to be three years

before Fare squarely explained how to assess whether a juvenile’s

waiver of rights under Miranda was knowing and voluntary.

Lacking that guidance, we instead borrowed a test from a 1968

12 Consider this case, for example. The trial court faithfully applied
Riley’s factors, including those that required it to consider the length and
method of the interrogation. But the arguments that Burton was held in the
interview room for “a good part of the day” or that the techniques used were
“somewhat misleading and deceptive” do not seem to me to have much of
anything to do with the voluntariness of Burton’s initial waiver of his rights,
which he gave just a few minutes into the interview.
39
federal court of appeals case, West v. United States, 399 F2d 467, 469

(5th Cir. 1968), which had collected these factors from cases that

mostly pre-dated Miranda. And then we kept traveling under that

test, even after Fare was issued.

For now, Riley is the test the great weight of our precedent

required the trial court to apply, 13 and the Court’s opinion rightly

concludes that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in applying

it under the specific facts and circumstances of this case. So I concur

fully. But in an appropriate case, we should consider whether a

course correction, or at least a clarification, is warranted. I am

authorized to state that Chief Justice Boggs, Justice Warren, Justice

Bethel, and Justice McMillian join in this concurrence.

13 Our cases are not entirely consistent in this regard. Although we have
applied Riley dozens of times, we have cited Fare twice in this context since it
was issued. See State v. Lee, 298 Ga. 388, 389 (782 SE2d 249) (2016); Norris v.
State, 282 Ga. 430, 431 (651 SE2d 40) (2007). And in at least one case, State v.
Rodriguez, 274 Ga. 728 (559 SE2d 435) (2002), we applied Riley in a totality-
of-the-circumstances, non-exclusive-factors approach that looks more like
Fare.
40
 LAGRUA, Justice, dissenting.

I respectfully dissent in this case because, even affording the

trial court a high level of deference, the evidence does not support

the trial court’s determination that Burton’s invocation was

unequivocal and unambiguous, see Walker v. State, 312 Ga. 332, 336

(2) (b) (862 SE2d 542) (2021). However, I need not go into a step by

step analysis of the Riley factors, see Riley v. State, 237 Ga. 124, 128

(226 SE2d 922) (1976), because I believe Riley is inconsistent with

United States Supreme Court precedent as applied in this case, see

Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707, 724-725 (III) (99 SCt 2560, 61 LE2d

197) (1979) (concluding that the “totality-of-the-circumstances

approach is adequate to determine whether there has been a waiver

even where interrogation of juveniles is involved” and discerning “no

persuasive reasons why any other approach is required where the

question is whether a juvenile has waived his rights, as opposed to

whether an adult has done so”), and we should reexamine Riley in

the appropriate case.

41