ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
MICHAEL D. CORTSON ROBERT J. PALMER
Mishawaka, Indiana BRAD VARNER
May, Oberfell & Lorber
South Bend, Indiana
IN THE
SUPREME COURT OF INDIANA
The ESTATE OF EVAN SEARS by and through )
his administratrix, Marci Sears and ELIZABETH )
SEARS by and through her next best friend, Marci )
Sears, ) No. 71S05-0207-CV-402
) in the Supreme Court
Appellant (Plaintiff), )
)
v. ) No. 71A05-0012-CV-550
) in the Court of Appeals
PATRICIA GRIFFIN, )
)
Appellee (Defendant). )
________________________________________________________________________
APPEAL FROM THE ST. JOSEPH CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Terry Crone, Judge
Cause No. 71C01-0008-CP-1200
July 24, 2002
SHEPARD, Chief Justice
Motorist Patricia Griffin struck and killed eighteen-year-old Evan
Sears as he was doing road work for the City of South Bend. Griffin
entered into a settlement agreement with Evan’s parents for the limits of
her insurance in return for a release from further liability. Evan’s
mother Marci then sued Griffin as administratrix of Evan’s estate and as
next friend of her daughter, Evan’s younger sister. This effort to obtain
further damages notwithstanding a settlement will fail unless Marci Griffin
can prove on remand that her daughter qualified as her son’s legal
dependent.
Facts and Procedural History
Griffin’s automobile struck Evan as he was installing a traffic
counting strip in a roadway on August 2, 1999, and he died from his
resulting head injuries eight hours later. On January 26, 2000, Evan’s
parents David and Martha (Marci) Sears signed a release discharging Griffin
from all claims arising from the accident in exchange for the $50,000 limit
of Griffin’s liability insurance policy.
On May 8, 2000, Marci Sears sued Griffin as administratrix of Evan’s
estate, seeking survival and wrongful death damages. She also sought
wrongful death damages as next friend of her daughter Elizabeth, who was
twelve when Marci signed the release. Griffin moved for dismissal of the
claims, arguing that the Sears were entitled to only one remedy, which they
had received, and that Elizabeth could only make a claim through Evan’s
estate.
The trial court granted Griffin’s motion to dismiss all the claims.
The Indiana Court of Appeals treated the ruling as a grant of summary
judgment,[1] and reversed on the wrongful death claims. Estate of Sears v.
Griffin, 752 N.E.2d 210, 217 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Judge Baker concluded
that he would affirm the trial court on all claims. Id. at 218-20 (Baker,
J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
The Estate’s Survival Claim
The estate’s survival claim has no merit. Indiana Code Ann. § 34-9-3-
4 (West 1999) “applies when a person: (1) receives personal injuries
caused by the wrongful act or omission of another; and (2) subsequently
dies from causes other than those personal injuries.” (Emphasis added.)
Evan undisputedly died of the injuries he suffered when struck by Griffin’s
car, so there is no cause of action under this statute. See Cahoon v.
Cummings, 734 N.E.2d 535, 543 (Ind. 2000).
The Wrongful Death Claims
Wrongful death actions are purely statutory. Ed Wiersma Trucking Co.
v. Pfaff, 643 N.E.2d 909, 911 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), adopted by 678 N.E.2d
110 (Ind. 1997). At common law, there was no tort liability for killing
another because personal injury actions did not survive the injured party’s
death. Id.
Indiana’s general wrongful death statute (“WDS”) allows personal
representatives of decedents’ estates to recover damages on behalf of
surviving spouses, dependent children or next of kin, and service providers
such as funeral homes. Ind. Code Ann. § 34-23-1-1 (West 1999). Our child
wrongful death statute (“CWDS”) allows parents or guardians to obtain
damages for the wrongful death of unmarried children who had no legal
dependents and were under twenty years of age (or under twenty-three and
still in school).[2] Ind. Code Ann. § 34-23-2-1 (West 1999). The CWDS
therefore allows recovery without proof of dependency or the necessity of
opening an estate.[3]
Both statutes allow damages for loss of services; loss of love, care,
and affection; and expenses such as medical, funeral and burial expenses.
See Ind. Code §§ 34-23-1-1, 2-1; Ed Wiersma Trucking Co., 643 N.E.2d at
913. The two statutes are disjunctive, so if the decedent fits the CWDS
description (unmarried, under age twenty, no dependents), that statute
provides the exclusive remedy for the wrongful death. Ed Wiersma Trucking
Co., 643 N.E.2d at 912; City of Indianapolis v. Taylor, 707 N.E.2d 1047,
1060 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (quoting Vera Cruz v. Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co.,
192 F. Supp. 958, 958 (N.D. Ind. 1961)) (“The Indiana Wrongful Death Act
and the Indiana statute allowing recovery by a parent for the loss of
services of a child create independent and mutually exclusive actions.
They neither afford optionally alternative remedies nor are they actions
that can be pursued together.”).
Judge Baker correctly observed that only a personal representative
may bring an action under the WDS. Estate of Spears, 707 N.E.2d at 219
(Baker, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Ind. Code § 34-23-1-
1. Therefore, Marci as next friend of Elizabeth lacked standing to bring
such a claim, and the trial court correctly rejected it.
Nonetheless, the question whether Elizabeth qualified as a dependent
is important in evaluating the estate’s wrongful death claim because the
determination of which statute applies (WDS or CWDS) turns on whether Evan
died “without dependents.” Ind. Code § 34-23-2-1(a).
A decedent need not have been legally obligated to support an
individual for that person to qualify as a “dependent next of kin” under
the WDS. N.Y. Cent. R. Co. v. Johnson, 234 Ind. 457, 464, 127 N.E.2d 603,
606-07 (1955). Neither is total dependence required. 234 Ind. at 464-65,
127 N.E.2d at 607.
The person claiming dependence must, however, “show a need or
necessity for support . . . coupled with the contribution to such support
by the deceased.” 234 Ind. at 465, 127 N.E.2d at 607. As explained in
Luider v. Skaggs, 693 N.E.2d 593, 596-97 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (citation
omitted), “Pecuniary loss is the foundation of the wrongful death action.
This loss can be determined in part from the assistance that the decedent
would have provided through money, services or other material benefits.”
Evidence such as a legal obligation to support and claiming
dependency for tax purposes may be considered, although they are not
dispositive. See N.Y. Cent. R. Co., 234 Ind. at 464, 127 N.E.2d at 606-07
(citation omitted) (“It is not necessary for the decedent to have been
under a legal obligation to support the next of kin, but it may be of
weight in determining the amount of pecuniary loss.”); see also Koger v.
Reid, 417 N.E.2d 1142, 1143, 1145 (Ind. Ct. App. 1981) (rejecting claim
that father and younger brothers were dependent next of kin of seventeen-
year-old decedent who took over household maintenance chores after her
mother died and chauffered brothers to school activities and church; no
“necessitous want” where father paid all household expenses including
daughter’s maintenance and his “attitude regarding dependency status was
indicated on his income tax return”).
Although Elizabeth undoubtedly “depended” on her older brother in the
everyday sense of the word, the legal definition is what matters here. The
complaint alleged that Elizabeth was dependent on Evan for “love,
affection, support, transportation, comfort, counseling, and guidance.”
(R. at 6.)
Although the record is not yet developed, it would be quite unusual
for a twelve-year-old with both parents living to be dependent on her teen-
age sibling for services and/or financial support that the parents could
not or would not provide in that sibling’s absence.
Services must go beyond merely helping other family members, even
those who have relied on that assistance. In Chamberlain v. Parks, 692
N.E.2d 1380, 1381, 1384-85 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998), a twenty-five-year-old
helped his retired mother in and out of chairs, drove her to doctor
appointments, carried groceries, helped his father with lawn care and snow
removal, and performed other household tasks. The court found these
services not sufficiently “tangible and material” to establish the parents’
dependence; they “amounted to no more than gifts, donations and acts of
generosity expected of a son to whom free housing, most of his board,
gasoline money and automobile insurance was provided.” Id. at 1384.
The support must also be more than just a service or benefit to which
the claimed dependent had become accustomed. In Wolf v. Boren, 685 N.E.2d
86, 87 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), a father and three adult siblings of a forty-
four-year-old decedent claimed dependent next of kin status because the
decedent maintained a Lake Monroe vacation home which he had allowed the
family to use. Although “[i]n a general sense, [decedent’s] family was
depending on [decedent] to provide his vacation home as a family retreat,”
the court declined to extend coverage of the WDS that far. Id. at 88.[4]
We find no cases establishing dependency for purposes of the WDS
based on purely emotional support, or on financial support and/or services
that parents were capable of providing and would be obligated to provide in
the absence of a deceased sibling. Unless more than this is proven on
remand, Evan died without legal dependents and recovery for his wrongful
death lies under the CWDS, not the WDS.[5]
Conclusion
We affirm judgment for the defendant on the estate’s survival claim
and on Elizabeth’s wrongful death claim. We reverse on the estate’s
wrongful death claim and remand for a determination of whether Elizabeth
was Evan’s legal dependent.
DICKSON, SULLIVAN, and RUCKER, JJ., concur.
BOEHM, J., dissents with separate opinion.
BOEHM, Justice, dissenting.
The issue in this case is whether there is a claim for the death of
Evan Sears, age 18, under the Wrongful Death Statute, or under the Child
Wrongful Death Statute. There cannot be both. Either Evan did or did not
have a “dependent” within the meaning of those statutes. If he did, a WDS
claim is available to the personal representative of the decedent, but
there is no CWDS claim. If he did not, a CWDS claim is available to his
parents, but there is no WDS claim. His parents presented a CWDS claim,
received the insurance limits in settlement, and executed the release of
all claims described in Judge Baker’s dissent. Estate of Sears v. Griffin,
752 N.E.2d 210, 219-20 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). His mother then turned around
and, assuming the role of personal representative, presented a WDS claim on
the inconsistent and wholly implausible theory that Evan’s twelve-year-old
sister was his dependent. I would affirm the trial court’s dismissal of
this claim on two grounds: (1) Evan’s sister is not, as a matter of law
under these pleadings, a dependent of Evan; and (2) his mother is estopped
from presenting herself as a prospective personal representative to pursue
this spurious claim after she sought and obtained recovery under an
inconsistent theory.
-----------------------
[1] The Court of Appeals cited Ind. Trial Rule 12(B), which says in
relevant part: “If, on a motion, asserting the defense number (6), to
dismiss for failure of the pleading to state a claim upon which relief can
be granted, matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded
by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment.”
Estate of Sears, 752 N.E.2d at 213-14. The trial court did not exclude
either Marci’s affidavit or the release agreement. (See R. at 66.)
[2] The legislature added an “adult person” wrongful death statute to the
WDS and the CWDS, effective January 1, 2000 (after Evan’s death). See Ind.
Code Ann. § 34-23-1-2 (West 2001). This statute governs actions for the
wrongful death of unmarried persons who are not children as defined in the
CWDS, but who die without dependents. Id.
[3] Judgment for the estate on its wrongful death claim would eliminate
this benefit in cases settled. Prudent attorneys representing potential
defendants would require parents to open estates and release liability on
their own behalf, to cover CWDS liability, and also on the estate’s behalf,
to cover WDS liability.
[4] See also Estate of Miller v. City of Hammond, 691 N.E.2d 1310, 1312-13
(Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (partial support provided by twenty-three-year-old who
worked for family businesses more “expectation” than “need”); compare to
Necessary v. Inter-State Towing, 697 N.E.2d 73, 75, 78 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998)
(genuine issue of material fact where mother living with adult son and
adult grandson made “significant, regular and continuous financial and non-
financial contributions on a daily basis”).
[5] Should the estate prove on remand that Elizabeth qualified as Evan’s
dependent, Marci may find herself in a highly untenable position as a
result of her attorney’s advice to bring suit after accepting a settlement.
As Judge Baker noted, Marci as personal representative of Evan’s estate
owes Elizabeth, as a potential beneficiary, a fiduciary duty. Estate of
Sears, 752 N.E.2d at 220 n.6 (Baker, J., concurring in part and dissenting
in part) (citation omitted) (a personal representative in wrongful death
action owes an “extraordinary” fiduciary duty). By “deplet[ing] the most
liquid asset” available for recovery (and likely allocating none of it for
Elizabeth’s particular benefit), Marci arguably violated this duty if
Elizabeth is entitled to recovery under the WDS. Id.
Judge Baker further noted that to the extent Marci did not use the
insurance proceeds for expenses (which are an element of damages under the
CWDS), she has diminished Elizabeth’s potential recovery, because under the
WDS creditor expenses come before other distributions, including those to
dependent next of kin. Id.
The upshot of all this is that, if Elizabeth was Evan’s legal
dependent, Marci could be obligated to resign as personal representative
and her successor could pursue these claims against her.