Order Michigan Supreme Court
Lansing, Michigan
January 28, 2011 Robert P. Young, Jr.,
Chief Justice
141579 Michael F. Cavanagh
Marilyn Kelly
Stephen J. Markman
Diane M. Hathaway
Mary Beth Kelly
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, Brian K. Zahra,
Plaintiff-Appellee, Justices
v SC: 141579
COA: 291217
Genesee CC: 08-023681-FH
JEFF MATTHEW WASHINGTON,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________________________/
On order of the Court, the application for leave to appeal the June 17, 2010
judgment of the Court of Appeals is considered, and it is DENIED, because we are not
persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed by this Court.
MARILYN KELLY, J. (dissenting).
I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals. I do not believe that the
police made a valid Terry1 stop in this case. Consequently, their search was illegal, and
the trial court was correct to dismiss the case.
The underlying facts are as follows. While on patrol in a fully marked police car,
officer Williams noticed a green Buick parked on a side street in Flint. Defendant was
standing near the passenger side window talking to the driver. Williams thought it
looked “kind of suspicious, possibly some drug activity going on,” so he turned the
cruiser around and waited about a half a block away to “see if the vehicle would leave.”
Although he saw nothing to satisfy his hunch, Williams decided to approach the
men to see what they were doing. He pulled his cruiser in front of the Buick and blocked
1
Terry v Ohio, 392 US 1 (1968).
2
it, completing a Terry stop.2 When he searched defendant’s jacket,3 Williams discovered
a firearm.
He arrested defendant and charged him with carrying a concealed weapon, felon in
possession of a firearm, and felony-firearm. Defendant moved to suppress the gun on
several bases. At the hearing on the motion, Williams was the only witness. Regarding
the initial Terry stop, Williams conceded that he had no specific reason for believing that
a drug transaction was occurring. It was just a hunch or a general suspicion. No drugs
were discovered.
Terry mandates that, for police to justify intruding into a citizen’s right against
unlawful searches and seizures, officers must “be able to point to specific and articulable
facts” warranting the intrusion.4 “This demand for specificity in the information upon
which police action is predicated is the central teaching of this Court’s Fourth
Amendment jurisprudence.”5 “[I]narticulate hunches” are not enough.6
The absence of any “specific and articulable facts” justifying the Terry stop are
evident from the following concessions: (1) Williams admitted that he never saw any
exchange of money or material; (2) Williams could not tell if the Buick’s window were
up or down; and (3) no suspicious behavior occurred during the minutes Williams
watched the men from a distance.
The stop cannot be justified by the fact that Williams saw defendant making
furtive movements as he walked up to the Buick. Assuming arguendo that such
movements would be sufficient to give rise to reasonable suspicion when he approached
the Buick on foot, Williams had already completed the Terry stop. He did that by
blocking the Buick with his patrol car. Reasonable suspicion acquired after the stop
cannot justify a seizure that is unwarranted at the time of the stop.
2
See, e.g., United States v See, 574 F3d 309, 313 (CA 6, 2009) (explaining that when a
police officer blocks a citizen’s car with the officer’s car, it constitutes a warrantless
Terry seizure because a reasonable person would not feel free to leave).
3
At the time Williams blocked the Buick, defendant was sitting in the passenger seat.
4
Terry, 392 US at 21.
5
Id. at 21 n 18.
6
Id. at 22.
3
The purpose of requiring “reasonable suspicion” before permitting police officers
to make a Terry stop is to uphold a central purpose of the Fourth Amendment: preventing
police from conducting arbitrary searches and seizures of citizens.7 Here, all officer
Williams knew before he made the Terry stop was that two men were talking by a parked
car in a high-crime area. By his own admission, Williams did not have a specific reason
for suspecting drug activity, only a hunch or general suspicion. Yet despite his continued
observation of the two men, nothing additional occurred to substantiate the officer’s
hunch. In short, no “specific and articulable facts” existed to justify the stop.
I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the trial court’s
orders granting defendant’s motion to suppress the gun and dismissing the case.
ZAHRA, J., did not participate because he was on the Court of Appeals panel.
7
Schmerber v California, 384 US 757, 767 (1966), quoting Wolf v Colorado, 338 US 25,
27 (1949) (“The overriding function of the Fourth Amendment is to protect personal
privacy and dignity against unwarranted intrusion by the State. . . . ‘[T]he security of
one's privacy against arbitrary intrusion by the police’ [is] ‘at the core of the Fourth
Amendment’ and ‘basic to a free society.’”).
I, Corbin R. Davis, Clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court, certify that the
foregoing is a true and complete copy of the order entered at the direction of the Court.
January 28, 2011 _________________________________________
p0125 Clerk