J-A21018-22
2022 Pa Super 198
MANDY MICHELLE DEROSA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
WILLIAM JOSEPH GORDON AND :
KERRON REGIS, INTERVENER :
: No. 1121 EDA 2022
:
APPEAL OF: WILLIAM JOSEPH :
GORDON :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 22, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
Civil Division at 2018-007523
MANDY MICHELLE DEROSA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
WILLIAM JOSEPH GORDON AND :
KERRON REGIS, INTERVENER :
: No. 1122 EDA 2022
:
APPEAL OF: WILLIAM JOSEPH :
GORDON :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 22, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
Civil Division at 2018-007523
J-A21018-22
KERRON REGIS : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
MANDY MICHELLE DEROSA AND :
WILLIAM JOSEPH GORDON :
: No. 1123 EDA 2022
:
APPEAL OF: WILLIAM JOSEPH :
GORDON :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 22, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
Domestic Relations at 2019-001947
KERRON REGIS : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
MANDY MICHELLE DEROSA AND :
WILLIAM JOSEPH GORDON :
: No. 1124 EDA 2022
:
APPEAL OF: WILLIAM JOSEPH :
GORDON :
Appeal from the Order Entered March 22, 2022
In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County
Domestic Relations at 2019-001947
BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., MURRAY, J., and McCAFFERY, J.
OPINION BY MURRAY, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 22, 2022
In these consolidated appeals, William Joseph Gordon (Husband),
appeals from two related orders granting the request of Kerron Regis
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(Appellee), who sought DNA testing in the separate paternity and custody
actions involving Husband, Mandy Michelle DeRosa (Mother), and the male
child (L.G.), born in August 2016.1
The trial court entered the two orders at the paternity and custody
dockets. Husband’s appeals at 1123 EDA 2022 and 1124 EDA 2022 are from
the paternity docket; his appeals at 1121 EDA 2022 and 1122 EDA 2022 are
from the custody docket. After careful consideration, we affirm the orders at
1123 EDA 2022 and 1124 EDA 2022 (paternity docket), and quash the
duplicative appeals at 1121 EDA 2022 and 1122 EDA 2022 (custody docket).2
The trial court summarized the underlying facts as follows:
L.G. was born to [Mother, while married to Husband]. [Mother]
testified that she and [Husband] established a sexually open
marriage and were both “swingers” who tolerated each other’s
sexual encounters with others. L.G., being born biracial[,] was
not remarkable to [Husband,] since [Husband] was aware of the
ongoing sexual relationship and [M]other’s routine sexual
intercourse with [Appellee], who is African American. All of the
parties appear to have either expressly and/or tacitly
acknowledged [Appellee] as a peculiarly special person in L.G.’s
life.2 There has been some testimony that the parties
acknowledge [Appellee’s] probable paternity of L.G., since they
have referred to [Appellee] as the “sperm donor” for L.G.
____________________________________________
1 Although interlocutory, an order requiring blood tests to determine paternity
is immediately appealable. Jones v. Trojak, 634 A.2d 201, 204 (Pa. 1993).
2 On March 22, 2022, at both dockets, the trial court entered an: (1) order
granting Appellee’s petition to intervene in the custody action; (2) order
granting Appellee’s petition for DNA testing to proceed in the paternity action;
and (3) order and opinion granting both petitions.
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2Testimony presented to the court made it clear that after L.G.’s
birth, all three parties were aware L.G. was fathered by
[Appellee].
Order, 3/22/22, at 2 (footnote in original).
Appellee testified that he went to the hospital when L.G. was born. N.T.,
6/24/19, at 40, 44-45, 52-53. He testified that Husband indicated Appellee
was L.G.’s father, and “handed [L.G.] over to me.” Id. at 53. However,
Appellee declined when Husband asked whether Appellee wanted his name on
L.G.’s birth certificate. Id. at 40, 44-45, 52-53. Appellee stated, “I did not
for the simple fact that I thought it would create problems in their marriage
[and] their household.” Id. at 53. Husband is named as the father on L.G.’s
birth certificate.
In August 2018, when L.G. turned two, Mother separated from Husband
and relocated with L.G.3 N.T., 1/24/22, at 54. On September 24, 2018,
Mother filed for divorce from Husband, and included a custody count in her
divorce complaint.4 On January 2, 2019, Appellee filed a petition to intervene
in the custody matter; Husband filed preliminary objections and a new matter
in response.
____________________________________________
3 Appellee and Mother testified that their sexual relationship ended around
July 2018. N.T., 6/24/19, at 33, 65.
4 The parties’ divorce remained pending during the paternity and custody
proceedings.
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On March 6, 2019, Appellee initiated a paternity action contesting the
presumption of Husband’s paternity and requesting a DNA test.5 Petition to
Establish Paternity, 3/6/19, at ¶ 9. Appellee further requested, if DNA testing
established his paternity, that the trial court issue an order designating him
as L.G.’s father. Husband filed preliminary objections, which included a new
matter asserting that Appellee’s request was barred by the doctrines of
presumption of paternity and paternity by estoppel.
The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on June 24, 2019.6 Husband
testified and presented the testimony of Appellee as on cross. Mother also
testified. The trial court denied Husband’s preliminary objections on October
22, 2019, by two separate orders entered on the custody and paternity
dockets.7 The trial court scheduled an evidentiary hearing on Appellee’s
petitions for December 2, 2019.
____________________________________________
5 On January 7, 2019, Mother filed a “Petition to Disestablish” Husband’s
paternity at the Pennsylvania Child Support Enforcement System (PACSES)
docket associated with her child support action against Husband. Husband
filed preliminary objections. Mother’s petition is pending.
6 The notes of testimony are not in the certified record. However, Husband
has included a copy of the notes of testimony in his reproduced record.
Because no party disputes their authenticity, we consider the notes of
testimony in Husband’s reproduced record. See Commonwealth v.
Holston, 211 A.3d 1264, 1276 (Pa. Super. 2019) (en banc)
(citing Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 1139, 1145 n.4 (Pa. 2012)).
7 By separate orders on October 21, 2019, filed at both the PACSES and
custody dockets, the trial court denied Husband’s preliminary objections
and/or motion to dismiss Mother’s petition to disestablish paternity.
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On November 12, 2019, Husband filed an answer and new matter to
Appellee’s petition to establish paternity. Husband repeated his claims of
presumption of paternity and paternity by estoppel. Husband asserted that
he and Mother “have held out” L.G. as Husband’s child, “and of the marriage
since before the minor child’s birth.” Answer to Petition to Establish Paternity
and New Matter, 11/12/19, at ¶ 15. Appellee filed an answer to the new
matter on November 21, 2019. The hearing was continued to March 16, 2020.
For reasons unspecified in the record, the hearing did not occur.
Appellee filed the next relevant pleading on the paternity docket on
February 16, 2021. Appellee repeated his request for DNA testing, and if the
testing confirmed Appellee’s paternity, an order designating Appellee as L.G.’s
father and scheduling a custody trial. Petition to Order DNA Testing, 2/16/21,
at ¶¶ 9, 11. Husband filed an answer and new matter on March 1, 2021.
On December 17, 2021, Mother filed an emergency custody petition
alleging, inter alia, that Husband had sexually abused L.G. during an overnight
visit.8 Emergency Petition, 12/17/21, at ¶¶ 16-21. Mother requested sole
legal custody and the suspension of Husband’s partial physical custody.
Although Appellee’s petition to intervene was pending, Appellee filed a
____________________________________________
8An April 22, 2020 custody order was in effect at the time. Mother and
Husband shared legal custody; Mother had primary physical custody; and
Husband had partial physical custody every Wednesday and alternating
weekends.
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response to Mother’s emergency petition and requested that the court grant
Mother relief. Husband filed a motion seeking to strike Appellee’s answer
because he was not a party to the custody action. Appellee answered that his
petition to intervene
was filed years ago and never heard by the [c]ourt, yet the
[c]ourt, after several interim hearings, has repeatedly stated that
Intervenor is considered a part of the action. The failure of
Intervenor’s Petition to Intervene to be heard has been no fault of
Intervenor.
Answer to Motion to Strike, 12/21/21, at ¶ 2. Finally, on January 21, 2022,
Husband filed an amended answer to the emergency petition, new matter,
and motion to strike Appellee’s answer.
The court convened a hearing on January 24, 2022. Mother testified,
and presented testimony from Appellee, as well as Mother’s mother, L.K., and
caseworker, Eric Urgiles, who was present when L.G. was interviewed about
Mother’s allegations of sexual abuse. Husband testified, and presented
testimony from his girlfriend, La.Gl. The child, L.G., was five years old and in
kindergarten at the time. The trial court interviewed L.G. in camera. By order
entered January 27, 2022, the court denied Mother’s emergency custody
petition and directed that Mother and Husband adhere to the April 22, 2020
custody order.
On March 22, 2022, the trial granted Appellee’s petition for DNA testing
in orders entered on the paternity and custody dockets. The court also
granted Appellee’s petition to intervene and directed that Appellee “be named
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as a party in this custody action.” Order, 3/22/22. Finally, by order and
opinion entered on the custody and paternity dockets, the court (1) granted
Appellee’s petition to order DNA testing and petition to intervene; (2) directed
the parties to advise the court within ten days whether an additional hearing
was required for Mother’s petition to disestablish paternity filed on the PACSES
docket; and (3) provided “should the court receive no notice from the parties
within ten (10) days, a date shall be set for a hearing on” the paternity and
custody actions. Order and Opinion, 3/22/22. The court explained:
[Appellee] contends DNA testing should be ordered to ascertain
his paternity of [L.G.] … [Husband] contend[s] the doctrines of
presumption of paternity and paternity by estoppel bar such DNA
testing to establish [Appellee]’s paternity and his subsequent
intervention in the pending custody proceedings pertaining to L.G.
After a review of the record, a hearing held on January 24, 2022,
and written briefs submitted on behalf of the parties, this [c]ourt
finds the arguments against [Appellee]’s intervention in the
custody matter and DNA testing unavailing for the reasons set
forth hereinbelow. This court shall grant [Appellee]’s intervention
and order the requested DNA testing. Depending upon the results
thereof, this [c]ourt shall address the paternity suit of [Appellee]
and determine whether a modification of custody is in the best
interests of the child.
Order and Opinion, 3/22/22, at 3.
On April 21, 2022, Husband timely filed four separate notices of appeal
along with concise statements of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to
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Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b), which this Court consolidated sua sponte.9
The trial court filed a Rule 1925(a) opinion on June 9, 2022.
Husband presents the following issues for review:
1. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err by granting the request for DNA
testing prior to deciding and disposing of the [p]aternity by
[e]stoppel claim?
2. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err by deciding the [p]aternity by
[e]stoppel claim without a hearing on the matter?
3. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err by failing to provide notice that the
[p]aternity by [e]stoppel claim was being heard?
4. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err by failing to analyze the best
interest factors when deciding the [p]aternity by [e]stoppel claim?
5. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err by deciding the [p]aternity by
[e]stoppel claim because the record does not support the
decision?
Husband’s Brief at 8.10
We review the trial court’s orders granting paternity testing for an abuse
of discretion. Vargo v. Schwartz, 940 A.2d 459, 462 (Pa. Super. 2007).
An abuse of discretion exists if the trial court has overridden or
misapplied the law, or if there is insufficient evidence to sustain
the order. Moreover, resolution of factual issues is for the trial
court, and a reviewing court will not disturb the trial court’s
findings if they are supported by competent evidence. It is not
____________________________________________
9 As discussed above, Husband’s appeals at 1121 EDA 2022 and 1122 EDA
2022 are from two orders entered on the custody docket. Husband’s appeals
at 1123 EDA 2022 and 1124 EDA 2022 are from the same two orders entered
on the paternity docket.
10 Husband’s fourth issue is waived because he fails to address it in the
argument section of his brief.
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enough [for reversal] that we, if sitting as a trial court, may have
made a different finding.
Id. (citing Doran v. Doran, 820 A.2d 1279, 1282 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citations
omitted)). It is well-settled that the trial court, sitting as factfinder, weighs
the evidence and assesses credibility. Thus, the court “is free to believe all,
part, or none of the evidence[,] and [we, as an appellate court,] will not
disturb the credibility determinations of the court below.” Vargo v.
Schwartz, 940 A.2d at 462 (citation omitted).
The legal determination of paternity of a child conceived or born during
marriage derives from common law.
[F]irst, one considers whether the presumption of paternity
applies to [the] particular case. If it does, one then considers
whether the presumption has been rebutted. Second, if the
presumption has been rebutted or is inapplicable, one then
questions whether estoppel applies. Estoppel may bar either a
plaintiff from making the claim or a defendant from denying
paternity.
N.C. v. M.H., 923 A.2d 499, 502–03 (Pa. Super. 2007) (quoting Brinkley v.
King, 701 A.2d 176, 180 (Pa. 1997) (plurality opinion)).
The presumption of paternity is inapplicable when there is no longer an
intact marriage to preserve. Fish v. Behers, 741 A.2d 721, 723 (Pa. 1999).
Instantly, Husband does not claim error or abuse of discretion with the trial
court’s determination that the presumption of paternity does not apply. The
record supports the court’s finding that Husband and Mother were “in the
midst of divorce and related custody and support proceedings. [Mother]’s and
[Husband]’s marriage is no longer an intact marriage.” Order and Opinion,
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3/22/22, at 3 (citation omitted). Even if the presumption applied, we would
agree with the trial court that the presumption was rebutted because “the
parties participated in an open marriage and no question exists that [Child] is
of multiracial ethnicity[, while Mother and Husband are] Caucasian[.]” Id. at
5.
The trial court also considered whether Appellee was estopped from
claiming paternity. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has held that “paternity
by estoppel continues to pertain in Pennsylvania, but it will apply only where
it can be shown, on a developed record, that it is in the best interests of the
involved child.” K.E.M. v. P.C.S., 38 A.3d 798, 810 (Pa. 2012). The Court
has explained:
Estoppel in paternity is merely the legal determination that
because of a person’s conduct (e.g., holding out the child as his
own, or supporting the child) that person, regardless of his true
biological status, will not be permitted to deny parentage, nor will
the child’s mother who has participated in this conduct be
permitted to sue a third party for support, claiming that the third
party is the true father.
Fish, 741 A.2d at 723 (citing Freedman v. McCandless, 654 A.2d 529, 532–
533 (Pa. 1995)).
The doctrine of paternity by estoppel “is based on the public policy that
children should be secure in knowing who their parents are. If a certain person
has acted as the parent and bonded with the child, the child should not be
required to suffer the potentially damaging trauma that may come from being
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told that the father he has known all his life is not in fact his father.” Fish,
741 A.2d at 724 (citing Brinkley, 701 A.2d at 180).
Here, the trial court was tasked with deciding whether Appellee’s
conduct estopped Appellee from claiming paternity. See C.T.D. v. N.E.E. and
M.C.E., 653 A.2d 28, 31 (Pa. Super. 1995) (holding putative father’s failure
to act during child’s first two years of life “may have effectively estopped him
from now raising his claim of paternity.”).
Husband first contends the trial court erred by not disposing of the
estoppel issue prior to granting Appellee’s request for DNA testing. Husband’s
Brief at 22-23 (citing Jones v. Trojak, 634 A.2d 201, 206 (Pa. 1993) (“before
an order for a blood test is appropriate to determine paternity, the actual
relationship of the presumptive father and natural mother must be
determined.”)). We agree that “where the [estoppel] principle is operative,
blood tests may be irrelevant, for the law will not permit a person in these
situations to challenge the status which he or she has previously accepted.”
Fish, 741 A.2d at 724 (citation omitted). However, contrary to Husband’s
contention, the trial court addressed Husband’s claim that paternity by
estoppel “prevents the [c]ourt from proceeding with … DNA testing.” Order
and Opinion, 3/22/22, at 4.
The court found the doctrine inapplicable, stating:
This case does not involve the situation where the likely biological
father, [Appellee], has not been involved in L.G.’s life. Also, this
[c]ourt finds that [Appellant] (and [Mother]) did not hold
[Husband] out, to the exclusion of [Appellee], as the only father
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of L.G. It appears, to the contrary, that [Mother] embraced and
acknowledged the fact that [Appellee] was [Child]’s
biological father. Therefore, the history of the behavior of the
parties involved here all point to a likelihood that [Appellee] is the
biological father of L.G.
Id. at 4-5 (emphasis added).
In the alternative, Husband argues in his second and third issues that
the trial court violated his right to due process under the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution by deciding the estoppel issue
without a separate hearing and/or proper notice. Husband’s Brief at 28-33.
Husband claims the January 24, 2022, hearing related only to Mother’s
emergency custody petition and not paternity. Husband thus asserts he was
deprived of the opportunity to develop a record regarding his paternity by
estoppel claim. Husband relies on K.E.M., 38 A.3d at 810, where the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court stated, “paternity by estoppel continues to
pertain in Pennsylvania, but it will apply only where it can be shown on a
developed record that it is in the best interests of the involved child.” We are
not persuaded by Husband’s argument.
“A question regarding whether a due process violation occurred is a
question of law for which the standard of review is de novo and the scope of
review is plenary.” S.T. v. R.W., 192 A.3d 1155, 1160 (Pa. Super.
2018) (citation omitted). “Procedural due process requires, at its core,
adequate notice, opportunity to be heard, and the chance to defend oneself
before a fair and impartial tribunal having jurisdiction over the case.” Garr v.
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Peters, 773 A.2d 183, 191 (Pa. Super. 2001) (citation omitted). “Due process
is flexible and calls for such procedural protections as the situation
demands.” In re Adoption of Dale A., 683 A.2d 297, 300 (Pa. Super.
1996) (citation omitted).
Referencing the record, the trial court observed that the “facts
surrounding the issues of estoppel and presumption of paternity were
addressed” in multiple pleadings and proceedings, including the June 24,
2019, evidentiary hearing on Husband’s preliminary objections. Trial Court
Opinion, 6/9/22, at 14. The court granted Appellee’s request for DNA testing
“following considerable review.” Id. Further, the court observed that
Pa.R.C.P. 1910.15(c) does not require a hearing “for the sole purpose of
determining paternity by estoppel.”11 Id. The court also recognized its
obligation under Pa.R.C.P. 1910.15(c) to “dispose promptly of the issue.” Id.
The court reasoned that it could resolve the estoppel and presumption of
paternity issues from the existing record without further delay. Id.
____________________________________________
11 The Rule provides:
(c) Estoppel and Presumption of Paternity. If either party or
the court raises the issue of estoppel or the issue of whether the
presumption of paternity is applicable, the court shall dispose
promptly of the issue and may stay the order for genetic testing
until the issue is resolved.
Pa.R.C.P. 1910.15(c).
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Our review confirms the parties provided extensive evidence regarding
the estoppel issue and L.G.’s best interests, most notably at the June 24,
2019, and the January 24, 2022, hearings. Appellee, Husband, and Mother
testified at both hearings. During the latter hearing, the court interviewed
L.G. in camera. Accordingly, the record belies Husband’s claim that he was
deprived of the opportunity to develop a record regarding his estoppel defense
in contravention of his right to due process.
Husband also argues the trial court erred in finding Appellee’s paternity
claim was not barred by the doctrine of paternity by estoppel. Husband’s Brief
at 34-42. Contrary to Husband’s assertion, the trial court explained:
[Appellee] spent regular time with L.G., alternating weekends on
Sundays[, and] spending between two (2) and seven (7) hours
with him. L.G. even calls [Appellee] by a special name, that is,
“Chubby.” Credible testimony established that [Appellee] has
visited with L.G. on average twice weekly since L.G.’s birth. L.G.
has also grown to know [Appellee’s] children from separate
relationships, [such] as his half-sibling[,] who is approximately
the same age as L.G.
It does not appear [Mother] objected to or took any steps to block
or prevent [Appellee] from being in L.G.’s life. In fact, it appears
to this [c]ourt that [Mother] has, by her prior actions, essentially
conceded that it is in L.G.’s best interests to have [Appellee] in his
life. It would appear almost unnatural to suddenly have
[Appellee] removed from L.G.’s nurturing and development since
[Mother] has acquiesced, if not encouraged, [Appellee’s]
involvement in L.G.’s life.
[Mother] testified that [Appellee] continues to be a regular part of
L.G.’s life and visits L.G. during her scheduled custody or visitation
with L.G. [Appellee] has and continues to also spend time with
L.G. and L.G.’s half-sister. The interview with L.G., at this stage,
revealed he calls or variously thinks of both [Husband] and
[Appellee] as father-figures. It is plain to this court [Appellee] is
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well known to L.G. and no stranger to the child. Further, it is clear
to this [c]ourt that all parties believe [Appellee] is the biological
father of L.G.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/22/22, at 2-3 (emphasis in original).
The record supports the trial court’s findings. Appellee testified that
during the two years from L.G.’s birth to Mother’s and Husband’s separation,
Appellee saw L.G. “a couple times a week.” N.T., 6/24/19, at 29. Appellee
testified that the parties encouraged L.G. to refer to him as “Chubby.” Id. at
30. Appellee explained he visited L.G. at Mother’s and Husband’s home, or
Mother brought L.G. to Appellee’s place of employment. Id. at 29-30. Mother
testified that before she separated from Husband, “things got more tense
within the home,” and Appellee became “more uncomfortable, so he didn’t
come over quite as often, but I would go to him more often. I would take L.G.
up to his job.” Id. at 84-85.
After Mother and L.G. moved from the marital home, Appellee visited
L.G. on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Id. at 85. Appellee also testified that
Mother would bring L.G. to his house on Sundays, when L.G. would spend time
with Appellee’s daughter, who was approximately four months younger than
L.G. Id. at 30-31, 34. The parties do not dispute the relationship between
L.G. and his half-sister. Id. at 48, 57.
Appellee testified that he most recently saw L.G. during Mother’s
custodial weekends. N.T., 1/24/22, at 120. Mother testified she permits
Appellee to have custody of L.G. on her custodial Sundays, usually between
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noon and 5:00 p.m. Id. at 56-57. Mother also testified to her belief that
Appellee is L.G.’s biological father, and described her relationship with
Appellee as “amicable.” Id. at 56. Appellee testified he has no doubt L.G. is
his son. N.T., 6/24/19, at 51. Appellee referenced L.G.’s physical appearance,
stating, “I mean, it speaks for itself.” Id. Appellee testified that L.G. refers
to him as “Chubby or, if my daughter is around, only when she’s around[,] he
will refer to me as dad or daddy.” N.T., 1/24/22, at 120.
During his in camera interview, L.G. referred to Husband as “Smokey”
and Appellee as “Chubby.” Id. at 179, 181-182. L.G. testified, “I only got
one dad,” and identified “Smokey.” Id. at 170. L.G. responded to the
following questions from the trial court:
Q. [W]ould you be okay if you went and started spending some
time with Smokey again?
A. Um-hum.
Q. And will you be okay with spending time with Chubby?
A. Um-hum.
Q. And will you be okay with spending time with mommy?
A. Um-hum.
Id. at 185.
Consistent with the foregoing, the trial did not err in determining
paternity by estoppel was not applicable in this case, as it would be “almost
unnatural to suddenly have [Appellee] removed from L.G.’s nurturing and
development[.]” Trial Court Opinion, 3/22/22, at 2 (unpaginated).
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Accordingly, we affirm the orders granting DNA testing on the paternity
docket, and quash as duplicative the appeals from the custody docket.
Orders at 1123 EDA 2022 and 1124 EDA 2022 affirmed. Appeals at
1121 EDA 2022 and 1122 EDA 2022 quashed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/22/2022
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